DOCSLIB.ORG

The Constitutional Protection of Human Rights in Sudan: Challenges and Future Perspectives

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Constitutional Protection of Human Rights in Sudan: Challenges and Future Perspectives The Constitutional Protection of Human Rights in Sudan: Challenges and Future Perspectives January 2014 1 Table of Contents I. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4 II. The Constitutional Protection of Human Rights in Sudan .............................................................. 7 1. The Constitutional Bill of Rights in the Sudan: Towards Substantive Guarantees and Effective Realisation of Rights (Amin M. Medani) ............................................................................................. 7 1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.2. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the Interim National Constitution ..................... 8 1.3. A critical analysis of the Bill of Rights ...................................................................................... 9 1.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 12 2. Why Constitutional Bills of Rights fail to protect Civil and Political Rights in Sudan: Substantive Gaps, Conflicting Rights, and ‘Arrested’ Reception of International Human Rights Law (Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker) ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.2. Civil and Political Rights in the Interim National Constitution: Substantive Shortcomings .. 15 2.3. The Reception and ‘Domestication’ of International Human Rights Norms through the ‘Monism’ or ‘Dualism’ Theories of International Law: A Dilemma .................................................. 25 2.4. Derogations from Human Rights Treaties in Times of Emergency: Sudan’s de facto Constitution ...................................................................................................................................... 27 2.5. Implementation Mechanisms and Constitutional Guarantees: A Dichotomy between Law and Practice ...................................................................................................................................... 28 2.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 31 3. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Under the Constitutional Bill of Rights in the Sudan (Ahmed Abdelgadir Ahmed) ............................................................................................................. 32 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 32 3.2. The Binding Effect of the Bill of Rights .................................................................................. 33 3.3. The Recognition of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Sudan’s Constitutions, with particular reference to the INC ......................................................................................................... 34 3.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 40 2 4. Women’s Rights in the Constitutional Bill of Rights: Issues of Status, Equality and Non- Discrimination (Ebtisam Sanhouri Elrayh) ........................................................................................ 42 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 42 4.2. Women’s Cause: Separate v Integrated Debate ................................................................... 43 4.3. Women’s Rights in Sudan: Human Rights Conventions vis-à-vis the Constitution ............... 47 4.4. Women’s Status, Role and Rights in Forthcoming Constitutions: Areas of Concern ............ 58 4.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 62 5. Children’s Rights and the Forthcoming Constitutional Bill of Rights of Sudan (Khadeija Elsheikh Mahgoub) ........................................................................................................................... 63 5.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 63 5.2. International Law and National Constitutions ...................................................................... 63 5.3. Sudanese Constitutions and Children’s Rights ...................................................................... 65 5.4. The Status of Children’s Rights in the National Laws of Sudan ............................................ 67 5.5. Sudan, Shari’a and Children’s rights ..................................................................................... 68 5.6. Effectiveness of Constitutional Norms on Children’s Rights................................................. 69 5.7. Other Constitutions and Best Practices ................................................................................ 70 5.8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 71 6. Summary of Conference Proceedings ....................................................................................... 72 III. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 75 IV. Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 76 V. Annexes ......................................................................................................................................... 78 V.1.: Conference Programme................................................................................................................ 