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Der Islam in Shaanxi: Geschichte Und Gegenwart

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Der Islam in Shaanxi: Geschichte und Gegenwart Mit einer Untersuchung zum islamisch-christlichen Dialog in Zeiten der Globalisierung und des Ökumenismus Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Hu, Fan 胡梵 aus Xi’an 西安, VR China Bonn, 2008 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Stephan Conermann Betreuer und Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kubin Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Roman Malek weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied: Prof. Dr. Dr. Manfred Hutter Diese Dissertation ist auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der ULB Bonn unter http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/diss_online elektronisch publiziert. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27. Mai 2008 陜西伊斯蘭教歷史與現狀 ── 及對在全球化及合一運動時代 伊斯蘭教與基督教對話之探討 胡梵 著 Moderator: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kubin Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung 1 1. Überblick 1 2. Schwerpunkt und Ziel 4 3. Arbeitsmethode und Forschungsbereich 7 TEIL I: DIE GESCHICHTE DES ISLAM IN SHAANXI Kapitel 1: Frühgeschichte 11 Kapitel 2: Der Islam in der Kaiserzeit (651-1911) 19 2.1 Tang-Dynastie (618-907) 19 2.1.1 Die politische und wirtschaftliche Lage im goldenen Zeitalter 19 2.1.2 Islamische Gesandtschaften am Kaiserhof 21 2.1.3 Die Niederlassung ausländischer Muslime 22 2.1.3.1 Das Vordringen arabischer und persischer Muslime 22 2.1.3.2 Das Asyl der shī‘itischen Muslime 25 2.1.3.3 Die Niederschlagung der An-Shi-Revolte mit Hilfe ausländischer Truppen 25 2.1.3.4 Huren der neun Familiennamen 28 2.2 Die Fünf Dynastien (907-960) 29 2.2.1 Partikularistische Politik und Verlagerung des wirtschaftlichen Zentrums 29 2.2.2 Aufschwung des Seehandels zwischen China und den islamischen Ländern 30 2.3 Song-Dynastie (960-1279) 32 2.3.1 Profitpolitik und Außenhandelsinteresse 32 2.3.2 Aufschwung des Seehandels zwischen China und dem arabisch-persischen Raum 33 2.3.3 Alltägliches Leben der Muslime und erstarkende Präsenz islamischer Kultur 34 2.4 Yuan-Dynastie (1271-1368) 36 2.4.1 Verbesserung der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse in der Yuan-Zeit 36 2.4.2 Frühe Form der Hui-Nationalität und weiteres Erstarken des Islam 38 2.4.3 Die konkrete Situation der Muslime in der Yuan-Zeit 41 I 2.5 Ming-Dynastie (1368-1644) 44 2.5.1 Die Gründung der Ming-Herrschaft und ihre Religionspolitik 44 2.5.2 Die Entwicklung der Wirtschaft und der nationalen Beziehungen 46 2.5.3 Das Verhältnis der Muslime zum Staat und die weitere Entwicklung des Islam 48 2.5.4 Die Formierung der zehn islamischen Minderheiten und die Entstehung der jingtang jiaoyu 49 2.5.5 Die muslimischen Aufstände 52 2.6 Qing-Dynastie (1644-1911) 53 2.6.1 Die Gründung der Mandschu-Herrschaft und ihre Religionspolitik 53 2.6.2 Das Verhältnis der Muslime zum Staat und zur han-chinesischen Umwelt 56 2.6.3 Überblick über die Situation des Islam während der Qing-Zeit 58 2.6.4 Vergleich mit der christlichen Missionierung 61 2.6.5 Die Hui-Aufstände in Shaanxi am Ende der Qing-Zeit 64 2.6.6 Der Islam nach der Niederschlagung der Hui-Aufstände 68 Kapitel 3: Der Islam während der Republik China (1912-1949) 71 3.1 Die Lage