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Pronunciation for Singers : with Especial Reference to the English, German, Italian, and French Languages; with Numerous Example

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Pronunciation for Singers : with Especial Reference to the English, German, Italian, and French Languages; with Numerous Example PRONUNCIATION FOR SINGERS. PRONUNCIATION FOR SINGERS. WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE anft i0|r, fernm, Jtalxan, Jfmittr WITH NUMEROUS EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS AND ADVANCED STUDENTS. ALEXANDER J. ELLIS, B.A., LITT.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.C.P.S., F.C.P., Late Viet- President (formerly President) of the Philological Society, Member of the Mathematical Society, Member of the Musical Association, Honorary Member of the Council of the Tonic Sol-fa College, Scholar " Formerly of Trinity College, Cambridge. " Author of Early English Pronunciation" Translator of HELMHOLTZ'S Sensations of Tone" J. CURWEN & SONS, 8 & 9 WARWICK LANE, E.G. ici ls& Shillings and Sixpence. LONDON : J. CTJRWEN & SONS, MUSIC PEINTER8, PLAISTOW, B. CONTENTS. The letters a, 6, following the number of the page indicate first and second columns respectively. Preface, p. x. Quality of Tone of the Singing Voice, p. 9*. Vowel Quality of Tone due to Resonance, p. 10a. on the Nature of Vowel Qualities of SECTION I. Speaking and Singing Contrasted, Experiments Tone, p. 10*. pp. 1-6. Singers and Speakers, p. la. SECTION III. Short Key to Glossic, Diagrams. la. (1) Singing and Speaking differ in Compass, p. Systematic Arrangement of Speech -sounds, (2) Singing is at Sustained, Speaking at Gliding pp. 12-17. Pitch, p. H. Description of the following Tables, p. 120. (3) Singing requires a Clear, Speaking an Impeded English Glossic. p. 120, b. Passage for the Breath, p. 2. Foreign Glossic, p. 130, b. (4) Singing has to be Rapid or Slurred, where Diagrams of Positions for Vowels and Consonants, Speaking cannot be so, p. 2". p. 14. Vowels must be arranged in Genera or Kinds, p. 2b. Descriptions of the Diagrams, p. 15, The Relations of Vowels to Pitch, p. 36. " Systematic Arrangement of English, German, Effect of Pitch on the word Peep," p. 43. " Italian, and French Speech-sounds, p. 16. Effect of Pitch on the word Through," p. 5a. " " " " " " When Peep and Pool should be Pip and " SECTION IV. Mode of Producing Speech-sounds, Pull" prolonged, p. bb. " pp. 18-23. Effect of Pitch on the word Glass," p. 5b. Flatus or Audible Breath, p. ISa. Effect of Pitch on "Peep through glass," p. 5b. Vocal Chords, p. 180. Effect of Pitch on "All on, Those, Door, Rushed, Whisper as distinguished from Flatus, p. ISb. Panes, Fence," p. Qa. Voice and Original Quality of Tone, p. ISb. Results of the preceding Examination, p. 6b. The Resonance Cavities, p. 190. Brief Definitions of Breath, Flatus, Whisper, and SECTION II. Vowel of 7-11. Quality Tone, pp. Voice as Originators, and Throat, Nose, and Musical Qualities of Tone first explained by Prof. Mouth as Modifiers of Sound, p. 19*. Helmholtz, p. 110. How to Study the Effect of the Modifiers, p. 200; Simple Vibration, p. lla. Throat Modifications, p. 200; Nose Modifications, Compound Vibration, p. lib. p. 20*; Mouth Modifications Action of Teeth and Sa. 220 Modifications Simple Compound Sounds, p. and Lips, p. ; Mouth Action Experiments on Resonance. Resonance Chambers. of Tongue, p. 22. Vibrational Number and Pitch, p. 8a. Object of these Experiments and Observations, Nature of Musical Quality of Tone, p. 9a. p. 23*. CONTENTS. SECTION V. Vowels, pp. 24-41. Unanalysed Glossic Diphthongs, p. 435. Definition of a 240. 1. First Class of Vowel, p. Diphthongs with weak EE final, ''Genera" and of 240. El "Species" Vowels, p. p. 440; English, spoken=m, 0't, permissibly How the Forms of the Resonance Cavities for 00t, never never 440 WM, ahi, am, oat, t aai, p. ; 250 Vowels are to be Described, p. Throat, El English, sung=a<n or 00-0'?, p. 445; El 255 German=00 or 250 ; 250 ; p. ; Arches, sometimes 445 p. Nose, p. Mouth, ahee, aaiie, p. ; El p. 255; Cheeks, p. 255; Teeth, p. 255; Lips Italian, Vowel Slurs- 00-00, da-ee, p. 45; mid El 455 (open, high -round, -round, low-round), French=00-ee, p. ; 01 English=awt, am, or p. 260; Tongue (back, front, point tip), oe, never 001, p. 455; 01 German=o, p. 455; 265. OI 460 p. Italian=0o-e7, p. ; OI French, altered Description of Systematic Arrangement of the to ooee, p. 470. Vowels on p. 16, p. 270. Abbreviated Analytic Forms for El Diphthongs, " Mode of Observing, Mirror and Probe, p. 275. as aay, uy, &c., p. 460 ATY English vanish," 1. and Oral 460 AIY 465 High-front High-mixed Vowels, pp. p. German, p. ; AIY, AEY 28-29 EE and 465 AEY EE, p. 280; I, p. 280; I, p. 285; Italian=0i-2, ae-ee, p. ; French= I',p. 290; TIE, p. 290; EE, I, TIE, p. 295. ae-ee, p. 465; OAY German, p. 465; OAY, 2. Mai-front Oral 30-31 AOY 465 ; 465 Vowels, pp. AI, p. 300; French, p. OOY, German, p. ; E, p. 305; EO, OE, p. 310; I, TIE; E, OE, OOY Italian, p. 465; OOY French, p. 465; p. 315. OEY French, p. 470; UEY French, p. 470. 