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1. Aus!. en!. Soc.. 1993.32: 339·345 339

ATTRACTION OF AUSTRALIAN CARPOPHlLUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) TO SY:"iTHETIC PHEROMONES AND FERMENTING BREAD DOUGH

DAVID G. JAMES', ROBERT J. BARTELT', RICHARD J. FAULDER' and ANN TAYLOR' 'NSW Agricullure. Yanco AgricullUrallnslilule. PMB Yanco. NoS. W. 2703. 'USDA Agricullural Research Sen-ice. Nalional Cenler jor AgricullUral Ulilisalion Research. 1815 N. Uni\'ersiIY 51 .. Peoria, Illinois, 6/604. U.S.A. Abstract Data are presented on the attraction of nitidulid (primarily spp.) to synthetic aggregation pheromone, pheromone plus fermenting bread dough or dough alone. in an apricot orchard in southern New South Wales during November· March. The combination of pheromone and bread dough was significantly more effective than either type of bait alone. Synthetic pheromone of Carpophilus hemiplerus (L.) increased attraction of this species to dough by 115 times. Low order (1.7·3.2 times increase) cross·attraction of Carpophi/us mutilatus Erichson. Carpophi/us davidsoni Dobson and Carpophilus () humeralis (F.) also occurred to the combination. Synthetic pheromone of C. mUlilatus increased the attraction of this species to dough by up to 17 times and appeared to be most effective early in the season. C. davidsoni and C. humeralis also responded to this pheromone (1.6·5.6 times increase). All species showed some cross-attraction to synthetic pheromones of three North American Carpophilus spp. The potential for using synthetic pheromones in the management of nitidulid beetles in stone fruit orchards is discussed.

Introduction Nitidulid beetles (primarily Carpophi/us spp.), are worldwide pests of a variety of fruits and grains before and after harvest (Hinton 1945). In southern Australia these beetles are serious pests of ripening stone fruit (Gaven 1964; Hely et al. 1982). Fruit loss is caused primarily by adult beetles penetrating ripening fruit causing rapid breakdown. Beetles can enter fruit by chewing through the skin mostly around the stem end or in sutures. However, they often enter at sites of mechanical damage. The beetles also serve as mechanical carriers of brown rot disease (Kable 1969). The importance of Carpophilus spp. in stone fruit production has increased in recent years, following a decline in insecticide use for the control of key pests such as oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta Busck. The development and widespread utilisation of a management strategy for C. molesta based on pheromonal disruption of mating (Vickers et al. 1985) has made stone fruit production in some areas of southern Australia largely insecticide free. Control of Carpophilus spp. in stone fruit is currently based on the use of broad­ spectrum insecticides applied near to harvest. This control is often unsatisfactory and can result in insecticide residues on fruit at harvest. In addition, the use of broad­ spectrum materials can precipitate outbreaks of pests such as mites. Management of Carpophi/us spp. using effective, non-disruptive techniques is essential to preserve stability of stone fruit ecosystems and associated integrated and biological control systems (e.g. James 1990). Volatiles from fermenting fruit attract Carpophi/us spp. (Warner 1961; Obenauf et al. 1976; Smilanick et al. 1978) and field traps based on natural or synthetic baits have been used to monitor populations. Fermented baits were used successfully to control Carpophi/us hemipterus (L.) when the collected by the traps were not immediately killed (Warner 1960, 1961). However, poisoned fermenting baits were not able to out-compete naturally ripe figs in orchards (Smilanick 1979), suggesting that a combination of the 's pheromone and host volatiles is necessary to equal the attraction of natural host materials with insects present. Bartelt et al. (l992a) reported the first example of an aggregation pheromone from nitidulids (c. hemipterus) which synergised with host volatiles. In field tests Bartelt et al. (l992b) demonstrated that combinations of the synthetic aggregation pheromone of C. hemipterus and host related attractants were consistently more effective in trapping beetles than either type of bait alone. Lin et al. (1992) reported the same phenomenon for Carpophi/us lugubris Murray using either synthetic or natural food odours in combination with synthetic pheromone. In addition to C. hemipterus and C. lugubris. male-produced aggregation pheromones have been described and synthesised for 340 D. G. JAMES ET AL.