78 V.2.: Human rights provisions in selected Constitutions of Sudan ....................................................... 80 3 I. Introduction Sudan’s recent history has been characterised by long periods of armed conflict and/or authoritarian regimes and illiberal democracies. At the same time, the constitutional protection of human rights has been extremely weak, both in terms of the recognition of rights and the availability of mechanisms for their effective implementation. In the context of broader concerns over respect for the rule of law, these combined factors have contributed to a situation of systemic and serious human rights violations. A series of cases at the domestic level and before the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights demonstrate that victims of such violations have no effective remedies in Sudan. There is also an almost complete absence of accountability for human rights violations. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in 2005 to end the North-South conflict had promised to change this situation. It included a series of human rights commitments, which formed the basis for the Bill of Rights constituting an integral part of the Interim National Constitution of 2005. This Constitution recognises a series of rights, stipulates that all treaties to which Sudan is a party are automatically part of the Bill of Rights, and vests the newly established Constitutional Court with the power to hear complaints concerning the violation of constitutional rights. In addition, it envisages a series of institutional reforms, including of the security sector. Many had hoped that the CPA would result in the promised democratic transformation and greater human rights protection. However, these hopes failed to materialise. Instead, South Sudan declared its independence in 2011, with armed conflict and serious human rights concerns persisting, now on both sides of the new border. The independence of South Sudan brought the CPA interim period to an end, and with it the need for a new constitutional arrangement. Since 2011, a constitutional review has been underway in Sudan. This review has not been participatory or inclusive. Lively debates on the new constitution in general, and the Bill of Rights and human rights protection in particular, have nevertheless ensued.1 These debates have been driven by a keen awareness of the importance of constitutional rights. They also provide evidence of the need to identify and address the failure of the Interim National Constitution (INC) to ensure adequate protection against, and redress for human rights violations. These debates reflect both traditional concerns over the protection of civil and political rights, particularly in the administration of justice, and other issues that have also become a cause of acute concern. These include the desire for the realisation of economic, social and cultural rights, and the rights of members of groups who suffer discrimination, particularly women, religious and ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities. It also includes children’s rights, which, exceptionally, have been recognised to a considerable degree in the recently enacted Child Act of 2010, although the operation of the law still faces challenges in terms of its actual implementation. In the context of these ongoing debates,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sudan 2020 Human Rights Report
    SUDAN 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sudan’s civilian-led transitional government, installed in August 2019, is led by Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok, who heads the Council of Ministers. There is also a Sovereign Council led by Abdel Fatah al-Burhan, who is one of the five military members, as well as six civilians. The Transitional Legislative Council had not been formed as of year’s end. Under the constitutional declaration signed in August 2019, general elections were scheduled for 2022, but following the signing of the Juba Peace Agreement on October 3, they were postponed to 2024. Under the civilian-led transitional government, responsibility for internal security resides with the Ministry of Interior, which oversees police agencies as well as the Ministry of Defense and the General Intelligence Service. Ministry of Interior police agencies include the security police, special forces police, traffic police, and the combat-trained Central Reserve Police. There is a police presence throughout the country. The General Intelligence Service’s mandate changed from protecting national security and during the year was limited to gathering, analyzing, and submitting information to other security services. The Ministry of Defense has a mandate to oversee all elements of the Sudanese Armed Forces, including the Rapid Support Forces, Border Guards, and defense and military intelligence units. During the year the police infrastructure was largely moved under executive authority to assure it would adhere to its mandate to protect individuals and enforce the laws. Civilian authorities’ control of security forces continued to improve. Nevertheless, members of the security forces committed some abuses.
