The Allies Turn the Tide

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Guadalcanal patch ᮣ

Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION 1 Instruction Spiders as Big as Your Fist World War II placed U.S. soldiers in a dazzling variety of settings, from mountains to deserts to forests to SECTION 1 tropical isles. One marine described the ordeal of Objectives fighting on a Pacific island: As you teach this section, keep students “It was beautiful, but beneath the loveliness . . . focused on the following objectives to help Guadalcanal was a mass of slops and stinks and them answer the Section Focus Question and pestilence; of scum-crusted lagoons and vile swamps master core content. inhabited by giant crocodiles; a place of spiders as • Analyze the reasons for and impact of the big as your fist and wasps as long as your finger . . . Allies’ “Europe First” strategy. of ants that bite like fire, of tree leeches that fall, fasten and suck; of scorpions, of centipedes whose • Explain why the battles of Stalingrad and foul scurrying across human skin leaves a track of Midway were major turning points in the inflamed flesh, of snakes and land crabs, rats and bats war. and carrion birds and of a myriad of stinging insects.” • Discuss how the Allies put increasing —Robert Leckie, Delivered From Evil: The Saga of World War II pressure on the Axis in North Africa and ᮡ American marines on Guadalcanal Europe. The Allies Turn the Tide

Prepare to Read Objectives Why It Matters The attack on Pearl Harbor brought America • Analyze the reasons for and impact of the into World War II on the Allied side. In 1942, the Allies began to stop Allies’ “Europe First” strategy. the seemingly unstoppable Axis onslaught. Though years of fighting Background Knowledge L3 lay ahead, the most aggressive threat to world peace and democracy in • Explain why the battles of Stalingrad and Have students recall the situation in modern times had been halted. Section Focus Question: How did the Midway were major turning points in the war. Europe and the Pacific when the Allies turn the tide against the Axis? United States entered World War II. • Discuss how the Allies put increasing pres- Using a world map, point out the areas sure on the Axis in North Africa and Europe. of fighting at this stage of the war. Ask Axis and Allies Plan Strategy students to predict how the United Terms and People By June 1942, the Allies were battered but still fighting. As you States would change the course of Dwight Eisenhower strategic bombing have read, British pilots had fought off a Nazi invasion of their the war. George S. Patton, Jr. Tuskegee Airmen island, while at the Battle of Coral Sea, the U.S. Navy had frustrated unconditional surrender Chester Nimitz Japanese plans to extend their domination in the Pacific. Although saturation bombing Battle of Midway the war was not close to being over, the Allies spied signs of hope. Set a Purpose L3 The Axis Powers never had a coordinated strategy to defeat the ½ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selec- Allies. Germany, Italy, and Japan shared common enemies but nur-

tion aloud, or play the audio. Reading Skill: Summarize List the ways in tured individual dreams. Hitler wanted to dominate Europe and elim- inate “inferior” peoples. Mussolini harbored dreams of an Italian Witness History Audio CD, which the Allies turned back the Axis advance. empire stretching from the eastern Adriatic to East Africa. Tojo sought Spiders as Big as Your Fist Turning Back the Axis Japanese control of the Western Pacific and Asia. Ask According to Robert Leckie, In Europe In the Pacific The Allies shared more unified goals. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin considered Germany the most dangerous enemy. None felt what dangers did soldiers in the • Battle against U-boats • Pacific face? (mud, muck, and bad in Atlantic Japan or Italy posed a serious long-term threat. Only Germany had • • air; crocodiles, scorpions, and other the resources to bomb Britain, fight U.S. and British navies on the dangerous creatures) ½ Focus Point out the Section Focus Question, and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears Use the information below and the following resource to teach students the high-use words with Section 1 Assessment answers.) from this section. Teaching Resources, Vocabulary Builder, p. 12

½ Preview Have students preview High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence the Section Objectives and the list of ultimate adj. final; most advanced Terms and People. The ultimate goal of Roosevelt’s New Deal was to end the Great Depression ½ Using the Guided in the United States.