des Islam nach der Gründung der Republik China 71 3.1.1 Die Gründung der Republik China und ihre Nationalitätenpolitik 71 3.1.2 Militärische Aktivitäten der Muslime nach dem Ausbruch der Xinhai-Revolution und die Wiederbelebung des Islam in der Zeit der Republik 73 3.1.3 Situationsbeschreibung der Muslime 78 3.1.4 Die Entwicklung des islamischen Bildungswesens 80 3.1.4.1 Das Bildungswesen der Muslime um die Zeit der Republikgründung 80 3.1.4.2 Neuerung des muslimischen Bildungswesens nach der Gründung der Republik 84 3.2 Der Status des Islam unter der Guomindang-Regierung (1928-1949) 89 3.2.1 Auswirkungen der japanischen Islampolitik auf die Hui-Minderheit 89 3.2.2 Die Hui-Politik der Guomindang-Regierung vor dem Hintergrund der japanischen Muslimpolitik 93 3.3 Die Stellung der Muslime unter der Nationalitätenpolitik der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas in der Yan’an-Periode (1935-1948) 98 II 3.3.1 Die Gründung der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas und ihre Nationalitätenpolitik 98 3.3.2 Das Leben der Muslime im Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Grenzgebiet 103 Kapitel 4: Der Islam seit der Volksrepublik (1949) 106 4.1 Der Islam nach der Gründung der Volksrepublik 106 4.1.1 Die Gründung der Volksrepublik China und ihre Nationalitätenpolitik 106 4.1.2 Situationsbeschreibung des chinesischen Islam in China seit 1949 111 4.1.3 Gegenwärtige Situation des Islam 118 4.1.4 Unruhen und Aufstände der chinesischen Muslime seit den sechziger Jahren 124 4.2 Die gegenwärtige Situation des Islam in Shaanxi 127 4.2.1 Der Islam unter der nationalen Politik 127 4.2.2 Die Islamischen Vereinigungen Shaanxis seit ihrer Gründung 131 4.2.3 Konkrete Zustände der muslimischen Minderheiten 137 4.2.4 Bildungswesen, Kultur- und Forschungstätigkeit 143 4.2.4.1 Die Entwicklung des Bildungswesens 143 4.2.4.2 Forschung und Symposien 146 TEIL II: GLAUBENSPRAXIS UND KULTURELLER BEITRAG DES ISLAM IN SHAANXI Kapitel 5: Der Glaube und seine Glaubenspraxis 153 5.1 Die Glaubenslehre 153 5.1.1 Die sechs Artikel des Glaubens 153 5.1.2 Glaubenspraxis: die „fünf Säulen“ 163 5.1.3 Islamische Sekten in Shaanxi 173 5.2 Die Glaubenspraxis 180 5.2.1 Glaubensunterweisung 180 5.2.2 Sitten und Bräuche 186 Kapitel 6: Die Moscheen und die kulturellen Beiträge des Islam 197 6.1 Baustil der Moscheen in China 197 III 6.1.1 Entstehung, Entwicklung und Ausstattung der Moscheen 198 6.1.2 Die Moscheen in Shaanxi 203 6.2 Sonstige kulturelle Beiträge des Islam in Shaanxi 208 6.2.1 Wissenschaft und Technologie 208 6.2.2 Kultur und Kunst 216 TEIL III: ZUM ISLAMISCH-CHRISTLICHEN DIALOG UNTER DEM ASPEKT DER GLOBALISIERUNG UND DES ÖKUMENISMUS Kapitel 7: Globalisierungsprozesse und Ökumenische Bewegungen als Herausforderung für den Islam 228 7.1 Zum Verständnis von Globalisierung und Ökumenismus 228 7.1.1 Die Globalisierung und ihre Auswirkungen 228 7.1.2 Der Ökumenismus im Zeitalter der Globalisierung 232 7.2 Islam und Globalisierung 236 7.2.1 Die islamische Welt und ihre Verwicklung in globale Konflikte 236 7.2.2 Islamisches Religionsgesetz und säkulare Globalisierung 240 7.3 Stellung der Frauen 245 7.3.1 Das Geschlechterverhältnis im Spannungsfeld der Globalisierung 245 7.3.2 Situation der chinesischen Musliminnen 251 Kapitel 8: Christlich-islamischer Dialog in Shaanxi 260 8.1 Beziehungen zwischen Islam und Christentum 260 8.1.1 Islam contra Christentum – eine Geschichte gescheiterter Beziehungen? 