    [Show full text]
  • Convocation - Equity and Aboriginal Issues Committee/Comité Sur L’Équité Et Les Affaires Autochtones Report
    Convocation - Equity and Aboriginal Issues Committee/Comité sur l’équité et les affaires autochtones Report TAB 4 Report to Convocation January 29, 2015 Equity and Aboriginal Issues Committee/ Comité sur l’équité et les affaires autochtones Committee Members Julian Falconer, Chair Janet Leiper, Chair Susan Hare, Vice-Chair and Special Liaison with the Access to Justice Committee Beth Symes, Vice-Chair Constance Backhouse Peter Festeryga Avvy Go Howard Goldblatt Jeffrey Lem Marian Lippa Barbara Murchie Judith Potter Susan Richer Purposes of Report: Decision and Information Prepared by the Equity Initiatives Department (Josée Bouchard – 416-947-3984) 68 Convocation - Equity and Aboriginal Issues Committee/Comité sur l’équité et les affaires autochtones Report TABLE OF CONTENTS For Decision Human Rights Monitoring Group Request for Interventions............................................. TAB 4.1 For Information ............................................................................................................. TAB 4.2 Professor Fiona Kay, The Diversification of Career Paths in Law report Reports on the 2014 Survey of Justicia Firms Public Education Equality and Rule of Law Series Calendar 2014 - 2015 69 Convocation - Equity and Aboriginal Issues Committee/Comité sur l’équité et les affaires autochtones Report COMMITTEE PROCESS 1. The Equity and Aboriginal Issues Committee/Comité sur l’équité et les affaires autochtones (the “Committee”) met on January 15, 2015. Committee members Julian Falconer, Chair, Janet Leiper, Chair, Susan Hare, Vice-Chair and Special Liaison with the Access to Justice Committee, Beth Symes, Vice-Chair, Constance Backhouse, Howard Goldblatt, Jeffrey Lem, Marian Lippa, Barbara Murchie, Judith Potter and Susan Richer participated. Sandra Yuko Nishikawa, Chair of the Equity Advisory Group, and Julie Lassonde, representative of the Association des juristes d’expression française de l’Ontario, also participated.
    [Show full text]
  • Governance and Representation in the Afghan Urban Transition
    Afghanistan’s Constitution Ten Years On: What Are the Issues? Mohammad Hashim Kamali August 2014 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Issues Paper Afghanistan’s Constitution Ten Years On: What Are the Issues? Mohammad Hashim Kamali August 2014 Funding for this research was provided by the United States Institute of Peace and the Embassy of Finland. 2014 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Cover photo: (From top to bottom): A view of the 2004 constitutional Loya Jirga Sessions; people’s representatives gesture during 2004 constitutional Loya Jirga; people’s representatives listening to a speech during 2004 constitutional Loya Jirga; Loya Jirga members during the 2004 Constitutional Loya Jirga, Kabul (by National Archives of Afghanistan). AREU wishes to thank the National Archives of Afghanistan for generously granting access to its photo collection from the 2004 Constitutional Loya Jirga. Layout: Ahmad Sear Alamyar AREU Publication Code: 1416E © 2014 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of AREU. Some rights are reserved. This publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted only for non- commercial purposes and with written credit to AREU and the author. Where this publication is reproduced, stored or transmitted electronically, a link to AREU’s website (www.areu.org.af) should be provided. Any use of this publication falling outside of these permissions requires prior written permission of the publisher, the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. Permission can be sought by emailing [email protected] or by calling +93 (0) 799 608 548.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan Law Reform Advocacy Briefing
    Sudan Law Reform Advocacy Briefing January 2014 Welcome to the fourth issue of the Sudan Law Reform Advocacy Briefing.1 This Briefing is published quarterly to highlight and reflect on law reform developments and issues critical to the promotion and protection of human rights in Sudan. Its aim is to inform and engage those working on, and interested in, law reform and human rights in Sudan. The present issue contains an annotated compilation of key recommendations made by regional and international human rights bodies, as well as states during the Universal Periodic Review process, and, in so far as available, responses by Sudan thereto. It focuses on legislative reforms, particularly in relation to serious human rights violations. This issue seeks to provide a useful reference document for all actors concerned and to identify priority areas for engagement, particularly in the context of the pending review of Sudan’s state party report by the UN Human Rights Committee. Yours, Lutz Oette For further information, please visit our dedicated project website at www.pclrs.org/ Please contact Lutz Oette (REDRESS) at [email protected] (Tel +44 20 77931777) if you wish to share information or submit your comments for consideration, or if you do not wish to receive any further issues of the advocacy briefing. 1 The Advocacy Briefings are available online at: http://www.pclrs.org/english/updates. 1 I. The implementation of international human rights treaty obligations, legislative reforms and effective protection of rights in Sudan: International perspectives and Sudan’s responses in context 1. Introduction The question of human rights in Sudan has engaged a large number of regional and international bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitution – Making in the Sudan: Past Experiences