Questioning strategy (TE, p. T20), momentum n. strength, speed, or force that keeps increasing have students read this section. As The Allied forces gained momentum after the United States entered World they read, have students list the War II. steps in which the Allies turned back the Axis advance. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide 466 World War II hsus_te_ch11_s01_s.fm Page 467 Friday, December 5, 2008 11:45 AM

Atlantic, and invade the Soviet Union across a 1,200-mile front. Thus, although Vocabulary Builder their ultimate goal was to fight and win a two-front war, the Allies agreed to pur- ultimate–(UHL tuh miht) adj. sue a “Europe First” strategy. Until Hitler was defeated, the Pacific would be a final; most advanced Teach

secondary theater of war. Why did the Allies decide to concentrate first on the war in Axis and Allies Plan

Europe? Strategy L3 Turning the Tide in Europe Instruct The first blow America struck against the Axis was by fulfilling FDR’s prom- ½ Introduce Ask students to find the ise to be the “arsenal of democracy.” American industries turned out millions of term “Europe First” strategy in the tons of guns, tanks, and other supplies—enough to keep the Soviets and British text. Have students predict reasons battling Germany for years. The problem was delivering the supplies. that explain why the Allies would want to concentrate their first Allies Battle U-Boats in the Atlantic Hitler was determined to cut the sea lines between the United States and Europe before American aid could make a efforts in Europe over other fronts in difference. “Wolf packs” of German U-boats patrolled the Atlantic and Carib- the war. bean, sinking more than 3,500 merchant ships and killing tens of thousands of ½ Teach Have students compare and Allied seamen. “The only thing that ever really frightened me during the war contrast the strategies of the Axis was the U-boat peril,” Churchill later wrote. Powers and the Allies for winning Finally, in mid-1943, the Allies began to win the war in the North Atlantic. As World War II. Ask How was strat- in World War I, convoys of escort carriers protected Allied shipping. A new egy of the Axis Powers flawed? invention, radar, helped Allied vessels locate U-boats on the surface at night. (The Axis Powers did not have a Long-range aerial bombers and underwater depth charges allowed Allied forces coordinated strategy to win the war. to sink U-boats faster than Germany could manufacture them. They shared a common enemy but Soviets Turn Back Nazis at Stalingrad Germany had attacked Russia in had different goals for after the war.) June 1941, sending one army north toward Leningrad, a second east toward Mos- Have students predict how the strat- cow, and a third south toward Stalingrad. Although Hitler’s forces penetrated egies of the Axis and the Allies might deep into Soviet territory, killing or capturing millions of soldiers and civilians, affect the outcome of the World Surrender at Stalingrad they did not achieve their main objective of conquering the Soviet Union. Soviet War II. resistance and a brutal Russia winter stopped the German advance. The long Battle of Stalingrad ended in January 1943 with the surrender of ½ In 1942, Hitler narrowed his sights and concentrated his armies in southern Quick Activity Ask students to German troops like these. Of the Russia. His goal this time was to control the rich Caucasus oil fields. To achieve debate how the outcome of World 91,000 prisoners taken by the Soviets, this objective, he would have to capture the city of Stalingrad. War II might have been different only about 5,000 eventually survived had the Allies decided to divide their The struggle for Stalingrad was especially ferocious. German troops advanced and returned to Germany. slowly, fighting bitter block-by-block, focus of their war effort equally house-by-house battles in the between Europe and the Pacific. bombed-out buildings and rubble. Soviet troops then counterattacked, Independent Practice trapping the German forces. Yet Have students begin filling in their Hitler refused to allow his army to tables by listing the ways in which the retreat. Starving, sick, and suffer- Allies planned to turn back the Axis ing from frostbite, the surviving advance. German troops finally surrendered on January 31, 1943. The battle of Stalingrad was the Monitor Progress true turning point of the war in As students fill in their tables, circu- Europe. It ended any realistic plans late to make sure that they summarize Hitler had of dominating Europe. the steps by which Allies turned back Nazi armies were forced to retreat the Axis advance. For a completed ver- westward back toward Germany. sion of the table, see Note Taking Instead, it was the Soviet Union that Transparencies, B-114. now went on the offensive.

