Contribution of Online Media Citizen Journalism to Create City Images

Agus Triyono Universitas Dian Nuswantoro Jl. Imam Bonjol 207 50131 Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Citizen journalism develops dynamically through online media. Many spaces are provided to disseminate information, including information about the potential of an area. This study aims to determine the role of citizen journalism in the city of Semarang and surrounding areas. The research method used is descriptive qualitative by analyzing data through online mass media. The objecst of this research are citizen journalism channels in the mainstream media, namely Kompasiana.com owned by Kompas.com, PasangMata.com owned by detikcom, Indonesiana.id owned by Tempo, and Rubik.okezone.com owned by Okezone. The result shows that citizen journalism contributes to the development of the image of the city of Semarang.

Keywords: citizen journalism, city image, online media

Abstrak: Jurnalisme warga berkembang secara dinamis melalui media online. Banyak ruang disediakan untuk menyampaikan informasi, di antaranya informasi mengenai potensi daerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran jurnalisme warga di Kota Semarang dan sekitarnya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan menganalisis data melalui media massa online. Objek penelitian ini adalah kanal jurnalisme warga di media arus utama, yaitu Kompasiana.com milik Kompas.com, PasangMata.com milik detikcom, Indonesiana.id milik Tempo, dan Rubik.okezone.com milik Okezone. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jurnalisme warga memberi kontribusi terhadap pembangunan citra kota Semarang.

Kata Kunci: citra kota, jurnalisme warga, media online

Citizen journalism continues to show its Everyone can participate in producing existence. They disseminate information online media content without a journalistic through various media, including online or special educational background. Citizen media that are easily accessed by the public. journalism can be done by anyone, anytime, and anywhere, ranging from students, The contribution of citizen journalism teachers, housewives, employees, doctors, through online media is experiencing and other professions (Nurudin, 2009, p. rapid development. This media provides 215). In the context of mainstream media, more space for the public to convey their the expression of citizens’ freedom must information. Various problems and events follow media or journalistic rules. become easily published from anywhere as Currently, citizen journalists highlight long as we have an internet network. many things, including issues that concern

209 Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI VOLUME 16, NOMOR 2, Desember 2019: 209-224 the public interest. Various public facilities Online media (often called cyber that are not environmentally friendly or media, internet media, or new media) can inadequate infrastructure are the objects of be easily defined as media that presents citizen journalism. On the other hand, the information online on internet websites. potential of a region can also be a positive Online media is the third generation information. The existence of a region after print media (newspapers, tabloids, requires a good image from the community, magazines, books, etc.) and electronic like a city that also needs a positive image. media (radio, television, and film/video). This condition can affect the people who Online media are defined as technology- will visit it because the good impression will mediated communication products that are be attached to a region. Kotler and Keller used in conjunction with digital computers (2012, p. 263-264) assess that consumers’ (Creeber & Martin, 2009, p. 2). perceptions and beliefs are formed based In , various online media are on the experiences they feel and summarize growing and have unique characteristics. in their memories. Media companies also develop their For example, some areas in the city of business through online media. Meanwhile, Semarang, , have a variety of citizen journalists do not have a place or authentic foods and unique places that become community to build an organization. public spaces. This area provides potential In Semarang, the presence of citizen information for citizen journalists. In addition, journalism can motivate many people the city of Semarang also continues to improve, to be involved in regional development. including various public sectors that continue Citizen journalism also contributes to the to provide comfort to the community. At this improvement of a region’s positive image. point, citizen journalism has an important The information uploaded can provide contribution. Citizen journalists often send useful information for others. Indirectly, information, including their creative photos it will also affect the existence of potential or videos. They upload it to social media and regions. This condition can encourage the online mass media that have space for the tourism sector, arts and culture, education, public. road infrastructure, and other potential. One media platform that provides Thus, this study aims to determine the space for the public is online media. This contribution of citizen journalists in shaping media is growing rapidly in various parts the image of a region, even though they do of the world, including Indonesia, not least not have a citizen journalism community. in Semarang, Central Java. Online media has various features that can provide space METHOD to convey information to the public and This research uses descriptive provide opportunities for the public to qualitative analysis method. Data sources contribute in the form of citizen journalism. are taken from citizen journalism articles

