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New York Historical Manuscripts: Dutch Committee on Publication NEW YORK HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS: DUTCH COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION RALPH L. DEGROFF: Director Trustee Emeritus, The Holland Society of New York DR. KENNETH SCOTT Fellow, The American Society of Genealogists Fellow, National Genealogical Society DR. KENN STRYKER-RODDA Fellpw, The American Society of Genealogists Fellow, National Genealogical Society PETER R. CHRISTOPH Associate Librarian, Manuscripts and Special Collections, New York State Library DR. CHARLES T. GEHRING Translator and Editor of Colonial Documents at the New York State Library KENNETH L. DEMAREST, JR. President, The Holland Society of New York MAURA FEENEY Associate Editor of Colonial Documents of New York: Dutch FLORENCE A. CHRISTOPH Associate Editor of Colonial Documents of New York: English RALPH L. DEGROFF, JR. Trustee, The Holland Society of New York WILMINGTOI Appoquenimi Kill CAPE HENLOPEN THE SOUTH RIVER OF NEW NETHERLAND N E W YORK HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS: DUTCH Volumes XVIII-XIX DELAWARE PAPERS / (Dutch Period) A Collection of Documents Pertaining to the Regulation of Affairs on the South River of New Netberland, 1648-1664 Translated and Edited by CHARLES T. GEHRING Published under the Direction of The Holland Society of New York Baltimore G enealogical P ublishing C o ., In c . 1981 Copyright© 1981 The Holland Society of New York All Rights Reserved Published by Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, 1981 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 73-14890 International Standard Book Number 0-8063-0944-X Made in the United States of America To the memory of REUBEN BERNARD CRISPELL Trustee and life member of The Holland Society of New York and distinguished practitioner of the law whose gracious beneficence to the Society was indicative of his high regard for and sincere interest in the objectives of the Society. Afi2334^SA INTRODUCTION The history of Dutch interest in the Delaware region begins with the establishment of a settlement on High Island (present-day Burlington Island) in 1624. It was the original intention of the West India Company (W IC ) to make this Delaware settlement the administrative center of New Netherland, with Fort Orange on the upper Hudson and Fort Good Hope on the Connecticut serving mainly as trading posts. According to the instructions given to Willem Verhuist, director of New Netherland from 1625 to 1626, most of the incoming colonists were to be setded on High Island, which the W IC directors considered more suitable for supporting a large number of families than areas to the north. Their reasoning was probably based on inaccurate reports which described the climate in the Delaware as temperate and essentially devoid of winter. However, the new director in 1626 was Peter Minuit, who had spent the previous year in New Netherland and was acquainted with the colony from north to south. His knowledge that the Delaware River frequently froze in the winter, leaving the setdement on High Island isolated for months, must have influenced his decision to establish the center of New Netherland on Man­ hattan. The island had a natural harbor free of ice in winter, could be easily defended, and was large enough for a major settlement with support­ ing farms. When the commander at Fort Orange, Daniel van Criecken- beeck, became involved in an Indian war which threatened the security of all outlying settlements, Minuit called all the families from the upper Hudson, Connecticut, and Delaware regions into Manhattan. In order to maintain possession of the Delaware and control of the trade with the Minquas Indians, the Dutch built Fort Nassau shortly after abandoning the settlement on High Island. The fort was located on the east side of the river opposite present-day Philadelphia. This fort and trading post was maintained until 1651 when it and Fort Beversreede on the Schuyl Kill were abandoned in favor of Fort Casimir. The next attempt by the Dutch to establish a settlement in the Delaware region was made in 1631. According to the patroonship plan of colonization under the W IC charter of Freedoms and Exemptions in 1629, any investor, or combination of investors (mostly directors of the Company), was allowed to negotiate for land with the Indians in New Netherland and plant a colony with hereditary rights. One of the areas selected for this form of colonization was the west side of Delaware Bay, approximately the site of present-day Lewes. Because the bay region was reported to be potentially rich in whale oil as a result of the numerous whales which entered the bay each year, several directors of the W IC purchased land from the Indians with the intention of settling colonists to support a sperm oil industry. In the