L1 Special Needs Students L2 English Language Learners L2 Less Proficient Readers

Remind students that the battles of Stalingrad and Write each blue head in this section on the board, Midway were two key turning points in World War II. one at a time. After you write each heading, say it Work with students to help them find reliable Inter- aloud, and ask students to say it with you or repeat it. net resources and grade-level reference sources Then, have students write details from the text under about these two significant battles. Then, challenge each heading on the board. As an alternative, have students to describe or illustrate one aspect of one of students suggest details for you to record. When the battles—for example, the military movements or students finish recording details, help them write Answer daily life in Stalingrad or attacks and carrier positions paragraphs summarizing the information for each at Midway. heading. The Allies believed that Germany posed the greater long-term threat than did Japan in the Pacific. Chapter 15 Section 1 467 hsus_te_ch11_s01_s.fm Page 468 Friday, December 5, 2008 11:45 AM

Turning the Tide in Europe L3 Desert Warfare American soldiers had to fight in many unfamiliar Instruct types of terrain. But the Sahara of ½ Introduce Have students find the North Africa—the world’s largest names Dwight Eisenhower and desert—presented special challenges: George S. Patton, Jr., (in bold) in • In hot, dry weather, sandstorms the text. Ask students to discuss choked and blinded troops. each man’s role in defeating the • In wet weather, mud halted Germans in North Africa. machinery. • The high visibility of the desert ½ Teach Discuss with students the terrain made it difficult for troops steps the Allies took to contain or to move without being seen. push back Hitler in Europe and in • Poisonous reptiles, ants, and North Africa. Ask Why was the scorpions added to the problems. Battle of Stalingrad a major turn- Brilliant tank strategists like Patton ing point in the war in Europe? and Rommel were able to overcome such challenges. But the tanks (The Soviet victory ended Hitler’s themselves caused other problems, plans for dominating Europe.) How such as kicking up enormous dust might the outcome of World clouds that could be seen miles away. War II have been different had the Germans captured Stalin- grad? (Hitler might have gained control of Europe because his army would have had to fight only on the western Geography and History Most front.) Direct students’ attention to supplies for Allied troops in North the Focus on Geography feature on Africa had to be brought by sea. the next page. Ask What about According to the map, why would North Africa’s location made con- this have posed a problem? trol of the region so strategically important in the war? (Whoever controlled North Africa could control much of the Mediterranean Sea; the Allies Drive Germans Out of North Africa Meanwhile, another important region was also a launching area for campaign was taking place in the deserts and mountains of North Africa, where the invasion of Italy.) the British had been fighting the Germans and Italians since 1940. Several goals motivated the Allied campaign in North Africa. Stalin had wanted Amer- ½ Quick Activity Direct students to ica and Britain to relieve the Soviet Union by establishing a second front in read the Primary Source quotation France. However, FDR and Churchill felt they needed more time to prepare for on the next page. Have students an invasion across the English Channel. An invasion of North Africa, however, paraphrase Patton’s remarks. Ask required less planning and fewer supplies. In addition, forcing Germany out of How does this quotation illus- North Africa would pave the way for an invasion of Italy. trate Patton’s nickname “Blood In October 1942, the British won a major victory at El Alamein (ehl al uh and Guts”? (Patton was focused on MAYN) in Egypt and began to push westward. The next month, Allied troops winning at all costs and suggests landed in Morocco and Algeria and began to move east toward key German that even relatively “minor” injuries positions. An energetic American officer, General Dwight Eisenhower—known should not stop the advance.) as Ike—commanded the Allied invasion of North Africa. In February 1943, German general Erwin Rommel (known as the Desert Fox) led his Afrika Korps against the Americans at the Kasserine Pass in Tunisia. Independent Practice Rommel broke through the American lines in an attempt to reach the Allied Help students understand the geogra- supply base at Tebessa in Algeria. Finally, American soldiers stopped the phy of North Africa and the battles assault. Lack of supplies then forced Rommel to retreat. fought there by having them complete Geography and History: North Africa and answer the questions on the work- sheet. Teaching Resources, p. 16

Monitor Progress L1 Special Needs Students L2 English Language Learners L2 Less Proficient Readers

As students complete their work- To help students understand the sequence of events students that they will end their flowcharts with the sheets, circulate to make sure that they understand the importance of the in the Allied strategy early in the war, have students battle on Guadalcanal discussed at the end of the Allies’ winning control of North Africa create flowcharts to record the steps taken by the section. Students may either annotate or illustrate from the Germans. Allies to stop the Axis offensives in Europe and the their flowcharts. Have each student use the com- Pacific. Have students begin by writing a title for pleted flowchart to explain the sequence of events to Answer the flowchart and write a sentence about the Allied a partner. offensive against the U-boats in the Atlantic. Tell Geography and History The Allied ships had to travel near areas that were controlled by the Axis in order to reach the Allied troops. 468 World War II hsus_te_ch11_s01_s.fm Page 469 Friday, December 5, 2008 11:45 AM