210 Agus Triyono. Contribution of Online ... in Kompasiana.com, PasangMata.com, significant changes. They do not inform Indonesiana.id, and Rubik.okezone.com, all of their findings, even though citizen in the period from July 1st to December journalists are given enough space. Data 30th, 2017. This sampling technique is that has been obtained from Kompasiana. called purposive sampling (Sugiyono, com, PasangMata.com, Indonesiana.id, 2011, p. 32). Subject selection is based on and Rubik.okezone.com shows the diversity certain characteristics related to sample of image-making in a certain region. characteristics. While the sample units Each citizen journalism forum has its are adjusted to certain criteria applied to own characteristics. In Kompasiana.com, the research objectives. The sample is citizen journalists can freely explore their chosen with consideration of the concepts information descriptions. Kompasiana. used, the researcher’s personal curiosity, com has more varied space compared to and empirical characteristics. Researchers other media. The research found several used a purposive sampling technique with public spaces published by netizens, such the type of Judgment Sampling. This type as Kampung Pelangi, Kota Tua, Grand is oriented to certain samples that are Maerokoco, and Ornamental Bridges. This determined with a specific purpose or goal. citizen reporting is an advantage for the The sample is taken because the researcher advancement of tourism and improving the considers the sample to have information image of the city of Semarang. needed for research purposes (Pujileksono, In Indonesiana.id, citizen journalists 2016, p. 116). explore more about the existence of urban forests, one of the concerns of the FINDINGS Semarang city government. It shows that Research findings show that citizen netizens have good sensitivity towards journalists practice citizen journalism the priority programs of the Semarang individually. They are not part of the city government. Citizen participation citizen journalism community. This publicizes the enthusiasm of the city condition makes their activities take place government to make changes. Citizen spontaneously and without good planning. journalists provide support to groups that Some citizen journalists carry out these contribute to the increasing role of urban activities based on their experiences while forests. This support strengthens the image traveling with family or traveling around of Semarang as a city that cares about the the city. environment. The novelty of this research is marked Meanwhile, PasangMata.com puts by an analysis of information from citizen more emphasis on visuals than narration. journalists who are not part of a particular Citizen journalists publish something community. The information that has been unique on PasangMata.com, such uploaded is dynamic and tends to have as information about a village called

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“Kampung Pelangi”. This village is using communication tools, such as interesting because it was designed with a newspapers, films, radio and television colorful concept. “Kampung Pelangi” also (Cangara, 2010, p. 123 & 126). The mass has a special place for couples called the media has elements that support effective bridge of love. This uniqueness is explored communication. In this context, citizen by citizen journalists and becomes a journalists must be creative in providing reference for tourists. information to the public, so that the In Rubik.okezone.com, the visual and information conveyed has an impact and narrative portions have a balanced space. contribution that is beneficial to others. In addition, information can be uploaded Analysis of Indonesiana.id quickly. Citizen journalists explore the Tempo Group through Indonesiana. beauty of historic tourist sites, such as id is one of the media that is known to be Lawang Sewu. Lawang Sewu is an ancient brave in its reporting. In the era of press building visited by many tourists and has freedom, especially in online media, Tempo become the object of citizen journalism specifically voiced the irregularities of information. government policies in the public interest. The four citizen journalism websites Indonesiana.id can directly position have provided space for citizen journalists itself as a public journalism blog that can with different styles. However, the four invite the public to express their criticism. websites have contributed in improving This is in line with the opinion that through the image of the city of Semarang, as the interactive technology and network capital of the province of Central Java. communication, especially in cyberspace, These contributions differ from one another will change society (Littlejohn, 2009, p. depending on the portion they have. 413-415). Indonesiana.id is used by citizens to DISCUSSION convey information in the form of citizen The analysis was based on information journalism. Media platforms that are racing uploaded by citizen journalists in against time are commonly used by the Kompasiana.com, PasangMata.com, public to convey information about certain Indonesiana.id, and Rubik.okezone.com, events. They convey it in the form of in 2017. The citizen journalists refer to the citizen journalism regarding current issues citizen journalism space to communicate (Triyono, 2018, p. 4). in their own way and with adequate The Semarang City Government journalistic techniques. manages the city to continue gaining Media is a tool or means used to sympathy from the community, as stated convey messages from communicators in the article on urban planning related to the public. Mass media is used to send to urban forests in the city. Semarang has messages from sources to the audience many urban forests in several areas and is

212 Agus Triyono. Contribution of Online ... located along the coast which is now being function as tourist sites. Some of them managed. The article states that as many as are new tourist attractions that are in great 13 urban forests will be preserved. Apart demand. As a tourism object, this location from being a protected forest and reducing has a good image so that Semarang City pollution in big cities, urban forests also now has a new favorite tourism spot.