Carpophilus freemani Dobson (Bartelt et al. 1990b), Carpophilus obsoletus Erichson and Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson (Bartelt et al. 1993). The aim of the present study was to determine the response of Australian Carpophilus spp. to synthetic pheromones and host-related volatile baits. Results are presented from a 3-month study conducted in an apricot orchard near Leeton in ·southern New South Wales.

Materials and methods Earlier observations in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of southern New South Wales suggested e. hemiplerus was the dominant Carpophilus species arrecting ripening SlOne fruit (James unpubl. obs). Consequently, the synthetic aggregation pheromone of e. hemiplerus was the main pheromone used in this study. Occasional use was made of the synthetic pheromones of e. mUliialus, e. freemani. e. lugubris and e. obsolelus. Pheromones The following synthetic pheromone compounds were used: (2E.4E,6E.8E)-3.5.7­ trimethYI-2,4,6.8-decatetraene (I); (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2.4.6.8-undecatetraene (2): (2E,4E,6E,8£)-7-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6,8.-decatetraene (3); (2E,4E,6E.8£)-7-ethyl-3 ,5-dimethyl­ 2,4,6,8-undecatetraene (4); (2E,4E,6£)-5-ethyl-3-methyl-2,4,6-nonatriene (5); (3E.5E,7£)-6-ethyl-4­ methyl-3,5,7-decatriene (6); and (3E,5E,7£)-5- ethyl-7-methyl-3,5,7-undecatriene (7). Compounds 1-4 were prepared and purified as described by Bartelt el al. (l990b); 5-7 were made analogously. Each trap bait contained a total of 500 Ilg of synthetic pheromone, and the bait compositions were as follows: for e. hemiplerus, I, 2, 3 and 4 in the proportions by weight, 79: II:7:3. respectively; for e. mUlilalus. 6 and 7 in the proportions, 6:94; for e. Iugubris, 2 and 4 in the proportions. 10:90; and for C. freemani. 4 and 5 in the proportions, 4:%. For e. obsolelus, only 2 was used, as it was discovered empirically that e. obsolelus responded well to compound 2 in field tests, in California, USA (Bartelt, unpubl.) but the nature of the pheromone actually emitted by e. obsolelus remains unstudied. Rubber septa were prepared as field baits by applying 500 Ilg of pheromone (in about 10 ilL of hexane) and 300 ilL of methylene chloride and allowing the liquid to soak in. The septa were then aired in a fume hood for approximately 1 h, transferred to tightly covered bottles and slOred in a freezer prior to shipment to Australia. On arrival they were again slOred in a freezer. The septa were replaced fortnightly during the study. Baits and traps The co-attractant used in this study was fermenting whole wheat bread dough. This bait is an effective nitidulid attractant (Lin and Phelan 1991) and comprised a 4:1:2 mixture of whole wheat nour, sugar and water to which dried baker's yeast was added to start fermentation. Approximately 10 mL of this mixture held in a 20 mL glass tube, was used for baiting traps. Fermentation usually caused expansion to 20 mL and dough did not normally spill out of the tube. The dough baits were replaced weekly throughout the study. A wind-oriented pipe trap constructed from PVC plumbing pipe and screen wire, based on the design of Dowd el al. (1992), was used. Beetles entered the trap through a cone-shaped piece of screen and were finally trapped in a plastic 140 mL bottle attached to the bOll om of the trap. No killing agent was used and a screen partition in the trap prevented beetles from contacting the bait. The traps were suspended approximately 1.5 m above the ground from a wire attached to a tree branch. They were oriented to the wind by a fin so that the trap opening was always accessible to beetles approaching the traps from downwind. Experimental design The study was conducted in a small (50 x 50 m) apricot orchard, 10 km east of Leeton, from 26 November 1991 10 3 March 1992. The orchard was adjacent to a larger area (approximately 8 hal of stone fruit (peach, plum. nectarine). No broad-spectrum insecticides had been applied on this farm for at least 10 years. Twenty traps incorporated five replicates of four treatments (e. hemiplerus pheromone only, fermenting dough only, e. hemiplerus pheromone plus fermenting dough or no treatment) and were randomised in a 4 x 5 grid of.20 trees, spaced at 6 m intervals. During 10 December-4 February four additional traps containing dough and either e. mUliiarus, e. lugubris, e. obsolerus or e. freemani pheromone were located in a linear, four tree block, 15 m to the east of the main trapping grid. All of these traps were baited with e. murilarus pheromone and dough from 4 February to 3 March. The block was nood irrigated and fruit began ripening in mid-December. Thereafter, a small amount of fallen fruit was always present in the orchard providing a food supply for nitidulid populations. Traps were examined at weekly intervals and beetles collected and taken back to the laboratory. Nitidulids were identified to species using Dobson (1954, 1964) and reference specimens previously identified by R. M. Dobson. Data on numbers of captured beetles were subjected to analysis of variance and least significant difference procedures. Samples of 40-50 fallen fruit were collecled weekly from 29 January-3 ~Iarch and examined in the laboralory 10 provide information on the identity and abundance of adult nilidulids using Ihis resource. ATTRACTION OF CARPOPHILUS TO PHEROMONES 341