The fighting at the Kasserine Pass taught American leaders valuable lessons. They needed aggressive officers and troops better trained for desert fighting. To Increasing the Pressure that end, Eisenhower put American forces in North Africa under the command L3 of George S. Patton, Jr., an innovative tank commander. A single-minded gen- on Germany eral known as Blood and Guts, Patton told his junior officers: Instruct “You usually will know where the front is by the sound ½ Introduce: Key Terms Ask stu-

of gunfire, and that’s the direction you should proceed. Now, suppose you lose a hand dents to find the key terms satura- or an ear is shot off, or perhaps a piece of your nose, and you think you should walk tion bombing and strategic back to get first aid. If I see you, it will be the last . . . walk you’ll ever take.” bombing (in bold) in the text. Then, —George S. Patton, Jr., 1943 write the terms on the board and Patton’s forces advanced east with heightened confidence. Simultaneously, provide the definitions. Ensure that the British pressed westward from Egypt, trapping Axis forces in a continually students understand the difference shrinking pocket in Tunisia. Rommel escaped, but his army did not. In May between these two types of attacks. 1943, German and Italian forces—some 240,000 troops—surrendered. Have students discuss how the Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a turning point in World Allies used such attacks to damage War II? the German war machine. ½ Teach Ask Why was Sicily an obvious target for the Allied Increasing the Pressure on Germany invasion of Italy? (There was little Germany was now on the defensive, and the Allies planned to keep it that risk of U-boat attacks, and the Allies way. In January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill met in Casablanca, Morocco, to had the superior air force.) Why did plan their next move. The conference resulted in two important decisions. First, Stalin insist that Roosevelt and the Allies decided to increase bombing of Germany and invade Italy. Second, Churchill open a second front in FDR announced that the Allies would accept only unconditional surrender, or France? (to relieve the pressure that giving up completely without any concessions. Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo could German forces were applying on the not hope to stay in power through a negotiated peace. On the Beach at Sicily Soviet Union and to make the Ger- Allies Invade Italy The Allies next eyed Italy. Situated across the Mediter- Using only a small foldable shovel, man forces fight armies on the east ranean from Tunisia and 2 miles from the Italian mainland, Sicily was the obvi- an American soldier digs himself a and the west) Have students discuss ous target for an invasion. The Allies could foxhole on the beach at Sicily. the effectiveness of the Allies’ satu- invade Sicily without great risk from U-boats ration and strategic bombings of and under the protection of air superiority. In Germany. July 1943, British and American armies made separate landings in Sicily and began to Independent Practice advance across the island before joining forces in the north. Once again, Eisenhower com- Have students analyze the Infographic manded the joint American-British forces. and answer the questions in the text. Ike hoped to trap Axis forces on Sicily, but Ask students to analyze the illustra- they escaped to the Italian mainland. Still, the tion of the B-24 Liberator Heavy 38-day campaign achieved important results: Bomber. Ask students to use the illus- It gave the Allies complete control of the west- tration and its caption to write a short ern Mediterranean, paved the way for an inva- paragraph describing the main fea- sion of Italy, and ended the rule of Benito tures of the B-24 Liberator Heavy Mussolini. On September 3, 1943, Italy surren- Bomber and how it was used. dered to the Allies and five weeks later declared war on Germany. Monitor Progress But Hitler was not through with Italy. After As students write their paragraphs, a small German airborne force rescued Musso- circulate to make sure that students lini from a mountaintop fortress, Hitler understand the role of the U.S. air war installed him as head of a puppet state in northern Italy. In the south, German military in World War II. forces continued the fight against the Allies.

L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented Students

Have students review the information about the sat- the other to be “Allies.” Have the groups investigate uration and strategic bombing of Germany on the each side’s goals and the bombing strategies each next page. Point out that the war saw heavy use of side developed to achieve those goals. Students air attacks on civilian targets outside Germany as should research the technology that each group well—notably in English cities such as London. used, including secret government technology such Explain that cities often held key military targets, as the U.S. Norden bombsight, to achieve their goals. such as bridges, railroad depots, factories, and oil Each side should make visuals including photographs Answer refineries and storage facilities, but also contained of planes, diagrams of important technology, flow- millions of people. Organize the class into two charts showing technological developments, or maps The defeat of the Germans by the groups. Assign one group to be “Axis Powers” and of bombing locations to present to the class. Soviets ended Hitler’s plans to dominate Europe. Chapter 15 Section 1 469 hsus_te_ch11_s01_s.fm Page 470 Friday, December 5, 2008 11:45 AM