260 8.1.2 Zwischen Annäherung und Abschottung: ungelöste Problemfelder 265 8.2 Erste Ansätze zu einem islamisch-christlichen Dialog bei J. A. Schall (1592-1666) 267 8.3 Die aktuelle Situation 272 8.3.1 Dialog auf politischer Ebene 272 8.3.2 Dialog auf religiöser Ebene 275 8.4 Möglichkeiten und Chancen zum christlich-islamischen Dialog in der Zukunft 277 Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerung 281 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 287 IV Bibliographie 288 Anhang 307 1. Die dörflichen Jiaofang-Namen in den Gouvernements Xi’an, Tongzhou und Fengxiang während der Periode Tongzhi in Shaanxi 308 2. Die Exzerption der arabischen „Qingzhen-yue-bei“ in der Huajue-Xiang-Moschee 310 3. Die Aufzeichnung auf dem Gedenkstein zur Herstellung der Grabstätte des Großen Meisters Hu 312 4. Die Stele zum Wiederaufbau der Qingjing-Moschee 314 5. Tabelle über Aufbau und Entwicklung der Provinz Shaanxi von der Song- bis zur Qing-Zeit 315 6. Tabelle zu Angaben über Ort, Zeit, Zahl der Teilnahmer, betreffende Gebiete und Zahl der Beiträge der 12 Symposien von 1983-1999 317 7. Zitate aus dem Werk Tong Dian von Dou You aus dem Buch Jing xing ji 318 8. Erscheinen wichtiger Zeitschriften und Aufsätze in den Anfängen der Republik 320 Tabellen und Abbildungen Tabelle 1: Baujahre und -umstände der Moscheen während der Zeit der Grenzgebietsregierung 102 Tabelle 2: Vergleich zwischen der Zuwachsquote der zehn chinesisch-muslimischen Minderheiten und der Zuwachsrate der Gesamtbevölkerung 112 Abbildung 1: Übersetzung der Eisenplatte des „Magischen Quadrats“ der Yuan-Dynastie 212 Abbildung 2: Klassifizierung des chinesisch-traditionellen wushu 223 V Einleitung 1. Überblick China, das nach Russland und Kanada das drittgrößte, jedoch bevölkerungsreichste Land der Erde ist, befindet sich im Osten des asiatischen Kontinents, angrenzend an die Westküste des Stillen Ozeans. Seine Gesamtfläche beläuft sich auf ca. 9,6 Millionen Quadratkilometer1, etwas weniger als die des europäischen Kontinents2. Außer der großen Fläche rühmen sich die Chinesen auch einer 5000-jährigen Zivilisation. Die Provinz Shaanxi – das Tor zum Nordwesten Chinas – liegt am Mittellauf des Flusses Huang He 黄河3 mit einer Fläche von 205800 km² und hat heute wie in der Geschichte einen sehr starken Einfluss auf Chinas Kultur, Politik, Religion, Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft etc. Die Fläche Shaanxis bedeckt die 2,1% Chinas, und ihre Bevölkerung beträgt ca. 36,9 Millionen.4 Der Name Sanqin 三秦 oder Qin 秦 5 wird auf das sogenannte „Reich des Altertums“ Qin zurückgeführt, das sich in der Frühlings- und Herbstperiode (770-476 v.Chr.) über einen Teil des heutigen Shaanxi erstreckte, als der erste Kaiser Shi Huangdi 始皇帝, namens Ying Zheng 1 Laut manchen nichtchinesischen Angaben beträgt die Gesamtfläche Chinas 9,56 Mio. km², diese Zahl schließt die Fläche der Insel Taiwan (35981 km²) aus. 2 Die Fläche Europas beträgt 10,5 Mio. km². Dieser Kontinent ist geographisch betrachtet ein großes, gegliedertes, westliches Endland Asiens, mit dem zusammen es den Kontinent Eurasien bildet. 3 Der Huang He 黄河 ist der zweitgrößte Fluss Chinas und wird auch „Gelber Fluss“ oder „Hwangho“ genannt. Er entspringt am Kunlun-Berg 崑崙山 (Korum-Berg) und mündet ins Gelbe Meer.