Figure 1 Urban Forest Developed by the Government of Semarang City in the Maerokoco Tourism Area Source: Primary Data

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In Semarang, the existence of urban and other information for people who want forests is very important to be developed to to visit it. maintain the climate by reducing air pollution. Citizen journalists in this media In addition, this condition has an impact on also provide different information. The society because Semarang has an area that development of special tracks at the has a green belt. Netizens have great attention Mangrove location gave something new, on the government’s concept in managing even though the mangrove forest has been cities. One of the focuses is on urban forest around for a long time. The difference management in the Puri Maerokoco area, can be seen in its use which is packaged better known as Taman Mini in Central Java. creatively and innovatively. Information about it has been uploaded by This path is considered unique because it many netizens through citizen journalism was built using semi-circular bamboo pieces channels. and planted at a depth of about one meter above Citizen journalists also report on the water surface. This path is located on the various facilities, biking, village tourism, east of the “Bridge of Hope” and has a length floating markets and outbound. These of 135 meters. The mangrove track also marks conditions are the highlights of the pleasure the name changing from Maerokoco Castle to of traveling and going around a city forest Grand Maerokoco. Citizen journalists also with all its beauty. However, there are also upload information about visitors who can some comments about inadequate facilities, also go along the lake and mangrove forest such as the distance of toilet locations, the with a boat ticket of Rp. 5.000,00. They can inadequate management of waste, and the also rent a small boat between Rp. 20.000,00 culture of the people who are less concerned - Rp. 50.000,00 depending on the duration of about the environment. Reporting that has use. The location can also be used for selfies been uploaded illustrates the convenience or prewedding photos.

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Figure 2 The Involvement of TNI Apparatus in Supporting the Preservation of Nature by Supporting Trees Source: Primary Data

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Regional Military Command IV local resources. A touch of art, neat location (Kodam IV), regional military commander, settings, and beautiful surroundings make in Semarang also provides support by this location more attractive. involving all its members to plant trees as Analysis of Kompasiana.com a form of contribution to nature. More than Kompasiana.com is a space for 1000 personnel were mobilized to support the public to inform events and express the reforestation program. This activity is a opinions, ideas and aspirations in the form form of participation in maintaining forest of text, images and audio-visuals. Various unity and providing benefits for air quality. contents come from the public with various In the cultural aspect, this activity motivated cultural backgrounds, hobbies, professions, various community groups to care about and competencies. This media also the urban forest environment. In the field collaborates with journalists, community of tourism, the location of a beautiful leaders, practitioners, observers, and urban forest provides an attraction for the experts to share information, opinions, and community for nature tourism. It also can ideas. show the identity of a city that cares about This technological advances through nature and a green environment. citizen journalism trends have become The activity of Kodam 4 shows that epidemic in many developed countries as a a soldier is not only oriented towards consequence of web 2.0 to 4.0 which allows the main task of upholding the country’s netizens to display content in the form of text, sovereignty and maintaining the integrity photos and videos. Romli (2012) states that of Indonesia’s territory. They are also online media has different characteristics involved in preserving nature and the from conventional media, especially in environment. These conservation activities the aspect of multimedia that can present can have a positive impact on healthy information in the form of text, audio, video, natural conditions and provide comfort for graphics, and images simultaneously. In every living creature in them, including addition, Kompasiana.com provides space humans. If nature is healthy, the available for interaction and communication between resources can operate smoothly. This members (Kompasianer). They can also condition is one of the themes published by communicate via email, comments and citizen journalists. other interactive features. Grand Maerokoco is a topic for citizen Information from citizen journalists journalists to provide information to the includes road infrastructure, sidewalks wider community. Information from the and flooding phenomena. The condition citizen journalists contributed to the fact of the lower part of the city of Semarang that forests can also be managed well. is experiencing flooding because it is Urban forests can be utilized with creativity, classified as a low area compared to other innovation, and involving the potential of Semarang areas, such as Upper Semarang.