The invasion of Italy was a slow, grinding slog. Italy was crisscrossed with Turning the Tide in the mountains and rivers. Heavy rains and mountain snows made combat difficult and painful. Men fought in ankle-deep mud. In the mountains, where tanks and Pacific L3 heavy artillery were useless, Allied forces depended on mules to haul supplies up slippery and steep roads. To make matters worse, the Germans occupied the Instruct best defensive positions. Fighting continued into 1945. The Allies won battles, ½ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder but none were important enough to alter the basic German defensive policy. Ask students to find the vocabulary Bombers Batter Germany Stalin continued his demand that Roosevelt and term momentum in the text. Have Churchill open a second front in France. While the Allies did not launch a mas- students read the first paragraph sive invasion of France until 1944, they did open a second front of another kind under this heading. Ask Who had in early 1942. From bases in England, Allied bombers launched nonstop attacks momentum in the Pacific at this against Germany. Flying by night in order to avoid being shot down in large time? (Japan) numbers, British planes dropped massive amounts of bombs on German cities. ½ Teach Using the Think-Write-Pair- The goal of this saturation bombing was to inflict maximum damage. Share strategy (TE, p. T23) and the By day, American bombers targeted Germany’s key political and industrial cen- Color Transparency: The Battle of ters. The goal of this campaign of strategic bombing was to destroy Germany’s capacity to make war. A Nazi official later commented that “the fleets of bombers Midway, have students discuss the might appear at any time over any large German city or important factory.” significance of the Battle of Midway. An African American fighter squadron known as the Tuskegee Airmen played Ask How did the U.S. victory at a key role in the campaign, escorting bombers and protecting them from enemy the Battle of Midway change the fighter pilots. In more than 1,500 missions over enemy territory in Europe, the course of the war in the Pacific? Tuskegee Airmen did not lose a single bomber. (Victory at the Battle of Midway Overall, though, the bombing missions cost the Allies dearly. Bomber crews halted the Japanese advance in the suffered an incredibly high 20 percent casualty rate. But they successfully Pacific, prevented Japan from threatening Hawaii and attaining Pacific domination, and provided the United States with a launching point for their own Pacific offensive.) INFOGRAPHIC AUDIO Why did the United States want to force Japan to fight a two- front war? (The United States wanted to split Japanese forces to make them easier to defeat.) Have students predict the ways that U.S. During World War II, the B-24 Liberator was the king 1 victory in the Pacific might affect the of American bombers, faster than previous planes and war in Europe. with a greater long-range flight capacity. The B-24s and the men who flew them played a critical and Color Transparencies A-104 2 demanding role in the air war over Europe. 3 ½ Analyzing the Visuals Direct students’ attention to the photo- Hollywood hero graph taken during the Battle of Jimmy Stewart 4 Midway on the next spread. Discuss (seated) became a the innovation of the aircraft carrier. real hero: He emerged U.S. Air War in Europe from the Air Force as Ask How was Midway a new type Flight crew members killed 30,099 of naval battle? (Instead of direct a Brigadier General. Flight crew members wounded 13,360 ship-to-ship attacks, the Battle of Combat missions 1,693,565 Midway featured attacks by planes Tons of bombs dropped 1,554,463 stationed on aircraft carriers.) Planes lost in combat 18,418 Silver Air Force Enemy aircraft destroyed 29,916 Gunner Wings pin SOURCE: Army Air Force Statistical Digests

The United States Air Force The United States Cold War, the Air Force was central to America’s Air Force has developed steadily in each conflict nuclear defense. In the last two decades, Air Force jet involving the nation since World War I. At the end of fighters have been instrumental in both conflicts in World War I, the U.S. Air Service consisted of only a Iraq. During the attacks on September 11, 2001, F- few hundred squadrons. By World War II, planes were 15 fighter jets stayed on patrol for weeks. Aeronautic used for spying, combat, strategic bombing missions, technology has put the Air Force at the center of major as cargo and paratrooper transporters, and as sup- modern U.S. offensive action, and its units continue to port for ground operations. The National Security Act fly patrol, transport, and combat missions around the of 1947 made the United States Air Force an indepen- world. dent service with its own Cabinet secretary. During the

