DOCSLIB.ORG

HES Book of Abstracts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HES Book of Abstracts 45th Annual Meetings of the History of Economics Society Book of Abstracts Loyola University Chicago Chicago, Illinois June 14 - 17, 2018 1 Abstracts of Papers to be Presented at the 2018 History of Economics Society Annual Conference Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois June 14 - 17, 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Friday, June 15 FRI Plenary Session: Douglas Irwin, "The Rise and Fall of Import Substitution" .................. 3 FRI1A Session: “Smith and his Intellectual Milleu (IASS)” .............................................................. 3 FRI1B Session: “Remembering Craufurd Goodwin” .......................................................................... 5 FRI1C Session: “American Political Economy” ..................................................................................... 5 FRI1D Session: “Constitutional Economics” .......................................................................................... 7 FRI1E Session: “European Issues" ............................................................................................................. 9 FRI1F Session: “Biology” .............................................................................................................................11 FRI2A Session: “Smith and his Contemporary Issues (IASS)” ......................................................14 FRI2B Session: “Archival Round Table” ................................................................................................15 FRI2C Session: “French Economics in the Long 19th Century” ...................................................16 FRI2D Session: "Methodology" .................................................................................................................17 FRI2E Session: “Influences in Communist Economics” ..................................................................18 FRI2F Session: “Hayek, Insitutions and Knowledge” .......................................................................19 FRI3A Session: “Eighteenth-Century French Political Economy (IASS)” ................................20 FRI3B Session: “The Natural Rate at 50” ..............................................................................................21 FRI3C Session: “German-American Interactions” .............................................................................25 FRI3D Session: “Public Finance” ..............................................................................................................27 FRI3E Session: "Applied Economics" .....................................................................................................29 FRI3F Session: “Pedagogy” .........................................................................................................................30 Saturday, June 16 SAT1A Session: “Keynes Post Keynes” ..................................................................................................30 SAT1C Session: “Macro after Keynes” ....................................................................................................31 SAT1D Session: “Home Economics" .......................................................................................................32 SAT1E Session: “Fisher and Tinbergen" ..............................................................................................32 SAT2A Session: “Development” ................................................................................................................33 SAT2B Session: “Economics and Engineering: Institutions, Practices and Cultures” ........35 SAT2C Session: “Social Development” ...................................................................................................36 SAT2D Session: “Keynes, Econometrics, Risk and Growth” ..........................................................39 SAT2E Session: “Virtue” ...............................................................................................................................40 SAT2F Session: "Smith Across Time" .....................................................................................................42 SAT3A Session: “Smith the Polimath” ....................................................................................................43 SAT3B Session: “Methodological and Theoretical Foundations of Early Growth Models” ...............................................................................................................................................................45 SAT3C Session: “Conceptualizng Fairness”..........................................................................................46 SAT3D Session: “Macro” ..............................................................................................................................47 SAT3E Session: "HES Award Winners" ..................................................................................................48 SAT3F Session: “Post War Institutions” ................................................................................................48 SAT4A Session: “Marx 1” .............................................................................................................................50 SAT4C Session: “Röpke and Gramsci” ....................................................................................................51 2 SAT4D Session: “Institutional Economics”...........................................................................................53 SAT Plenary Session: Anwar Shaikh "Constructing a