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Figure 3 Creativity in Kampung Pelangi and Kota Lama Tourism Area Source: Primary Data

These conditions indicate that government governments. Excellence in dealing with attention is considered not optimal, floods is information shared by netizens. so that flood problems have not been This information impacts people’s views of resolved properly. However, this condition Semarang City, especially the lower areas. has changed, although the change is The public also needs to know this kind insignificant. of information not only from mainstream A netizen took the initiative to publish media, but also from citizen journalism. it through a citizen journalism program. The Flooding is not only a local problem, netizens realize that the information needed but also a national problem. This situation by the public cannot always be fulfilled by makes citizen journalists contribute to the mainstream or conventional mass media. informing the facts related to this matter. Citizen journalism can help professional Citizen journalists have a role in presenting journalists by giving criticism or their information about Semarang City that is views on writing or coverage in the mass different from the past until now. Road and media. Citizen journalism complements or river infrastructure has also been improved adds professional journalist writings that and normalized. It became a new tourism are considered incomplete, for example by spot. adding good quality photos to news articles Semarang is also developing a (Kuswarno, 2011, p. 470). bridge decorated with colorful lights Figure 2 has more attention on various and better known as a bright fountain. events regarding flood management by local Many journalists were enthusiastic about

217 Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI VOLUME 16, NOMOR 2, Desember 2019: 209-224 providing information about the lights, The existence of citizen journalism is commenting on traffic jams, people’s important in conveying information to the enthusiasm, and garbage. However, there wider community. They report all about are also citizen journalists who appreciate government services such as road pavements it as a cool hangout spot and a good and for pedestrian needs and facilities for bicycle cheap place to relax with the family. lovers. Various infrastructure facilities have The diversity of criticisms and become the priority of the Semarang city suggestions from citizen journalists is a government in providing services to the material for related parties to follow up. community in their activities. Every sidewalk They link reporting through communication is now decorated with seating and colorful media that is connected with policy makers, ceramic pedestrians, and a garden with such as the transportation department and various plants along the sidewalk well laid the mayor. On the other hand, the use of out. This makes it convenient for pedestrians. social media by millennial generation shows Convenience has become one of the that the intensity of communication can be perspectives of citizen journalism practitioners done in various ways. This condition can to be conveyed through mass media. encourage residents to be more enthusiastic Analysis of PasangMata.com in practicing citizen journalism. PasangMata.com is part of the Figure 4 shows that citizens are very detikcom that provides similar services to interested in the Puri Maerokoco tourism area the wider community. PasangMata.com is because the area is a unique and attractive an alternative media for citizens to provide urban forest. The area is also the center of news or info on events through online attention for the nature lovers community. platforms. The advantage of this media is This tourist location has a beautiful place that the contribution sent in the form of text, used by citizens to take pictures and to upload photos and videos will be counted points them on their social media. through the detikconnect. However, this

