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Religion in Roman Norfolk from Recent Metal Detector Finds Art Faith Place prelims_Layout 1 03/10/2012 15:14 Page 1 Practice and Belief: Manifestations of Witchcraft, Magic and Paganism 1 ART, FAITH AND PLACE IN EAST ANGLIA — From Prehistory to the Present — Art Faith Place prelims_Layout 1 03/10/2012 15:14 Page 2 2 Art, Faith and Place in East Anglia: Prehistory to the Present Art Faith Place prelims_Layout 1 03/10/2012 15:14 Page 3 Practice and Belief: Manifestations of Witchcraft, Magic and Paganism 3 ART, FAITH AND PLACE IN EAST ANGLIA — From Prehistory to the Present — Edited by T. A. Heslop, Elizabeth Mellings and Margit Thøfner THE BOYDELL PRESS Art Faith Place prelims_Layout 1 03/10/2012 15:14 Page 4 4 Art, Faith and Place in East Anglia: Prehistory to the Present © Contributors 2012 All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner First published 2012 The Boydell Press, Woodbridge ISBN 978 1 84383 744 2 The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mount Hope Ave, Rochester, NY 14620-2731, USA website: www.boydellandbrewer.com A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Papers used by Boydell & Brewer Ltd are natural, recyclable products made from wood grown in sustainable forests Designed and Typeset by Tina Ranft, Woodbridge Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY Art Faith Place prelims_Layout 1 03/10/2012 15:14 Page 5 Practice and Belief: Manifestations of Witchcraft, Magic and Paganism 5 CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii List of illustrations ix CHAPTER 1 Sandy Heslop and Margit Thøfner: ‘Introduction: On Faith, Objects and Locality’ 1 CHAPTER 2 Elisabeth de Bièvre, ‘But where is Norfolk?’ 19 CHAPTER 3 Daphne Nash Briggs, ‘Sacred Image and Regional Identity in Late-Prehistoric Norfolk’ 30 CHAPTER 4 Adrian Marsden, ‘Piety from the Ploughsoil: Religion in Roman Norfolk through Recent Metal-Detector Finds’ 50 CHAPTER 5 Tim Pestell, ‘Paganism in Early-Anglo-Saxon East Anglia’ 66 CHAPTER 6 Matthew Champion, ‘Devotion, Pestilence and Conflict: The Medieval Wall Paintings of St Mary the Virgin, Lakenheath’ 88 CHAPTER 7 Carole Hill, ‘Here Be Dragons: The Cult of St Margaret of Antioch and Strategies for Survival’ 105 CHAPTER 8 Elizabeth Rutledge, ‘The Medieval Jews of Norwich and their Legacy’ 117 CHAPTER 9 David King, ‘Late-Medieval Glass-Painting in Norfolk: Developments in Iconography and Craft c.1250–1540’ 130 CHAPTER 10 John Peake, ‘Graffiti and Devotion in Three Maritime Churches’ 148 CHAPTER 11 Nicola Whyte, ‘Norfolk Wayside Crosses: Biographies of Landscape and Place’ 163 CHAPTER 12 Chris King, ‘Landscapes of Faith and Politics in Early-Modern Norwich’ 179 Art Faith Place prelims_Layout 1 03/10/2012 15:14 Page 6 vi Art, Faith and Place in East Anglia: Prehistory to the Present CHAPTER 13 Francesca Vanke, ‘Practice and Belief: Manifestations of Witchcraft, Magic and Paganism in East Anglia from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day’ 194 CHAPTER 14 Stefan Muthesius, ‘Provinciality and the Victorians: Church Design in Nineteenth-Century East Anglia’ 209 CHAPTER 15 Catherine Hesketh-Harvey, ‘Maharajah Duleep Singh, Elveden and Sikh Pilgrimage’ 223 CHAPTER 16 Karl Bell, ‘Supernatural Folklore and the Popular Imagination: Re-reading Object and Locality in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Norfolk’ 240 CHAPTER 17 Elizabeth A. Mellings, ‘Pro Patria Mori: Christian Rallies and War Memorials of Early-Twentieth-Century Norfolk’ 253 CHAPTER 18 Robert J. Wallis, ‘Pagans in Place, from Stonehenge to Seahenge: “Sacred” Archaeological Monuments and Artefacts in Britain’ 273 CHAPTER 19 Trevor Ashwin, ‘Art, Spirit and Ancient Places in Norfolk’ 287 CHAPTER 20 Elizabeth A. Mellings, ‘Sacred Sites and Blessed Objects: Art and Religion in Contemporary Norfolk’ 298 Bibliography 315 Index 349 Art Faith Place prelims_Layout 1 03/10/2012 15:14 Page 9 Practice and Belief: Manifestations of Witchcraft, Magic and Paganism 9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Fig. 1.1. Happisburgh church and cliffs. Photograph courtesy of © Andrew Stacey 2 Fig. 1.2. Bronze Age Ceremonial Dirk, c.1500–1350 BC, copper alloy, 71 x 18.1 cm. Oxborough, Norfolk (BM: P&EE 1994 10-3 1). Reproduced by permission of © The Trustees of the British Museum 3 Fig. 1.3. Hammerbeam roof (lead-covered oak) with carved angels in chestnut wood, church of St Peter and St Paul, Swaffham, c.1470. Photograph by Sandy Heslop.10 Fig. 1.4. Artist unknown, Bedingfeld Chalice and Paten, 1518–19 (London), silver-gilt, enamel, chalice height: 15.2 cm; paten diameter: 13.1 cm (V&A: M.76&A-1947). Reproduced by permission of the © Victoria and Albert Museum 13 Fig. 1.5. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Eaton. Photograph by Liz Mellings, 2012.17 CHAPTER 2 Fig. 2.1. Fish-tailed, copper alloy plaque, inscribed with ‘DEO HER’ (To the God Hercules) on reverse, found at Roman Brancaster (Branodunum) (NWHCM: 1974.323.1: A). © Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery 24 Fig. 2.2. The Mildenhall Great Dish, silver, fourth century Roman, from Mildenhall, with a central image of the deity, Oceanus (BM: P&EE 1946 10-7 1). Reproduced by permission of © The Trustees of The British Museum 25 Fig. 2.3. Juliet Wimhurst, ‘Christ, the second person, embodies the motherhood of God’ (2010), ink on scraper-board, 38 x 27 cm. Courtesy of Juliet Wimhurst 27 CHAPTER 3 Fig. 3.1. Icenian lands and tribal emblems. Coin photographs courtesy of © Chris Rudd 31 Fig. 3.2. Fison Way monument phase I: second–first century BC–c.40s AD. Coin photographs courtesy of © Chris Rudd; line drawings by Daphne Nash Briggs (site plan after Gregory, ‘Excavations in Thetford’ and Bradley, Ritual and Domestic Life, fig. 6.9) 33 Fig. 3.3. Fison Way monument phase II: 40s–50s AD. Coin photographs courtesy of © Chris Rudd; line drawings by Daphne Nash Briggs (site plan after Gregory, ‘Excavations in Thetford’ and Bradley, Ritual and Domestic Life, fig. 6.10) 34 Fig. 3.4. Fison Way monument phase III: 50s–c.61 AD. Site plan drawings by Daphne Nash Briggs (after Gregory, ‘Excavations in Thetford’ and Bradley, Ritual and Domestic Life, 2005, fig. 6.11). Coin photographs courtesy of © Chris Rudd 38 Art Faith Place prelims_Layout 1 03/10/2012 15:14 Page 10 x Art, Faith and Place in East Anglia: Prehistory to the Present Fig. 3.5. The Norfolk God. Coin photographs courtesy of Chris Rudd: 50.42, 50.39, 78.37, 50.31, 82.33, 53.51. Thetford Treasure drawings after Johns and Potter, Thetford Treasure. Bronze buckle: D. Nash Briggs 40 CHAPTER 4 Fig. 4.1. Defixio from Caistor St Edmund (HER: 9819, NCM: 2005.600). © Norwich Castle Museum 52 Fig. 4.2. Lamella found at Billingford (NCM: 2005.297). Tomlin, ‘A Bilingual Roman Charm’. © Norwich Castle Museum 53 Fig. 4.3. Pan head mount from Elsing (NCM: L1993.7). © Norwich Castle Museum 55 Fig. 4.4. Strap fitting recently found at Bracon Ash (HER: 29308). © Norfolk Historic Environment Service 55 Fig. 4.5. Drawing of a figurine discovered at Banham (HER: 32136). © Norfolk Historic Environment Service 57 Fig. 4.6. A strange figure from Acle (HER: 50193) perhaps represents another native Celtic deity. © Norfolk Historic Environment Service 58 Fig. 4.7. A copper alloy figurine of a goat from Walsingham (HER: 2024). © Norwich Castle Museum 59 Fig. 4.8. Drawing of cockerel (or hen) from Hockwold (HER: 52672). © Norfolk Historic Environment Service 60 Fig. 4.9. A miniature silver sword from Bracon Ash (HER: 29308, NCM: 2009.250). © Norwich Castle Museum 62 Fig. 4.10. Intaglio in nicolo glass set into the fragmentary remains of a bronze ring found at Wacton (HER: 42714). © Norfolk Historic Environment Service 63 CHAPTER 5 Fig. 5.1. The distribution of English place-names with possible pagan Anglo-Saxon elements. Map by Tim Pestell, after Gelling, Signposts to the Past 70 Fig. 5.2. Cremation urn fragment R9/10 from Caistor St Edmund, inscribed with a ship and wolf motif (Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery). © Norwich Castle Museum 77 Fig. 5.3. The distribution of bracteate finds in East Anglia. Map by Tim Pestell 79 Fig. 5.4. The distribution of objects with horn-headed figures (grey dots) and figurines (black dots). Map by Tim Pestell 80 Fig. 5.5. Examples of horn-helmeted figures from East Anglia: (a) Pendant from Attleborough (top) and mounts from Saxlingham Nethergate (left) and Reepham (right) (Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery). © Norwich Castle Museum; (b) Helmet plate from Sutton Hoo Mound One. After Bruce-Mitford, The Sutton-Hoo Ship Burial Vol. 2); (c) Patrix die converted to a pendant from Hethel. Courtesy of Mr S. Clarkson 82 Fig. 5.6. Possible Anglo-Saxon figurines from Suffolk: (a) Carlton Colville (BM: P&E 2001, 0902.1). Reproduced by permission of © The Trustees of The British Museum; (b) Friston (PAS: SF-01ACA7). Reproduced by permission of the © Portable Antiquities Scheme; (c) Unknown, possibly Halesworth area; (d) Eyke. Courtesy of Mr B. Hammond 85 Art Faith Place prelims_Layout 1 03/10/2012 15:14 Page 11 List of Illustrations xi CHAPTER 6 Fig. 6.1.
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