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carried the war into Germany, day after day and night after night. This second front in the sky did indeed relieve some of the pressure on the Soviet armies on Independent Practice the Eastern Front and helped pave the way for an all-out Allied offensive. Ask students to suppose that they are What were the goals of British and American bombing newspaper reporters living in 1942. runs over Germany? Have students write news articles describing the Battle of Midway, its outcome, and how it changed the U.S. Turning the Tide in the Pacific war in the Pacific. While the Allies pursued their “Europe First” strategy, they did not ignore the Pacific. Through May 1942, Japanese forces continued to advance with Vocabulary Builder Monitor Progress seemingly unstoppable momentum. They had attacked American, British, and momentum–(moh MEHN tuhm) As students write their news articles, n. forward motion; push Dutch colonies, winning control of the Philippines, Malaya, Dutch East Indies, circulate to make sure that students Hong Kong, Wake Island, Guam, and Burma. Then, the United States struck understand the significance of the Bat- back. As you have read in the last chapter, the Battle of Coral Sea served as a tle of Midway to the U.S. war in the warning that America might be down in the Pacific, but it was not out. Pacific. Turning Point: Americans Triumph at Midway Admiral Yamamoto, commander of Japanese forces in the Pacific, knew that the United States Navy was still a powerful threat. Before the Americans could retaliate for Pearl Harbor, Yamamoto sought to destroy American aircraft carriers in the Pacific. He turned his attention to Midway, an American naval base in the Central Pacific that was vital to the defense of Hawaii. Losing Midway would force American defenses back to the California coast. Yamamoto’s ambitious plan entailed taking Midway and establishing a military presence in the Aleu- tians, a string of islands off the coast of Alaska. Tuskegee Airmen Rather than carrying bombs, some planes escorted and protected the planes that did. The most celebrated of these escort crews were the Tuskegee Airmen, a special unit of African American pilots. In more than 1,500 missions over Europe, the Tuskegee The B-24 took more crew members to operate than Airmen did not lose a single bomber. any flying machine ever built. Each member of the 10-man crew had a vital job. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 Gunners: defend the B-24 from attacking enemy planes coming from any direction 5 Flight Engineer: handles any mechanical problems; doubles as gunner 6 Radio Operator: communicates with ground, other planes 7 Pilot: responsible for entire mission 8 Co-pilot: assists pilot in flying plane 9 Navigator: plots course of plane; also doubles as Bombardier in charge of aiming and dropping bomb

Thinking Critically 1. Draw Inferences Which members 7 of the flight crew carried out the 6 main objective of the mission? What 8 was the chief job of the other members?

9 2. Synthesize Information How did the Tuskegee Airmen affect the casualty figures listed in the chart at left? 10 Answers

to destroy Germany’s capacity to make war Thinking Critically The Enigma Code The intelligence work that created by an updated version of Enigma. The Germans 1. All crew members were important, but helped produce the American victory at Midway had given an Enigma machine to the Japanese, and for bombing missions, the bombardier owed part of its success to a Polish mathematician. In the United States created its own machine to decode dropped the bombs while gunners the 1930s, the Germans developed a machine called Japanese messages. As a result, U.S. naval intelli- defended the plane. The flight engineer Enigma that allowed them to put military communi- gence officers were able to intercept the Japanese addressed mechanical problems, the radio cations into code. Polish mathematician Marian plans to attack Midway. Knowing the Japanese plans, operator handled communication, the pilot Rejewski led a team that cracked that code. The Admiral Nimitz positioned U.S. aircraft carriers to and copilot flew the plane, and the naviga- Polish team gave the information to the British, who beat back the Japanese attack and achieved an tor plotted the plane’s course. Some crew developed a new device that decoded messages important victory. members handled two roles. 2. The Tuskegee Airmen protected U.S. bombers from enemy fighter planes so that the bombers could attack their targets; their efforts helped keep casualty numbers low. Chapter 15 Section 1 471 hsus_te_ch11_s01_s.fm Page 472 Tuesday, January 13, 2009 4:26 PM

What Yamamoto did not realize was that Admiral Chester Nimitz, commander of the United States Navy in the Pacific, Assess and Reteach knew the Japanese plans. Navy code breakers had intercepted