spring of 1631, twenty-eight men were put ashore on the newly pur- ix chased land, forming the vanguard of the patroonship named Swanendael. This colony on the bay, however, was as short-lived as the settlement on High Island. In the following year, as a result of a series of misunderstand­ ings with the Indians, the colonists were killed to a man while working in the fields. Although all plans for establishing a patroonship on Delaware Bay died with the destruction of Swanendael, the fact that the Dutch had settled in the area one year before Lord Baltimore was granted a charter for Maryland was to be significant in countering future English claims to the Delaware, and a factor in settling a boundary dispute between Mary­ land and Pennsylvania. The Company continued the trading post at Fort Nassau in order to maintain its claim to the Delaware, but after the Swanendael tragedy it made no further attempts to colonize the region. The first permanent colony in the Delaware was established by the Swedes under the direction of a former W IC official. Several years after Peter Minuit was discharged from the Company’s service he was hired by Sweden to lead an expedition to the Delaware with the objective of form­ ing a trading colony in the New World. Minuit was well-suited for the position since he was acquainted with the area and knew that the Dutch could not contest a Swedish settlement in such a remote area. In the spring of 1638, Minuit landed the first settlers at the site of present-day Wilming­ ton. He purchased land from the natives, which extended from the Schuyl Kill to Boomptjes Hoeck [Bombay Hook], and began the construction of Fort Christina. During his return to Sweden several months later he was lost at sea while visiting the captain of a Dutch ship in the Caribbean. The Dutch were forced to co-exist with New Sweden at first because of a lack of means to enforce their claim to the Delaware. Willem Kieft, director of New Netherland from 1638 to 1647, even allied himself once with the Swedes in aborting an attempt by Englishmen from New Haven to establish setdements on the Schuyl Kill near present-day Salem, New Jersey. This period of co-existence allowed the Swedes to reinforce their colony and expand it to the east side of the river. Under the direction of Governor Johan Prints, a veteran Thirty Years’ War commander, the Swedes built Fort Elsenburgh at the mouth of the Varkens Kill (present- day Salem Creek) in Delaware Bay, obstructing the Dutch at Fort Nassau in their access to the sea. Within a decade the Swedes were able to domi­ nate trade with the Minquas by establishing trading posts on the west side of the river, which, in effect, neutralized Fort Nassau. Although the Swedes had an early advantage in this chess game on the Delaware, they were soon to be checked and mated by Petrus Stuyvesant. When Stuyvesant assumed the position of director-general of New Netherland and the Caribbean possessions in 1647, he requested informa­ tion on Swedish activities on the Delaware. After fruitless attempts to re­ establish trade with the Minquas by constructing trading posts on the west side of the river, Stuyvesant decided to outflank New Sweden. In 1651, x with a demonstration of strong military force, he dismantled Fort Nassau and constructed a fort at Sand Hoeck, a few miles south of Fort Christina. This new Dutch stronghold, named Fort Casimir by Stuyvesant, was not only in a position to challenge Swedish domination of the fur trade but also gave the Dutch control of the river. The Swedes, under the command of Governor Johan Rising, countered this move by capturing Fort Casimir on Trinity Sunday, 1654. The Swedes renamed it Fort Trefaldighet [Trinity] and retained possession of it and the river until August of 1655 when Stuyvesant, with a strong military force supported by de Waegh, a man-of-war belonging to the City of Amsterdam, recaptured Fort Casimir and beseiged Fort Christina. Within a week New Sweden was brought under Dutch control, providing New Netherland with firmly established settlements on the Delaware. In 1657, the Company settled its debt to the City of Amsterdam for the loan of de Waegh by transferring the area on the Delaware from Christina Kill to Boomptjes Hoeck to the Mayors of Amsterdam. The City planned to settle and exploit this area on the Delaware as its own colonial venture in the New World. The Company retained control of the territory from Christina Kill to the Schuyl Kill (where the majority of the Swedish settle­ ments were located) and from Boomptjes Hoeck to Cape Henlopen. Fort Christina was renamed Altena by the Company, and the City christened their colony New Amstel. The first director of the City’s colony was Jacob Alrichs, an old W IC official with experience in Brazil. His tenure in New Amstel began in 1657 and continued until his death in 1659.
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