Classical-Keynesian Paradigm in Economics" ........................................................................................................................................................54 Sunday, June 17 SUN1A Session: “Before Smith” ................................................................................................................55 SUN1B Session: “Graduate Economics Training” ..............................................................................55 SUN1C Session: “Interwar Crises" ...........................................................................................................57 SUN1D Session: “Education” ......................................................................................................................58 SUN1E Session: “Consumption”................................................................................................................60 SUN2A Session: “Geography and Environment”................................................................................61 SUN2B Session: “The MacLean Controversy A Year Later” ...........................................................62 SUN2C Session: “Late 19th Century Economics” ...............................................................................63 SUN2D Session: “Finance and Risk” ........................................................................................................64 SUN2E Session: “Macro 2” ..........................................................................................................................65 SUN3A Session: “Smith Past and Present (IASS)” .............................................................................67 SUN3B Session: “Order, Power and Context in German-Language Neoliberalism” ............73 SUN3C Session: “Mid-20th Century”.......................................................................................................75 SUN3D Session: “Captial Competition Conflict Crisis: A Critial Discussion with the Author” ................................................................................................................................................................76 SUN3E Session: “Macro 3” ..........................................................................................................................77 SUN3F Session: “Experimental and Behavioral” ...............................................................................79 SUN4A Session: “Wicksell” .........................................................................................................................80 SUN4B Session: “US Foreign Economic Policy” ..................................................................................81 SUN4D Session: “Veblen”.............................................................................................................................82 SUN4E Session: “Marx 2” .............................................................................................................................83 SUN Presidential Address: Evelyn Forget "Folk Wisdom in Economics" ................................84 3 Friday, June 15 Plenary Session, Kasbeer Hall Douglas Irwin, Dartmouth College “The Rise and Fall of Import Substitution” FRI1A Session: “Smith and his Intellectual Milleu” Organized by the International Adam Smith Society (IASS) Erik W. Matson, George Mason University Understanding Smith’s Ethos of Acquisitiveness by Way of Hume’s Conclusion I’ve recently coauthored a piece arguing that Smith’s famous parable of the poor man’s son in TMS Part IV significantly parallels the famous and moving conclusion to Book 1 of Hume’s Treatise of Human Nature. The major contribution of that piece is an exposition of the textual and narrative similarities between these two important passages. In the present project, I propose to more substantially develop their conceptual connection and its significance. I claim that Smith’s engagement with Hume shows him adopting a version of Hume’s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Art of Thinking Clearly
    For Sabine The Art of Thinking Clearly Rolf Dobelli www.sceptrebooks.co.uk First published in Great Britain in 2013 by Sceptre An imprint of Hodder & Stoughton An Hachette UK company 1 Copyright © Rolf Dobelli 2013 The right of Rolf Dobelli to be identified as the Author of the Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. A CIP catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. eBook ISBN 978 1 444 75955 6 Hardback ISBN 978 1 444 75954 9 Hodder & Stoughton Ltd 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BH www.sceptrebooks.co.uk CONTENTS Introduction 1 WHY YOU SHOULD VISIT CEMETERIES: Survivorship Bias 2 DOES HARVARD MAKE YOU SMARTER?: Swimmer’s Body Illusion 3 WHY YOU SEE SHAPES IN THE CLOUDS: Clustering Illusion 4 IF 50 MILLION PEOPLE SAY SOMETHING FOOLISH, IT IS STILL FOOLISH: Social Proof 5 WHY YOU SHOULD FORGET THE PAST: Sunk Cost Fallacy 6 DON’T ACCEPT FREE DRINKS: Reciprocity 7 BEWARE THE ‘SPECIAL CASE’: Confirmation Bias (Part 1) 8 MURDER YOUR DARLINGS: Confirmation Bias (Part 2) 9 DON’T BOW TO AUTHORITY: Authority Bias 10 LEAVE YOUR SUPERMODEL FRIENDS AT HOME: Contrast Effect 11 WHY WE PREFER A WRONG MAP TO NO
    [Show full text]
  • AFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING and the ELLSBERG PARADOX By
    AFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING AND THE ELLSBERG PARADOX By Anat Bracha and Donald J. Brown Revised: August 2008 June 2008 COWLES FOUNDATION DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 1667R COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS YALE UNIVERSITY Box 208281 New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8281 http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/ A¤ective Decision Making and the Ellsberg Paradox Anat Brachayand Donald J. Brownz August 18, 2008 Abstract A¤ective decision-making is a strategic model of choice under risk and un- certainty where we posit two cognitive processes — the “rational” and the “emoitonal” process. Observed choice is the result of equilibirum in this in- trapersonal game. As an example, we present applications of a¤ective decision-making in in- surance markets, where the risk perceptions of consumers are endogenous. We derive the axiomatic foundation of a¤ective decision making, and show that af- fective decision making is a model of ambiguity-seeking behavior consistent with the Ellsberg paradox. JEL Classi…cation: D01, D81, G22 Keywords: A¤ective choice, Endogenous risk perception, Insurance, Ellsberg paradox, Variational preferences, Ambiguity-seeking This paper is a revision of Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 1667. We would like to thank Eddie Dekel, Tzachi Gilboa, Ben Polak and Larry Samuelson for comments and advice. Bracha would like to thank the Foerder Institute for Economic Research and the Whitebox Foundation for …nancial support. yThe Eitan Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University zThe Economics Department, Yale University 1 1 Introduction The theory of choice under risk and uncertainty is a consequence of the interplay between formal models and experimental evidence. The Ellsberg paradox (1961) introduced the notion of ambiguity aversion and inspired models such as maxmin ex- pected utility (Gilboa and Schmeidler 1989), and variational preferences (Maccheroni Marinacci and Rustichini [MMR] 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • UC Merced Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
    UC Merced Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Title A Unified, Resource-Rational Account of the Allais and Ellsberg Paradoxes Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4p8865bz Journal Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 43(43) ISSN 1069-7977 Authors Nobandegani, Ardavan S. Shultz, Thomas Dubé, Laurette Publication Date 2021 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California A Unified, Resource-Rational Account of the Allais and Ellsberg Paradoxes Ardavan S. Nobandegani1;3, Thomas R. Shultz2;3, & Laurette Dube´4 [email protected] fthomas.shultz, [email protected] 1Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, McGill University 2School of Computer Science, McGill University 3Department of Psychology, McGill University 4Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University Abstract them can explain both paradoxes (we discuss these models in the Discussion section). Decades of empirical and theoretical research on human decision-making has broadly categorized it into two, separate As a step toward a unified treatment of these two realms: decision-making under risk and decision-making un- types of decision-making, here we investigate whether the der uncertainty, with the Allais paradox and the Ellsberg para- the broad framework of resource-rationality (Nobandegani, dox being a prominent example of each, respectively. In this work, we present the first unified, resource-rational account 2017; Lieder & Griffiths, 2020) could provide a unified ac- of these two paradoxes. Specifically, we show that Nobande- count of the Allais paradox and the Ellsberg paradox. That is, gani et al.’s (2018) sample-based expected utility model pro- we ask if these two paradoxes could be understood in terms vides a unified, process-level account of the two variants of the Allais paradox (the common-consequence effect and the of optimal use of limited cognitive resources.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contextual Risk Model for the Ellsberg Paradox
    A Contextual Risk Model for the Ellsberg Paradox Diederik Aerts and Sandro Sozzo Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies Brussels Free University, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels E-Mails: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The Allais and Ellsberg paradoxes show that the expected utility hypothesis and Savage’s Sure-Thing Principle are violated in real life decisions. The popular explanation in terms of ambiguity aversion is not completely accepted. On the other hand, we have recently introduced a notion of contextual risk to mathematically capture what is known as ambiguity in the economics literature. Situations in which contextual risk occurs cannot be modeled by Kolmogorovian classical probabilistic structures, but a non-Kolmogorovian framework with a quantum-like structure is needed. We prove in this paper that the contextual risk approach can be applied to the Ellsberg paradox, and elaborate a sphere model within our hidden measurement formalism which reveals that it is the overall conceptual landscape that is responsible of the disagreement between actual human decisions and the predictions of expected utility theory, which generates the paradox. This result points to the presence of a quantum conceptual layer in human thought which is superposed to the usually assumed classical logical layer. 1. The Sure-Thing Principle and the Ellsberg Paradox The expected utility hypothesis requires that in uncertain circumstances individuals choose in such a way that they maximize the expected value of ‘satisfaction’ or ‘utility’. This hypothesis is the predominant model of choice under uncertainty in economics, and is founded on the von Neumann-Morgenstern utility theory (von Neumann and Morgenstern 1944).