    Constitution – Making in the Sudan: Past Experiences Prof. Ali Suleiman Fadlall A paper presented at the Constitution­making Forum: A Government of Sudan Consultation 24­25 May 2011 Khartoum, Sudan With support from Advisory Council for Human Rights 1 Introduction: In 1978, upon my return to Sudan from Nigeria, I found that one of my predecessors at the Faculty of Law, University of Khartoum, had set up a question in constitutional law for the first year students asking them to comment on the following statement: “Since the time of the Mahdi, the history of the Sudan has been a history of a country in search for a constitution.” In 1986, I contributed a chapter on constitutional development in the Sudan to a book of essays on the politics of the country, published under the title of Sudan Since Independence. The editors, and myself chose for my easy the heading of “The Search for a Constitution”. Now, a quarter of a century later, and more than fifty years since the country became independent, it seems that that perennial search for a constitution has not, yet, been successful concluded. In this brief essay, I intend to look at past endeavors in constitution making in this country. It is just possible that previous constitutional making processes may have been so flawed, that the structure that they thought to build could not withstand the test of time. Hence; they always came crumbling down. In some cases, some of these structures were not even finished. Constitution­Making: Constitutions can be created through different methods and devices.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Morocco
    Democracy Promotion in the European Neighbourhood Policy the case of Morocco Author: Helena Bergé Supervised by: Hubert Smekal, Ph.D. Masaryk University 2012-2013 ABSTRACT Contrary to European Union (EU) rhetoric on the importance of democracy promotion, security considerations have always been prioritised over democratisation in its relations with the Southern Mediterranean. In a review of the European Neighbourhood Policy after the Lisbon Treaty and the Arab Spring in 2011, the EU pleaded again to give full attention to democracy considerations. This research paper investigates whether democracy promotion in the ENP towards Morocco has undergone any change since the review of the policy, both in substance and importance. A comparative analysis of European democracy support before and after 2011 in Morocco based on policy reports, financial allocations and conditionality mechanisms reveals that socio- economic conditions are the main focus of EU democracy promotion in Morocco, while most changes can be found in an increased support of civil society. However, the EU seems to repeat its previous behaviour by again prioritising security over democratisation. II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AP: Action plan CAT: Convention against Torture CEDAW: Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women CFSP: Common Foreign and Security Policy CSF: Civil Society Facility CSO: Civil Society Organisation DCFTA: Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement EEAS: European External Action Service EED: European Endowment for Democracy EIDHR
    [Show full text]
  • 36687838.Pdf
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Oregon Scholars' Bank AVOIDING THE ARAB SPRING? THE POLITICS OF LEGITIMACY IN KING MOHAMMED VI’S MOROCCO by MARGARET J. ABNEY A THESIS Presented to the Department of Political Science and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June 2013 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Margaret J. Abney Title: Avoiding the Arab Spring? The Politics of Legitimacy in King Mohammed VI’s Morocco This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of Political Science by: Craig Parsons Chairperson Karrie Koesel Member Tuong Vu Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research and Innovation; Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2013 ii © 2013 Margaret J. Abney iii THESIS ABSTRACT Margaret J. Abney Master of Arts Department of Political Science June 2013 Title: Avoiding the Arab Spring? The Politics of Legitimacy in King Mohammed VI’s Morocco During the 2011 Arab Spring protests, the Presidents of Egypt and Tunisia lost their seats as a result of popular protests. While protests occurred in Morocco during the same time, King Mohammed VI maintained his throne. I argue that the Moroccan king was able to maintain his power because of factors that he has because he is a king. These benefits, including dual religious and political legitimacy, additional control over the military, and a political situation that make King Mohammed the center of the Moroccan political sphere, are not available to the region’s presidents.