Figure 4 The Popular Semarang Tourism Sites Source: Primary Data

218 Agus Triyono. Contribution of Online ... media focuses more on daily events around the better. This area was formerly called the the community. This media also has the Kampung Wonosari but is now better known same functions and features in conveying as Kampung Pelangi. The houses were information messages. Another positive originally modest, then changed with various value is the growth of public journalism colors of the rainbow. At least 300 houses media in which freedom of opinion of the are painted in colors, some are pink, yellow, Indonesian people is now easy to do. blue and purple. The colorful colors of this Although having a variety of house make this village attractive to look professions and different backgrounds does and become material for citizen journalists not dampen the interest of members of to report. Besides being easily accessible, PasangMata.com, they continue to provide visitors do not need to pay for entrance ticket, information by following what was reported. but only pay for parking ticket. Nurudin (2009) states the involvement of On the other hand, visitors can see citizens in reporting something, regardless artistic murals created by residents of of educational background, expertise, Kampung Pelangi. This mural varies from digging, searching, processing, reporting puppet characters, flora and fauna, and information (writing, pictures, photos, and other ethnicities. Besides, visitors can also speeches), videos to others. Everyone can see decorations made of used items such as be a journalist. Therefore, the expectation used mineral water, bamboo, and others. of rapid and accurate dissemination of Visitors can also find Taman Kasmaran information and public involvement in as a place to take selfies. This place has a every line of life will be achieved easily. pair of silhouette board icons making out One of the objects stated by citizen with the background of the beauty of the journalists is an ornamental village in the park. Visitors can take pictures, or rest on a city of Semarang. It is called Kampung chair that has been provided while enjoying Pelangi, a pioneer of a village decorated the view. with various colors. It is located in Jalan Local people also provide fresh flowers Dr. Sutomo Semarang. This village has as property to support the photography been transformed into an area that is now process. Visitors are free to choose flowers a favorite of young people to take a selfie. such as roses, lilies, and sunflowers that can Citizen journalists highlight the condition be used as photo properties. of a Kampung Pelangi as an alternative There is also a location commonly for people to spend time on entertainment. called Gembok Cinta. Locations like this This village is the right choice because it is are also often popularized abroad such as cheap, and offers photo spots. the Brooklyn Bridge, New York, the Ponte Great public interest in the existence of Milvio Bridge, Rome, Italy or even the Pont Kampung Pelangi makes the Semarang city des Arts Bridge, Paris, France. Visitors can government continue to drive change for buy a padlock, then write their name and

219 Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI VOLUME 16, NOMOR 2, Desember 2019: 209-224 their partner. After that, visitors are asked The reporting of citizen journalist to hang it on the bridge. shows that Semarang is not only has a mall, Finally, visitors can enjoy the culinary religious tourism, and various other tours. features of Semarang’s identity and bread, Semarang also having a village decorated and mambo ice (colourful ice). Visitors can with various colors that makes people also get souvenirs from Kampung Pelangi feel at home here. This also shows that called celengan. Celengan (piggy bank) is a the image of Semarang also has different souvenir for anyone as a form of education nuances than others. for saving. Analysis of Rubik.okezone.com Figure 5 shows that visitors are free Rubik.okezone.com is a part of to carry out self-action in the background Okezone.com that provides the citizen of a village. This phenomenon is widely journalism channel. Although relatively used by visitors from various regions to new, their content is more specific about take pictures according to their style. This information around the community. Aside village is one of the tourist destinations from being a citizen journalism media, through a village to travel around colorful this media also presents an interesting villages. They are spoiled to go around as menu with the name Kopi Warung, which they wish. This is interesting because there contains socialite, education, chatting, are various beautiful flowers to sell around hanging out and others. them. Visitors can also shop to find their Figure 6 shows that the existence favorite flowers. of Lawang Sewu, tourist destination

Figure 5 Kampung Pelangi Becomes Favorite Alternative for Selfie Photo Source: Primary Data

220 Agus Triyono. Contribution of Online ... in Semarang. Lawang Sewu has three it a historical place, some call it a strange floors with the work of renowned Dutch place. Now Lawang Sewu has undergone architects, Prof. Jacob F Klinkhamer and a major change. In the past, many citizen BJ Queendag. This tourist attraction is on journalists did coverage of tourism that had the east side of Tugu Muda (the identity of nuanced of metaphysics, different from the Semarang). Lawang Sewu is also known present. This object has been updated and is to have a building with many doors, even equipped with adequate facilities. Renewal though, in reality after the door counted without reducing the authenticity of the there were not a thousand. This building building that is preserved as a historical has many windows that are tall and wide, heritage object. It is now becoming so people often think of it as doors. increasingly visible to be an object that has Citizen journalists give a lot of high artistic value and attracts visitors and information regarding the existence of this also citizen journalists. Therefore, the city object. The unique and beautiful building of Semarang gets the image of being one of ornaments become the point of view of the cities that have religious tourism spots. citizen journalists. Initially, this object was Lawang Sewu is also used for various often connoted as a haunted location. Even events such as exhibitions, festivals, some community groups feel afraid to visit workshops, meeting rooms, bazaar, and places. However, many are also curious to art performances. As a historical building, see various locations that are rarely visited Lawang Sewu also has facilities in by people. These experiences are then buildings A, B, C and D. Building A is used uploaded as an object of citizen journalism. as a showroom with a collection of railroad Some communities such as photography developments in Indonesia. Some of these often hold photo competition events at this collections include calculating machines, location. Painting artists are equally interesting securities, typewriters, and historic photos. by using this object as a background in There is also a collection of original painting. The wedding services use Lawang uniforms from the revolutionary figure PT. Sewu for the beauty of prewedding photos. Indonesian Railways (2009-2014), and also Even this place has also been used as a miniature steam locomotives. Uniquely, on showroom of various products, works of art, the side of the wall, there are neatly arranged plants, Small and medium-sized enterprises in bricks coming from the Netherlands. Central Java. They exhibited the work at this Building B is located behind building location and received a lot of visitor support. A. This building has a length of about Journalists and citizen journalists upload in the 77 meters and a width of 23 meters. This mass media, and various responses appeared building has three floors which have dance to comment on this Lawang Sewu topic. halls on the top floor. This building also Many amount of uploads make this has a basement to cool the building. This object continue to be known. Some call building is also used for shopping centers

