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Reading What Is Written READING WHAT IS WRITTEN The Family Historian’s Guide to Reading Script Southern Alberta Library Conference Presented by: Faye B. Geddes March 2 – 4, 2017 READING HANDWRITING EVENTS TO KNOW ABOUT Phoenician Alphabet – 1500 B.C. Roman Empire conquers Greece – 146 B.C. Christianity Celtic Writing – 600 A.D. Charlemagne – late 700’s A.D. Gutenberg – about 1440 A.D. PHYSICAL ASPECTS Materials • Writing Surface • Ink • Pen Life of a Scribe Deteriorating Records TYPES AND STYLES GOTHIC HAND – also knowns as “book hand” COURT HAND – also known as “legal hand” or “set hand” SECRETARY HAND – also known as “Elizabethan script” TYPES AND STYLES Italic Hand Round Hand – after 1650 combined aspects of Italic and Secretary THINGS TO CONSIDER Spelling Terms & Expressions Spacing & Punctuation Names – • Place Names Numbers & Dates • Surnames Abbreviations • Given Names Letter Peculiarities Foreign Languages SPELLING No standardization You may find spelling differences within the same document Common for the letter e to be added to the end of words When dealing with plurals the terminal es was often used instead of just s Certain consonants and the vowels e and o can be found doubled (example: allways for always and shee for she Sometimes the consonants and vowels you think should be doubled are not The letters I and J are often interchanged SPACES & PUNCTUATION Spaces • No standardization Punctuation • No standardization • Beware of the dot above a word • Periods at the end of a sentence often omitted NUMBERS & DATES Numbers • No standardization • Lower case Roman numerals that ended in multiples of I – the letter j was almost always used instead of the final i. (example: iiijor =four) Dates • Two types of Calendars (Old Roman & Julian) • Sometimes scribes would record a double date (because of the two calendars) • Sometimes abbreviations would be used for months (example: 8ber, 9ber) • Sometimes the name of a Holy Day would be used for the date ABBREVIATIONS Sometimes Scribes would make up their own abbreviations Suspension – first letter or part of the word written followed by a punctuation mark. Examples: Rich. = Richard, Io. = John, Arch: = Archbishop Contraction - First and last letter or letters are written, middle letters omitted and indicated by a punctuation mark. Example: Ric’rd = Richard Superscript – Another form of contraction but instead of a punctuation mark the last letter or letters are raised above the line. Examples: Richd = Richard, Willm = William, wch = which ABBREVIATIONS Special Signs – symbols to replace words or parts of words. Examples: LETTER PECULIARITIES How to find: Family Search Indexing Get Help Indexer Language & Handwriting Helps LETTER PECULIARITIES ff – when located at the beginning of a word = capitol F s – often written elongated – could be mistaken for an f ll – sometimes scribes would cross a double l – could be mistaken for double t u, m, n, w – just really hard to read LETTER PECULIARITIES ss – often a special symbol would be used – could be mistaken for fs, fp or p e – often confused with o r – could be made so that it looks upside down – could be mistaken for u d – easiest letter to detect because it is consistently the only letter will curve to the left. TERMS & EXPRESSIONS Common Phrases Used • Wills: • Being of sound mind • In the name of God, Amen • I give and commend my soul unto God • Being weak of body but sound of mind • I will and bequeath • Land records • This Indenture made • Hath given granted, bargained, and sold • His heirs and assigns forever • Witnesseth that the said TERMS & EXPRESSIONS Occupational Names & Terms • Accomptant • Aleconner • Aledraper • Cafender • Bladger • Heckler • Tillman NAMES Place Names • Beware of abbreviations Surnames – could be abbreviated or a nickname • Mt = Mont (usually used in conjunction with another part of the name. (Example: Montgomery • X = Chris (example: Christopherson) Given Names – sometimes a nickname or abbreviation • ffr = Francis • Jas = James • Polly = Mary • Io. = John • Jno = John FOREIGN LANGUAGES Family Search Get Help (Learning Center) or (Research Wiki) Enter “Handwriting” in the search bar GUIDELINES Read the entire document and write down the words you can easily make out. Study how the letters are formed from what you can read Compare the entries before and after Use a magnifying glass If you’ve been studying it for a while, Take a Break Have someone else look at it GUIDELINES Trace the letters Start with more modern writing and work back Read it out loud. (most scribes spelled phonetically) Read for context Find common wording or terms and expressions for the area PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE – the more you read old handwriting the easier it gets PRACTICE PRACTICE THE DUCKING STOOL GAME www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/ducking-stool-game/ THANK YOU Faye B. Geddes • [email protected].
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