    [Show full text]
  • Map of South Sudan
    UNITED NATIONS SOUTH SUDAN Geospatial 25°E 30°E 35°E Nyala Ed Renk Damazin Al-Fula Ed Da'ein Kadugli SUDAN Umm Barbit Kaka Paloich Ba 10°N h Junguls r Kodok Āsosa 10°N a Radom l-A Riangnom UPPER NILEBoing rab Abyei Fagwir Malakal Mayom Bentiu Abwong ^! War-Awar Daga Post Malek Kan S Wang ob Wun Rog Fangak at o Gossinga NORTHERN Aweil Kai Kigille Gogrial Nasser Raga BAHR-EL-GHAZAL WARRAP Gumbiel f a r a Waat Leer Z Kuacjok Akop Fathai z e Gambēla Adok r Madeir h UNITY a B Duk Fadiat Deim Zubeir Bisellia Bir Di Akobo WESTERN Wau ETHIOPIA Tonj Atum W JONGLEI BAHR-EL-GHAZAL Wakela h i te LAKES N Kongor CENTRAL Rafili ile Peper Bo River Post Jonglei Pibor Akelo Rumbek mo Akot Yirol Ukwaa O AFRICAN P i Lol b o Bor r Towot REPUBLIC Khogali Pap Boli Malek Mvolo Lowelli Jerbar ^! National capital Obo Tambura Amadi WESTERN Terakeka Administrative capital Li Yubu Lanya EASTERN Town, village EQUATORIAMadreggi o Airport Ezo EQUATORIA 5°N Maridi International boundary ^! Juba Lafon Kapoeta 5°N Undetermined boundary Yambio CENTRAL State (wilayah) boundary EQUATORIA Torit Abyei region Nagishot DEMOCRATIC Roue L. Turkana Main road (L. Rudolf) Railway REPUBLIC OF THE Kajo Yei Opari Lofusa 0 100 200km Keji KENYA o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 50 100mi CONGO o e The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Repression in Sudan
    Sudan Page 1 of 243 BEHIND THE RED LINE Political Repression in Sudan Human Rights Watch/Africa Human Rights Watch Copyright © May 1996 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-75962 ISBN 1-56432-164-9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was researched and written by Human Rights Watch Counsel Jemera Rone. Human Rights Watch Leonard H. Sandler Fellow Brian Owsley also conducted research with Ms. Rone during a mission to Khartoum, Sudan, from May 1-June 13, 1995, at the invitation of the Sudanese government. Interviews in Khartoum with nongovernment people and agencies were conducted in private, as agreed with the government before the mission began. Private individuals and groups requested anonymity because of fear of government reprisals. Interviews in Juba, the largest town in the south, were not private and were controlled by Sudan Security, which terminated the visit prematurely. Other interviews were conducted in the United States, Cairo, London and elsewhere after the end of the mission. Ms. Rone conducted further research in Kenya and southern Sudan from March 5-20, 1995. The report was edited by Deputy Program Director Michael McClintock and Human Rights Watch/Africa Executive Director Peter Takirambudde. Acting Counsel Dinah PoKempner reviewed sections of the manuscript and Associate Kerry McArthur provided production assistance. This report could not have been written without the assistance of many Sudanese whose names cannot be disclosed. CONTENTS
    [Show full text]
  • ABYEI CASE STUDY Improving Livelihoods, Social Peace and Stability in Abyei
    EVALUATION IN HARD TO REACH AREAS Conflict Sensitivity: A criterion for evaluations in the contexts of violent conflicts ABYEI CASE STUDY Improving Livelihoods, Social Peace and Stability in Abyei Marco De Gaetano – Natural Resource Management Expert Brussels, 17 May 2019 [email protected] Improving livelihoods, social peace and stability in the Abyei Area Abyei Map [email protected] Marco De Gaetano – Natural Resource Management Expert Improving livelihoods, social peace and stability in the Abyei Area Conflicts resulting from different types of tenure FAO, 2016. Land and people in protracted crises [email protected] Marco De Gaetano – Natural Resource Management Expert Improving livelihoods, social peace and stability in the Abyei Area Conflicts resulting from different types of tenure [email protected] Marco De Gaetano – Natural Resource Management Expert Improving livelihoods, social peace and