221 Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI VOLUME 16, NOMOR 2, Desember 2019: 209-224 and rented out for shops, offices, food Rubik.okezone.com is a citizen media rooms, etc. that is not common among people. Although While in building C it is the information relatively new, they have specific content, center about the history of Indonesian which is more exploring information railways and the restoration of Lawang from the surrounding community quickly. Sewu in the form of photo and video Samsul (2012) states that actualization documentation. The building also houses a contains actual information because of collection of Alkmaar signaling machines the ease and speed of presentation. This and tickets from Edmonson. Gedung D is becomes the strength of this media which a special service and rest areas for visitors, gives sufficient space for the public to such as health rooms, treatment rooms, convey ideas, ideas, and information. warehouses, break rooms, and smoking Unfortunately, the citizen journalism areas. column with the name Rubik.okezone.com has

Figure 6 The Beauty of Lawang Sewu as An Attractive Tourism Area Source: Primary Data

222 Agus Triyono. Contribution of Online ... changed. The page that was once for citizen cooperation in education. It will strengthen journalism activists turned into a regular page the position of citizen journalism. containing news from journalists. This is a The issues of the information will particular concern that public space for citizen be varied from different point of views. journalism is restricted. This will show the direction of citizen Through the media space, public can journalism as a force in criticizing and even carry out citizen journalistic activities. forming an image of an area. The delivery However, it is also necessary to understand of information by journalism practitioners the importance of journalism from various provides space for readers of many groups recommended sources with the hope that to interact. Interaction can also develop to citizen journalism activities have guidelines, highlight various facilities provided by the namely mainstream journalism. It is not Semarang city government. Community very different from journalistic activities behavior was also highlighted in accepting which are activities that prepare, search, the change. They can receive well or even collect, process, present, and disseminate criticize according to findings in the field. the news through the media periodically to The development of the digital world is the widest possible audience. News is the growing rapidly. One of them is the rampant fastest report on the latest facts or ideas that social media used by the community. The are true, interesting and important for most media is increasingly encouraging citizen’s audiences, through periodic media such journalism in criticizing, conveying as newspapers, radio, television, or online information about changes that occur. For internet media (Sumadiria, 2011, p. 65). example the development of tourism in the city of Semarang, especially tours related CONCLUSION to nature tourism like urban forests that are Based on the results and analysis of the rarely found in other areas. Urban forests description of citizen journalism conducted are made in such a way with an attractive on Kompasiana.com, Indonesiana.id, layout and are equipped with infrastructure Rubik.okezone.com, and PasangMata.com, that supports the beauty of urban forests. the citizen journalists have contributed The various beauty and strengths of the to voicing various findings in the field. tourism object encourage citizen journalists However, the uploaded articles should to innovate in informing the advantages of cover certain themes that are managed in a forests in their way. They report it with the particular space so that they can be managed recognition of those who visited the place, or well. The realization of the forum will be through their experience in exploring places able to help members to coordinate and for interesting places with their adventures. organize citizen journalism to be focused. The report is very good to be informed as an Citizen journalists need to form their expression of satisfaction they have to travel code of ethics to strengthen the fabric of and experience in the city forest.

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