    [Show full text]
  • Values and Value Transfers: a Comment on Itoh
    : VALUES AND VALUE TRANSFERS: A COMMENT ON ITOH Anwar Shaikh Itoh's essay provides a valuable retrospective on recent debates concerning the Marxian theory of value. He points out that the economic crisis enveloping both cap­ itaJist and socialist worlds from the 1970s onward challenged economists to rethink and refine their basic approaches. Among other things. this sparked a resurgence of interest in fundamental issues such as Ihe theory of value. Thus, what appears as an abstraCt discussion is actually rooted in historical events, with political and economic implications for the current period (above. 53-54), Itoh also emphasizes the importance of Sraffa's work in revitalizing the Marxist discussion ofva1ue theory. Sraffa's pathbreak.ing work provided a new platform for a critique of neoclassical economics, even as it "rchabilitatcd the objcctive theory of value" which is characteristic of me classical and Marxian traditions. But his narrow focus and elliptical style left open the question of the relation between his approach and that of more general economic framewocks. Not swprisingiy, many of his followers set out to incol']X)rate his unconventional approach into a more orthodox "neo-Ricardian" framework, in which the emphasis was on mathematical and functional analyses of CQuilibriwn prices. Inevitably, this gave rise to a divergence between nco-Ricardian and Marxian writers (54--60). Two issues are highlighted by Itoh: the problems which arise with Marx's procedure for linking labor value and money price magnitudes (the transfonnatiOil problem), problems which appear LO undermine the Marxian claim that value magnitudes arc the foundation of price magnitudes; and the claim that value categories are in any case redundant, since market prices actually gravitate around prices of production, not labor values (60).
    [Show full text]
  • Paradoxes Situations That Seems to Defy Intuition
    Paradoxes Situations that seems to defy intuition PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Tue, 08 Jul 2014 07:26:17 UTC Contents Articles Introduction 1 Paradox 1 List of paradoxes 4 Paradoxical laughter 16 Decision theory 17 Abilene paradox 17 Chainstore paradox 19 Exchange paradox 22 Kavka's toxin puzzle 34 Necktie paradox 36 Economy 38 Allais paradox 38 Arrow's impossibility theorem 41 Bertrand paradox 52 Demographic-economic paradox 53 Dollar auction 56 Downs–Thomson paradox 57 Easterlin paradox 58 Ellsberg paradox 59 Green paradox 62 Icarus paradox 65 Jevons paradox 65 Leontief paradox 70 Lucas paradox 71 Metzler paradox 72 Paradox of thrift 73 Paradox of value 77 Productivity paradox 80 St. Petersburg paradox 85 Logic 92 All horses are the same color 92 Barbershop paradox 93 Carroll's paradox 96 Crocodile Dilemma 97 Drinker paradox 98 Infinite regress 101 Lottery paradox 102 Paradoxes of material implication 104 Raven paradox 107 Unexpected hanging paradox 119 What the Tortoise Said to Achilles 123 Mathematics 127 Accuracy paradox 127 Apportionment paradox 129 Banach–Tarski paradox 131 Berkson's paradox 139 Bertrand's box paradox 141 Bertrand paradox 146 Birthday problem 149 Borel–Kolmogorov paradox 163 Boy or Girl paradox 166 Burali-Forti paradox 172 Cantor's paradox 173 Coastline paradox 174 Cramer's paradox 178 Elevator paradox 179 False positive paradox 181 Gabriel's Horn 184 Galileo's paradox 187 Gambler's fallacy 188 Gödel's incompleteness theorems
    [Show full text]
  • Anwar Shaikh Some Universal Patterns in Income Distribution
    Anwar Shaikh Some Universal Patterns in Income Distribution: An Econophysics Approach August 2018 Working Paper 08/2018 Department of Economics The New School for Social Research The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the New School for Social Research. © 2018 by Anwar Shaikh. All rights reserved. Short sections of text may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit is given to the source. Some Universal Patterns in Income Distribution: An Econophysics Approach Abstract This paper utilizes the econophysics "two class" (EPTC) approach to income distribution to derive certain empirical rules applying to all countries in the comprehensive World Income Inequality (WIID) database. This approach demonstrates that wage incomes follow an exponential distribution