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    AppendixA 1257 Appendix A Chronology of Chinese History Xla Dynasty c. 2205 - c. 1766 B. C. Shang Dynasty c. 1766 - c. 1122 B. C. Zhou Dynasty c. 1122 - 249 B. C. Western Zhou c. 1122 - 771 B.C. Eastern Zhou 770 - 249 B. C. Spring Autumn and period 770 - 481 B.C. Warring States period 403 - 221 B.C. Qin Dynasty 221 - 207 B. C. Han Dynasty 202 B. C. - A. D. 220 Western Han 202 B.C. -AD. 9 Xin Dynasty A. D. 9-23 Eastern Han AD. 25 - 220 Three Kingdoms 220 - 280 Wei 220 - 265 Shu 221-265 Wu 222 - 280 Jin Dynasty 265 - 420 Western Jin 265 - 317 Eastern Jin 317 - 420 Southern and Northern Dynasties 420 - 589 Sui Dynasty 590 - 618 Tang Dynasty 618 - 906 Five Dynasties 907 - 960 Later Liang 907 - 923 Later Tang 923 - 936 Later Jin 936 - 947 Later Han 947 - 950 Later Zhou 951-960 Song Dynasty 960-1279 Northern Song 960-1126 Southern Song 1127-1279 Liao 970-1125 Western Xia 990-1227 Jin 1115-1234 Yuan Dynasty 1260-1368 Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Cling Dynasty 1644-1911 Republic 1912-1949 People's Republic 1949- 1258 Appendix B Map of China C ot C x VV 00 aý 3 ýý, cý ýý=ý<<ý IAJ wcsNYý..®c ýC9 0 I Jz ýS txS yQ XZL ý'Tl '--} -E 0 JVvýc ý= ' S .. NrYäs Zw3!v )along R ?yJ L ` (Yana- 'ý. ý. wzX: 0. ý, {d Q Z lýý'? ý3-ýý`. e::. ý z 4: `ý" ý i kws ". 'a$`: ýltiCi, Ys'ýlt.^laS-' tý..
  • Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

    Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

    WHC Nomination Documentation File Name: 1004.pdf UNESCO Region: ASIA AND THE PACIFIC __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties DA TE OF INSCRIPTION: 2nd December 2000 STATE PARTY: CHINA CRITERIA: C (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (vi) DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Criterion (i):The harmonious integration of remarkable architectural groups in a natural environment chosen to meet the criteria of geomancy (Fengshui) makes the Ming and Qing Imperial Tombs masterpieces of human creative genius. Criteria (ii), (iii) and (iv):The imperial mausolea are outstanding testimony to a cultural and architectural tradition that for over five hundred years dominated this part of the world; by reason of their integration into the natural environment, they make up a unique ensemble of cultural landscapes. Criterion (vi):The Ming and Qing Tombs are dazzling illustrations of the beliefs, world view, and geomantic theories of Fengshui prevalent in feudal China. They have served as burial edifices for illustrious personages and as the theatre for major events that have marked the history of China. The Committee took note, with appreciation, of the State Party's intention to nominate the Mingshaoling Mausoleum at Nanjing (Jiangsu Province) and the Changping complex in the future as an extention to the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing dynasties. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS The Ming and Qing imperial tombs are natural sites modified by human influence, carefully chosen according to the principles of geomancy (Fengshui) to house numerous buildings of traditional architectural design and decoration. They illustrate the continuity over five centuries of a world view and concept of power specific to feudal China.