stability in the Abyei Area Conflicts resulting from different types of tenure [email protected] Marco De Gaetano – Natural Resource Management Expert Improving livelihoods, social peace and stability in the Abyei Area Conflicts resulting from different types of tenure [email protected] Marco De Gaetano – Natural Resource Management Expert Improving livelihoods, social peace and stability in the Abyei Area Project intervention strategy Three Pillars I. Assessing the natural resources to promote its efficient utilization and future development II. Promoting dialogue, confidence and peacebuilding
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan, Performed by the Much Loved Singer Mohamed Wardi
    Confluence: 1. the junction of two rivers, especially rivers of approximately equal width; 2. an act or process of merging. Oxford English Dictionary For you oh noble grief For you oh sweet dream For you oh homeland For you oh Nile For you oh night Oh good and beautiful one Oh my charming country (…) Oh Nubian face, Oh Arabic word, Oh Black African tattoo Oh My Charming Country (Ya Baladi Ya Habbob), a poem by Sidahmed Alhardallou written in 1972, which has become one of the most popular songs of Sudan, performed by the much loved singer Mohamed Wardi. It speaks of Sudan as one land, praising the country’s diversity. EQUAL RIGHTS TRUST IN PARTNERSHIP WITH SUDANESE ORGANISATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT In Search of Confluence Addressing Discrimination and Inequality in Sudan The Equal Rights Trust Country Report Series: 4 London, October 2014 The Equal Rights Trust is an independent international organisation whose pur- pose is to combat discrimination and promote equality as a fundamental human right and a basic principle of social justice. © October 2014 Equal Rights Trust © Photos: Anwar Awad Ali Elsamani © Cover October 2014 Dafina Gueorguieva Layout: Istvan Fenyvesi PrintedDesign: in Dafinathe UK Gueorguieva by Stroma Ltd ISBN: 978-0-9573458-0-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by other means without the prior written permission of the publisher, or a licence for restricted copying from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., UK, or the Copyright Clearance Centre, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • ACRLI Activity Report 2005 – 2007
    ACRLI Activity Report 2005 – 2007 Overview of the Programme on Promoting the Rule of Law & Integrity In the Arab Countries – Integrating Iraq The Arab Center for the Development of the Rule of Law and Integrity (ACRLI) Badaro, Main Street, Khatoun Building, 1st floor, Beirut, Lebanon Tel: +961 1 385040 - Fax: + 961 1 385042 - Email: [email protected], www.arabruleoflaw.org Implementing Party: The Arab Center for the Development of the Rule of Law and Integrity (ACRLI) Project No. and Title: (00043355) Promoting the Rule of Law and Integrity in the Arab Countries – Integrating Iraq (PRLI) Type of Project: Knowledge and Capacity Building Total Project Budget: USD 2,098,808.00 Amount received-UNDP: USD 1,664,225.00 Amount received-Other sources: USD 0.00 Person in Charge of Report: Mr. Adib Salame, Administrative and Financial Director 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Promoting the Rule of Law and Integrity in the Arab Countries (PRLI) a. Institutional Building • Establishing ACRLI: A Regional Non-Governmental Non-Profit Organization • ACRLI Office in Beirut, Lebanon • ACRLI Office in Amman, Jordan • Potential Branches b. Building Capacity and Disseminating Knowledge on the Rule of Law and Integrity– the Judiciary, the Media and the Parliament b-1 Judiciary Pillar Principles and Methodology Reports on the State of the Judiciary (in the 4 target countries + regional report) National Workshops Regional Conference Judiciary Pillar outputs The Arab Focus Group on Rule of Law Reform (AROL) b-2 Media Pillar Principles and Methodology
    [Show full text]