CHAPTER 3 • SECTION 4 New Netherland As you read in Chapter 2, in the early 1600s the Dutch built the colony of New Netherland along the Hudson River in what is now New York State. The colony’s largest town, New Amsterdam, was founded on Manhattan Island in 1625. New Amsterdam was built to defend the Dutch More About . . . West India Company’s fur trading settlements along the Hudson River. Peter Stuyvesant, the colony’s governor, expanded New Netherland by Religious Refugees taking over the nearby colony of New Sweden in 1655. The Swedes had settled the land along the Delaware River in 1638. in Pennsylvania The Dutch West India Company set up the patroon system to attract more In England, thousands of Quakers went settlers. A patroon was a person who brought 50 settlers to New Netherland. to jail for their beliefs, especially after As a reward, a patroon received a large land grant. He also received hunting, Charles II gained the throne in 1660. fishing, and fur trading privileges. The patroon system brought great wealth Some made their way to Maryland and to the colony’s elite. Massachusetts in the 1650s, but after The social system also included many slaves. Although their lives were William Penn founded a Quaker colony in harsh, they enjoyed some rights of movement and property ownership. 1681, many more arrived. A Tolerant Society In the 17th century the Netherlands had one of the Besides Quakers, several other small religious most tolerant societies in Europe. Dutch settlers brought this religious toleration to their colony. New Netherland welcomed dissenters who had groups who favored simple, peaceful been banished from Puritan New England. Quakers, German Lutherans, lifestyles moved to Pennsylvania. Germany and French Protestants all settled in the colony. Twenty-three Jewish settlers was the origin of many of these groups, arrived in 1654, and others soon followed. New Netherland soon became which included Mennonites, Dunkers, known as the most tolerant and diverse colony in North America. Schwenckfelders, Moravians, and the Amish. Answer: The rich soil and CAUSES AND EFFECTS Explain what drew settlers to the Middle Colonies. Most of these groups still exist, with many mild winters were good living in isolated, rural communities. for farming. Settlers were also attracted by the The English Take Control religious tolerance. KEY QUESTION How did religious toleration grow in the Middle Colonies? The English saw the Dutch as a threat. New Netherland lay like a wedge between New England and English colonies in the South. So, King Charles Teach II decided that his brother, the Duke of York, should drive the Dutch out of The English Take Control New Netherland. When the duke’s ships appeared off New Amsterdam in August 1664, the colony surrendered. New Netherland was renamed New York after the Duke of York, who became the proprietor of the colony. Reader, Recorder, Reporter New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware The Duke of York was now the • Why was Pennsylvania considered a “holy largest single landowner in America. He gave part of his claim, the province experiment”? (It was based on Quaker ideals of New Jersey, to his friends Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley in and religious tolerance, and it had no tax- 1664. They tried to attract settlers by promising freedom of religion. They supported church.) also promised large land grants and a representative assembly. William Penn was another landowner. Penn was born into a rich family that • What ideals were shared by settlers in most had loaned money to Charles II. To pay off this debt, in 1681 the king gave of the colonies? (Possible Answers: desire to Penn land that came to be called Pennsylvania. The name means “Penn’s create a new society; freedom from religious woods.” In 1701, Penn granted the three lower counties their own assembly. persecution; representative government and The counties became the colony of Delaware. English law) In his youth, Penn had joined the Quakers, much to his father’s disap- • Causes and Effects Why did New proval. As you have read, 17th-century Quakers suffered persecution in both Netherland’s location cause England to view the colony as a threat? (New Netherland 84 Chapter 3 geographically divided New England and the English colonies in the South.) DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION

Struggling Readers English Learners

Time Line of New Netherland Vocabulary: Roots Prepare photocopies of the “New Point out that the Dutch word patroon Netherland” section of textbook page 84 is related to the French word patron and distribute copies and highlighters to and the Spanish word patrón, which students. Reread the section together. both mean “master” or “protector.” As you read, have students highlight These words have a root in the Latin important events and dates in New word patronus, meaning “defender” or Netherland’s history. Then have students “advocate.” Patronus in turn comes from create a time line of the history of the Latin word for father, pater. Have New Netherland using the highlighted students look in the dictionary for five information. more English words that come from the Latin root pater. Collect the words and discuss them with the class. 84 • Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 • SECTION 4 Daily Life in the Colonies

CLOTHING, RANK, AND RELIGION S T R A N G E D a i l y L i f e in the Colonies In the 1630s there was a fashion for sleeves slashed CLOTHING, RANK, AND RELIGION to reveal expensive undergarments. While Ask students if the clothing they see here Virginia colonists displayed reflects ideas they might have had about their wealth through multiple what the colonists wore. Allow students slashes, Massachusetts Puritans time to look over the page and have them passed a law allowing only one slash. come up with at least one question they still have about colonial clothing. (Possible Answers: Who made the clothes? What materials were used, and where did they PENNSYLVANIA QUAKERS VIRGINIA ANGLICANS Artifact File come from? How many sets of clothes did 1680s 1680s Imported fabrics and clothing allowed people have? Have any clothes from this the rich to show off their wealth. period been preserved?)

Men wore elegant caps ANSWER when they removed their long wigs. Connect to Today Possible Answers: An individual’s clothing reflects his or her personal style; clothing may display political slogans or quotations that reflect a person’s beliefs; some people may dress Women’s shoes were richly adorned. conservatively while others take fashion risks, and either one may reflect their beliefs or attitude.

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Pilgrims’ Clothes Although it is popularly believed that early English pilgrims wore mainly black clothes Women attached fancy ”stomachers” to the with buckled shoes, black clothing was front of their gowns so expensive and worn only on Sundays and that their waists would special occasions. For everyday use, the appear longer. Connect to Today colonists wore a variety of other colors, including purple and red. Also contrary to popular belief, early colonists did not wear buckles—that fashion was introduced about 70 years later, around the time of the Salem witch trials. DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION

Gifted & Talented Pre-AP

Colonial Fashion Description Socio-Cultural Analysis and Design of Clothing Have students use library or online Have students write an explanation of sources to locate portraits of Puritans. how the Puritans’ clothing expressed Ask them to write a detailed description their attitudes, beliefs, or political of the subjects’ clothing. Tell them to pay opinions. Ask students to include special attention to indications of wealth, examples and quotations from at least such as silk, lace, embroidery, sleeve two references. Ask volunteers to share slashes, and black cloth. Then have their explanations with the class. students design an original outfit they might wear if they lived in colonial times.

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