while property incomes follow a Pareto distribution, which leads to a simple and empirically robust approximation to the Lorenz curve. We in turn show that the per capita income of any bottom fraction (x) of the population is proportional to “inequality adjusted GDP per capita”, i.e. to (GDP per capita)∙(1-Gini), the constant of proportionality a(x) being solely a function of population fraction under consideration. This proposition is empirically robust across countries and over time in our large database. We focus on two patterns. The “1.1 Rule” in which the income per capita of the bottom 80 percent of a country's population, what we call the Vast Majority Income, can be calculated in every country as 1.1(GDP per capita)∙(1-Gini). Using the VMI in place of GDP per capita gives rise to different country rankings.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxian Competition Versus Perfect So-Called Choice of Technique
    Shaikh, Anwar, Marxian competition versus perfect competition: further comments on the so-called choice of technique , Cambridge Journal of Economics, 4:1 (1980:Mar.) p.75 Cambridge Journal of Economics 1980,4,75-83 Marxian competition versus perfect cOlDpetition: further cOlDlDents on the so-called choice of technique Anwar Shaikh* In my notes on Dobb, I chose to focus on his discussion of Marx's theory of the falling rate of profit, for three reasons: first, because I believed that Dobb's representation of Marx is inadequate; second, because I wished to disentangle Dobb's version from Marx's, since the former has become quite influential and is often presented as being identical to the latter;t last, and most important, because I believed that Marx's own argument is both more interesting and more powerful than that of Dobb. I remain firmly unrepentant on all three points. t In my development of the argument as it actually appears in Marx, I tried to make two central points. The first of these was that mechanisation becomes the dominant form of technical change precisely because it is the production of surplus value, not use value, which is the dominant aspect of the labour process under capitalism. Thus for Marx the inherent tendency towards automation arises out of the social relations of production themselves, out of the relation of capital to labour in the production process, and not out of the relation of capital to capital in competition (Marx, 1973, pp. 776-777). The second point I tried to make is that nonetheless competition does have a bearing on possible mechanisations: it tests these potential weapons in the fire of battle.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformation from Marx to Sraffa Anwar Shaikh
    3 The Transformation from Marx to Sraffa Anwar Shaikh I. Introduction Recent history has seen a tremendous revival of Marxist economic analysis. But this process has also produced its own specific problems, because as Marxist economics gain in respectibility, the temptation to represent itself i~ respectable terms grows accordingly. And these terms, in the end, are ·almost always the wrong ones. There is no question but that Marxism must appropriate all modem developments. Bur to appropriate them involves much more than merely adopting them. It involves tearing them out of the bourgeois framework in which they appear, examining their hidden premises, and re-situating them (when and if possible) on a Marxist terrain-a terrain which cannot be derived merely by algebraic variation or sociological transformation of the premises of orthodox economics. We must, and indeed we do, have our own ground to stand upon. It is my contention that the Sraffian, neo-Ricardian, tradition is by far too respectable. Its roots in left Keynesianism are easy to establish, and its refuge in mathematical economics is quite revealing. Nonetheless, the claims made by this school must be addressed, and· its real contributions must be separated out from what is merely part of its cloak of respectability. In this paper I do not intend to reproduce previous criticisms of the neo-Ricardians, nor even to reproduce my own arguments in favour of Marx's theory of value. Instead, in the discussion that follows I would like to show that even within the algebraic framework of which the neo-Ricardians are so proud, there are a host of issues which they do not, and cannot, face.