Table I. Mean number ( ::t SE). of nitidulids caught per week per trap in C. hemiplerus pheromone baited traps during 26 November 1991-3 March 1992 (14 weeks> in an apricot orchard near Leeton. Values in parentheses represent the increase in attraction with pheromone + dough compared to dough alone. Species Treatment C. hemiplerus C. mUlilarus C. davidsoni C. humeralis Pheromone alone 0.23* 0.014 0.014 0 ::to. I ±0.01 ±0.01 Pheromone + 6.9* 4.65* 1.81 * 0.58* dough ±1.3 ±0.8 ±0.6 ::to.2 (115 x) (1.7x) (2.2x) (3.2x) Dough alone 0.06 2.76 0.83 0.18 ±0.02 ::to.8 ±0.2 ±0.1 Control 0 0 0 0 *Significantly > than dough alone (P < 0.05). 45 • 40

35 Pheromone alone -II­ 30 Co Pheromone+dough ~ ~ 25 Q) Dough alone .0 -- E 20 :Jc: Control c: ell 15 Q) ::E 10

5 G 0, \ • • ~ ~ -5+----,---,----r---..,.---,---,-----,----,-----,--..., 28-Nov-91 18-Dec-91 07-Jan-92 27-Jan-92 16-Feb-92 07-Mar-92 08-Dec-91 28-Dec-91 17-Jan-92 06-Feb-92 26-Feb-92

FIG. I-C. hemiprerus trapped in an apricot orchard near Leeton during November-March 1991-92. using synthetic C. hemiplerus pheromone, pheromone plus fermenting dough or fermenting dough alone as baits. Results Capture of nitidu/ids using C. hemipterus pheromone Data on attraction of nitidulids to traps baited with pheromone, dough or pheromone plus dough are presented in Table I and Fig. I. A total of 1266 nitidulids (496 C. hemipterus, 5I3 C. mUliiatus, 173 Carpophilus davidsoni Dobson, 42 Carpophilus (Urophorus) humera/is (F.), 19 Carpophifus gaveni Dobson and 23 of an unidentified nitidulid) was captured during the period of study. 960/0 of C. hemipterus were captured in pheromone plus dough traps with 3% in pheromone baited and I % in dough baited traps. Largest numbers of C. hemipterus were caught in thefirst 2 weeks of the study (Fig. I). C. mutilatus, C. davidsoni and C. humerafis all responded in a similar way with 62-76% of each species attracted to pheromone plus dough traps, 24-48% to dough and 0-1 % to pheromone baited traps. The additibn of pheromone to dough baited traps increased attraction by 1.7-3.2 times compared to 115 times for C. hemipterus (Table I).

Capture of nitidufids using C. mutilatus pheromone Data on attraction of nitidulids to traps baited with dough, or pheromone plus dough are presented in Table 2. 342 D. G. JAMES ET AL.