3. Oral 31-32 315 2. Second Class of Low-Front Vowels, pp. A, p. ; Diphthongs with weak OO A and and fheir Rounded 470 ; OU AE, p. 320, Forms, final, p. English, spoken, p. 470 ; OU 325. 475 p. English, sung, p. ; OU German, p. 475 ; 5. Mid-mixed, 6. Low-mixed, 8. Mid-back, 9. Low- OU Italian, p. 475; OU, French, p. 475. back, Oral Vowels, pp. 32-36 AA, AH, A', Abbreviated Analytic Forms of OQ Diphthongs, p. 335; U, UU, p. 310; U, U', E', p. 345; p. 475 ; OA-W English vanish," p. 475. AO, p. 350; ATI, O, p. 350; OA, AO, p. 355; 3. Third Class of Diphthongs with weak EE U UU, A' AA AH, OA AO AU 0, p. 360. initial, p. 480; EU English, p. 480; EU German 7. High-back Oral Vowels, p. 36500, p. 365; (none), p. 485; EU Italian, p. 485; EU French UE, UU', 00, O'O, p. 370; UO, U', p. 375; (none), p. 485. 380 380. Abbreviated Forms of U', p. ; UO', p. Analytic EU Diphthongs, The Musical Vowel Scale, p. 380 and p. 390. with initial Y, p. 485. French Orinasal Vowels or Nasals, p. 395 N', 4. Fourth class of diphthongs with weak OO 490 : In 490 in p. 395; AEN', p. 400; AHN', p. 400; OAN', initial, p. English, p. ; German p. 405; OEN', p. 410. (none), p. 490; in Italian, p. 490; in French, of French 410. 490 iieEE 495. Character Nasality, p. p. ; French, p. Abbreviated Glossic Forms for the 00 and UE SECTION VI. Vowel Glides, Diphthongs, Triph- weak initial Diphthongs, with W and WY', thongs, and Vocal K, pp. 42-55. p. 500. The Nature of Glides. Pitch Glides, p. 420. Triphthongs, p. 50. Vowel Glides, p. 420. 5. Fifth Class of Diphthongs ending in an obscure Temporary Symbolisation of Vowel Glides, and U, and hence called Murmur Diphthongs, p. Effects of Crescendo and 425. 500 Vanish Murmur Diminuendo, p. ; Diphthongs AAii, AUu, Nature of Diphthongs, p. 430. p. 505; True Murmur Diphthongs EER, AIR, Permanent Symbolisation of Vowel Glides, p. 435. OAR, OOR, p. 505; Inserted R', p. 515. CONTENTS. Rules for the Use and Avoidance of English Mur- Trilled Oral Consonants, or R' Class, p. 630 mur Diphthongs, p. 515. Contacts and Approximations, p. 630. Murmur 52a 52 1 and 2. Oral Consonants Triphthongs, p. ; EIR, OIR, p. ; with Lips (1) Roind, 525 and 635-665. E1RR', EIERR', EIUR', p. ; OUR, OURR', (2) Flat, pp. OUERR', OU-UR', p. 525; EUR, EURR', p. 525. P. Shut Mute, p. 63b. Vocal R or ER, equal to U', UU' long, p. 530; B. Shut Sonant, p. 635. Vocal R or ER in Weak Syllables, p. 525; B. Shut Implodent, p. 64. Distinction between Weak Final A and Weak W, V, Central Buzzes, and WH, F, Central Final 525 in dis- ER, p. ; Dissyllables ER Hisses, p. 645. tinguished from Murmur Diphthongs and <BR, <WR, Lip-triUed Buzzes, and 'PR Lip- in 545 Vocal in trilled Triphthongs R, p. ; No R Hiss, p. 660. German, Italian, and French, p. 55a. 1. Nasal Consonants with Oral Resonance limited 6. Sixth Class of Diphthongs, arising from Tongue by Round Lips, pp. 665-675. Glides, Lip Glides, Throat Glides, and Nose M Shut Hum, and MH Shut Snort, p. 665. Glides, as ai"y, 00, 6a, oa'w, ue=iue, eo=aieo, ee, 3. Oral Consonants with Lips and Teeth, pp. p. 550. 675-685. F Central Hiss, and V Central Buzz, p. 675. SECTION VII. Glottids, Attack and Kelease of 4. Oral Consonants with Teeth and Point of Vowels, Aspirates, pp. 56-60. Tongue, p. 685. Glottids Defined, p. 560. TH Central Hiss, and DH Central Buzz, p. 685. H, Flatus, glottis open, p. 560. 5. 6, 7, and 8. Oral Consonants, with (5) Gums 565. H', Whisper, glottis contracted, p. and Point of Tongue, (6) Palate and Point H', Voice, glottis closed, the edges of the vocal of Tongue, (7) the Front of the Tongue chords being in contact, p. 565. Arched, or Convex towards the Hard Palate, or I, Gradual Glottid, p. 570. and (8) the Front of the Tongue Hollowed, ;, Clear Glottid, p. 575. Concave towards the Hard Palate, pp. 690-765. ;, Check Glottid, p. 580. T, T\ ,T Shut Mutes; D, D', ,D Shut Sonants, or Jerk, 585. Q D Shut 690. H, HH, HI, H;, Aspirate, p. D, D', ( Lnplodents, p. Croak, Bleat, Wheeze, p. 605. S, SH, S', T'H Central Hisses, and Z, ZH, Z\ Why H is the only Glottid written in ordinary D'H Central Buzzes, p.
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