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    General Index σ -algebra 408, 452 belief revision 516 σ -additive probability measure 453 belief set 454, 457 stit logic 348 best-system analysis of probability Ł3 187 417 de re/de dicto distinction 533 BHK interpretation 196 sui generis epistemic probability 424 BIT 551 Kt 331 boolean algebra 184, 284 T 313 borderline vague 134 branching space-time 347 abstract situations 204 branching time 339 accessibility relation 326 Brouwer’s axiom (for modal logic) actualist frequentism 409 526 Adams’ Thesis (about conditionals) Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov 395 interpretation 197 additive separation 551 admissible interpretations 151 calculus of individuals 272 AGM model 456 canonical model 312 AGM postulates 456, 460 canonical terms 320 alethic modal logic 300 categoricity (of a theory) 111 algebra 408, 452 causal decision theory 554 Allais’s paradox 565 chance 418 analyticity 301 circular time 332 antitony 486 classical negation 183 Aristotelian modality 342 coherence constraint 473 Arrow’s theorem 572 common knowledge 512, 570 aspect 346 compactness (for first-order logic) Atom Exchangeability Principle 436 110 atom of an algebra 408 Compactness (of first-order logic) 41 atomic algebra 408 complete propositional selection Axiom of Choice 109 function 475 axiomatization stage 5 completed infinity 196 axioms of modal logic 508 completeness 6 completeness (for first-order logic) backwards linear 328 110 Barcan formula 318 completeness stage 6 basic intrinsic attitude 551 Completeness Theorem (for Bayesian conditionalization 420 first-order logic) 38 Becker’s rule 304 completeness theorem for first-order being 64, 65 logic 7 belief base contraction 486 completeness theorem for modal belief basis 455 logic 309 Pettigrew, R., and Horsten, L.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Unified Theory Analysing Workplace Ideologies: Marxism And
    Marxism and Racial Oppression: Towards a Unified Theory Charles Post (City University of New York) Half a century ago, the revival of the womens movementsecond wave feminismforced the revolutionary left and Marxist theory to revisit the Womens Question. As historical materialists in the 1960s and 1970s grappled with the relationship between capitalism, class and gender, two fundamental positions emerged. The dominant response was dual systems theory. Beginning with the historically correct observation that male domination predates the emergence of the capitalist mode of production, these theorists argued that contemporary gender oppression could only be comprehended as the result of the interaction of two separate systemsa patriarchal system of gender domination and the capitalist mode of production. The alternative approach emerged from the debates on domestic labor and the predominantly privatized character of the social reproduction of labor-power under capitalism. In 1979, Lise Vogel synthesized an alternative unitary approach that rooted gender oppression in the tensions between the increasingly socialized character of (most) commodity production and the essentially privatized character of the social reproduction of labor-power. Today, dual-systems theory has morphed into intersectionality where distinct systems of class, gender, sexuality and race interact to shape oppression, exploitation and identity. This paper attempts to begin the construction of an outline of a unified theory of race and capitalism. The paper begins by critically examining two Marxian approaches. On one side are those like Ellen Meiksins Wood who argued that capitalism is essentially color-blind and can reproduce itself without racial or gender oppression. On the other are those like David Roediger and Elizabeth Esch who argue that only an intersectional analysis can allow historical materialists to grasp the relationship of capitalism and racial oppression.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Paradoxes 1 List of Paradoxes
    List of paradoxes 1 List of paradoxes This is a list of paradoxes, grouped thematically. The grouping is approximate: Paradoxes may fit into more than one category. Because of varying definitions of the term paradox, some of the following are not considered to be paradoxes by everyone. This list collects only those instances that have been termed paradox by at least one source and which have their own article. Although considered paradoxes, some of these are based on fallacious reasoning, or incomplete/faulty analysis. Logic • Barbershop paradox: The supposition that if one of two simultaneous assumptions leads to a contradiction, the other assumption is also disproved leads to paradoxical consequences. • What the Tortoise Said to Achilles "Whatever Logic is good enough to tell me is worth writing down...," also known as Carroll's paradox, not to be confused with the physical paradox of the same name. • Crocodile Dilemma: If a crocodile steals a child and promises its return if the father can correctly guess what the crocodile will do, how should the crocodile respond in the case that the father guesses that the child will not be returned? • Catch-22 (logic): In need of something which can only be had by not being in need of it. • Drinker paradox: In any pub there is a customer such that, if he or she drinks, everybody in the pub drinks. • Paradox of entailment: Inconsistent premises always make an argument valid. • Horse paradox: All horses are the same color. • Lottery paradox: There is one winning ticket in a large lottery. It is reasonable to believe of a particular lottery ticket that it is not the winning ticket, since the probability that it is the winner is so very small, but it is not reasonable to believe that no lottery ticket will win.
    [Show full text]