Table 2. Mean number (±SE) of nitidulids caught per week per trap in C. mutilatus pheromone/dough baited traps during 10 December 1991-3 March 1992 in an apricot orchard near Leeton (one trap operating 10 December-4 February (8 weeks), four traps 4 February-3 March (4 weeks)). Means for dough only and control always derived from five traps. Values in parentheses represent the increase in attraction with pheromone + dough compared to dough alone. Species C. mutilatus C. davidsoni C. humeralis Treatment 10/12-412 412-3/3 10112-4/2 4/2-3/3 10/12-4/2 412-3/3 Pheromone + 52.0* 20.1* 9.1* 2.3* 1.7* 2.2* dough ±6.1 :!:3.8 :!:2.7 :!:0.7 ::tl.l :!:l .2 (l7.3x) (6.5x) (1.6 x) (5.6 x) (1.7 x) (4.4x) Dough alone 2.6 3.1 1.1 0.5 0 0.5 ± 1.0 ± 1.4 :to.4 :to.2 ::to.2 Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 *Significantly > than dough alone (P < 0.05). C. mutilatus, C. davidsoni, C. gaveni, C. humeralis and the unidentified nitidulid, but not C. hemipterus, were attracted to pheromone plus dough traps. C. mutilalUs was attracted in the greatest numbers particularly during December/January, when 416 beetles were attracted to the single trap in operation. Pheromone increased the attractancy of dough to C. mutilalus by 20 times in December/ January but only by 6.5 times in February. Relatively small numbers of C. davidsoni and C. humeralis were attracted to the traps but significantly more were caught in pheromone plus dough than dough only traps (P < 0.05). Very small numbers of C. gaveni and an unidentified nitidulid were recorded.

Capture of nitidulids using C. freemani, C. lugubris or C. obsoletus pheromone Data on attraction of nitidulids to traps baited with C. freemani, C. lugubris or C. obsoletus pheromone plus dough or dough alone, are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Mean number (±SE) of nitidulids caught per week per trap in C. freemani, C. lugubris and C. obsoletus pheromone/dough baited traps during 10 December 1991-4 February 1992 (8 weeks) in an apricot orchard near Leeton. One trap used per pheromone and five traps each for dough and control. Values in parentheses represent the increase in attraction with pheromone and dough compared to dough alone. Species Treatment C. hemipterus C. mutilatus C. davidsoni C. humeralis freemani pheromone + 0.12* 8.2* 4.4* 0.2 dough ±O.I :t3.4 ± 1.1 :!:O.I (2.4 x) (3.1 x) (4.0x) (0.2 x) lugubris pheromone + 0 21.2* 9.1* 0.5 dough :t8.4 :t3.4 :to.5 (8.1 x) (8.3 x) obsoletus pheromone + 2.9* 6.6* 4.7* 1.25 dough :t I.7 ±2.5 :t1.7 ±0.8 (58.0x) (2.5 x) (4.3 x) Dough alone 0.05 2.6 1.1 0 ±0.03 ± 1.0 :to.4 Control 0 0 0 0 ·Significantly > than dough alone. Attraction of C. mutilatis and C. davidsoni was significantly enhanced by using each of the three synthetic pheromones in combination with dough. The greatest response occurred with C. lugubris pheromone for C. mutilatus and C. davidsoni. C. hemipterus did not respond to C. lugubris pheromone but showed a strong response to C. obsoletus pheromone (58 times increase over dough alone). Nitidulids in fallen fruit Nitidulids were found in 22-36070 of fallen fruit with the mean number of beetles ATTRACTION OF CARPOPHILUS TO PHEROMONES 343 per infested fruit ranging from 1.5-6.5. C. hemiplerus, C. murilalus, C. davidsoni and C. humeralis were found in the fruit. C. hemiplerus dominated in late January/early February and late February/early March, while C. murilalus was most abundant in the intervening period (Fig. 2).

SO

80

~ 70 -~ c: 0 :;::; 60 'iii 0a. 50 E 0 (,) 40 en Q) '0 30 a.Q) en 20 C.hemipterus C.mutilatus 10 C.davidsoni o ' C.humeralis 27-Jan-S2 11-Feb-S2 25-Feb-S2 04-Feb-S2 18-Feb-S2 03-Mar-S2

FIG. 2-Species composition of adult nitidulids collected from fallen fruit during January-March 1992.