Japanese messages. To meet the expected assault, Nimitz sent Assess Progress L3 his only available aircraft carriers to Midway. The Japanese ½ Have students complete the Section navy was stretched out across more than a thousand miles, from Assessment. the Aleutians to well west of Midway. American forces were all concentrated near Midway. ½ Administer the Section Quiz. The Japanese commenced their attack on June 4, 1942. In Teaching Resources, p. 23 the most important naval battle of World War II, the United States dealt Japan a decisive defeat. Torpedo planes and dive ½ To further assess student under- bombers sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers, along with all 250 standing, use Progress Monitoring aircraft on board and many of Japan’s most experienced pilots. Transparencies, 110. America lost only one aircraft carrier. The Battle of Midway was the turning point of the war in the Reteach Pacific, ending the seemingly unstoppable Japanese advance. If students need more instruction, Japan still had a powerful navy, committed troops, and fortified have them read the section summary. positions. But it would never again threaten Hawaii or Pacific domination. Japan was now on the defensive end of the war. Reading and Note Taking L3 Study Guide Americans Take the Offensive The first American offensive in the Pacific took place in August 1942, with an assault on L1 L2 Adapted Reading and The Battle of Midway Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. (See the Witness History at the beginning of Note Taking Study Guide Midway was a new kind of naval this section.) After three months of intense fighting, the United States Marines Spanish Reading and L2 battle. Instead of armed ships facing drove the Japanese off the island. Note Taking Study Guide each other directly, the fighting was Guadalcanal was the first leg in a strategy to approach Japan from both the carried on by swift airplanes that took southwest Pacific and the central Pacific, using combined U.S. Marine, Navy, and off from the decks of aircraft carriers Army forces. The logic behind the dual offensives was to force Japan to fight a two- Extend L4 to bomb vessels many miles away. front war and to capture bases from which to bomb the Japanese home islands. In Have students research one of the jungles and coral reefs, under torrential monsoons and the blistering sun, fighting major Allied victories discussed in this for every new piece of territory, American servicemen began their slow, painful section. Ask students to present their trek toward Japan. findings in reports that describe the What impact did the Battle of Midway have on Japanese specific role of the U.S. forces in the expansion in the Pacific? battle, explain the overall significance of the victory to the war effort, and consider what might have happened had the Allies lost the battle. SECTION 1 Progress Monitoring Online Assessment For: Self-test with vocabulary practice Web Code: nea-1102 Answer Comprehension 2. Reading Skill: Critical Thinking

The Battle of Midway halted the Japa- 1. Terms and People Write a sentence Summarize Use your table to answer 4. Analyze Causes Why did Roosevelt

nese from expanding their control in the explaining how each of the following the Section Focus Question: How did support a “Europe First” strategy even Pacific, and prevented their ever domi- was connected with the Allied effort to the Allies turn the tide against the though it was Japan that had first nating the region again. turn back the Axis offensive. Axis? attacked the United States? • Dwight Eisenhower Writing About History 5. Evaluate Information Was the • George S. Patton, Jr. 3. Quick Write: Describe a Allied invasion of Italy a success? Give • unconditional surrender Photograph Look at the photograph reasons for your answer. • saturation bombing from Stalingrad in this section. Write a 6. Apply Information How does the • strategic bombing two-sentence factual description of Battle of Midway illustrate the impor- • Tuskegee Airmen what is happening in the picture. Use tance of intelligence gathering and • Chester Nimitz at least one descriptive adjective and espionage in modern warfare? • Battle of Midway one action verb.

Section 1 Assessment conditions, the prisoners watched many 6. U.S. Navy code breakers intercepted and of their countrymen die from starvation decoded messages about Japan’s inten- 1. Sentences should reflect an understand- and frostbite. tion to take Midway. Because the U.S. ing of each term, person, or group listed. 4. Roosevelt believed that Hitler and Ger- Navy was forewarned by these messages, 2. In Europe, the Allies stopped German many were the more dangerous enemy it was able to win the Battle of Midway progress at Stalingrad, in the Atlantic, and so had to be defeated first. and halt the Japanese offensive. and in North Africa, and put Germany 5. The invasion of Italy was a mixed success. on the defensive. In the Pacific, the The initial drive into Sicily gave the Allies Americans defeated the Japanese at the complete control of the western Mediter- Battle of Midway, putting Japan on the ranean and ended the rule of Mussolini. defensive. However, the invasion of the mainland For additional assessment, have students access 3. Sample answer: The dispirited German was not a success. German troops occu- Progress Monitoring Online at Web troops withdrew from Stalingrad across pied the best positions and forced the the frozen ground. In these miserable fighting to continue as late as 1945. Code nea-1102.

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