Discussion This study demonstrated significant field attraction of Australian nitidulid beetles to synthetic aggregation pheromones when used in combination with fermenting bread dough. The pheromones of C. hemiplerus and C. mutilatus were particularly effective in enhancing the attractancy of dough baits to these species and mirrored the results of American studies (Bartelt et al. 1992b). Fermenting materials have long been known to be attractive to nitidulids. However, discovery of male-produced aggregation pheromones in these beetles (Bartelt el al. 1990a, 1990b, 1990c, 1991) and their role in increasing the attractivity of host resources is a recent development which substantially improves the prospects for developing management strategies based on pheromones/attractants (Bartelt et al. 1992b).

Synthetic pheromone of C. hemiplerus increased the attractancy of fermenting dough to this species by 115 fold. This combination produced a 396 times increase in attraction for C. hemipterus in the United States (Bartelt et aL 1992b). However, trapping in the American study was conducted during an entire year and beetle populations were much higher. The current results were obtained during the Australian summer (December-February) and it is likely that a spring peak in C. hemipterus flight activity (as occurs in the United States) was missed. C. hemipterus pheromone also showed significant cross attraction to C. mUliiatus and C. humeralis as it does in the U.S.A, (Bartelt et al. 1992b). C. davidsoni, which does not occur in the U.S.A., also responded. Synthetic pheromones of Carpophilus spp. are blends and share components between species (Bartelt et al. 1990a, 1990b, 1990c, 1991), therefore it is not surprising that some cross attraction occurs. 344 D. G. JAMES ET AL.

The synthetic pheromone of C. mUliiatus attracted much higher numbers of this species when used with the dough attractant. The apparent abundance of C. mUlilalUs in this orchard was unexpected as this species was previously thought to be largely coastal in distribution (Gaven 1964; Hely et 01. 1982). The multiplicative effect of pheromone plus dough on catch numbers was greatest during December/January, but fell substantially in February. This trend was also observed in studies on American C. mutilatus populations (69 times in spring, 3.5 times in autumn, Bartelt unpubl. data). The apparent change in effect of pheromones on degree of attraction during a season may be related to competition from natural pheromone sources or be an innate response. High natural pheromone levels emanating from beetle colonised fallen fruit may render synthetic compounds in the traps less effective. C. davidsoni and C. humeralis were also attracted to C. mutilatus pheromone/dough baits. Although more information is needed, the current study suggests C. hemiplerus and C. mutilatus may be the most important Carpophilus spp. affecting stone fruit in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. This is supported by additional fruit infestation data collected from other Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area orchards during 1991/92 (James unpubJ. data). C. davidsoni and C. humeralis may also be important components of the nitidulid fauna damaging ripening stone fruit. Data on the relative importance of these four species are critical if management strategies based on pheromones/attractants are to be developed. Aggregation pheromones of C. davidsoni and C. humeralis have not yet been identified and synthesised. From this study and studies in the United States (e.g. Bartelt et al. 1992b), it appears that pheromones are most effective early in the season when flight activity is high but food supplies are low or of poor quality. Combined pheromone/attractant baits used at this time may have the potential to reduce populations and provide effective management. Overwintering strategies of nitidulids in inland southeastern Australia are unclear, but recent evidence suggests that adults can overwinter in shallow buried organic matter (James unpubJ. data). Removal of fallen fruit during late summer and autumn may therefore be important in limiting spring populations. Orchard hygiene in combination with spring use of pheromone/dough baits might suppress Carpophilus spp. populations sufficiently to be the basis of an effective management strategy. Future research will focus on the potential which exists for development of pheromone/attractant baits as a management tool for nitidulids in stone fruit orchards.

Acknowledgments We thank Merv Graham for servicing the traps, Mark and Robyn Neeson for allowing us to use their orchard for these studies, and Karen L. Seaton for assistance in preparing the synthetic pheromones.

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