Sudan 2020 Human Rights Report
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Social Media As a Strategy for Protest Movements in an Era of Government Control By
Social Media as a Strategy for Protest Movements in an Era of Government Control by Sarah C. Palmieri-Branco 8349343 Submitted to the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Ottawa In the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts © Sarah Palmieri-Branco, Ottawa, Canada, 2021 Abstract In a new era of surveillance and control, governments have expanded their digital knowledge and strategies to prevent and disband social movements and demonstrations. In light of the resurgence of several protests worldwide, have new technological strategies been employed by protest leaders to counteract government efforts? Have digital tools adapted to government control? This study analyzed how social media has adapted in the face of repression in non-Western protest movements through the analysis of digital strategies evoked by protest leaders to organize demonstrations, mobilize people and persuade the undecided. Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement and the resurgence of protest in the territory in 2019-2020, and Sudan’s 2011-2013 protests and the subsequent 2018-2019 Intifada were chosen as case studies. A thematic analysis approach illustrated the different strategies implemented by both activists and governments and the ways in which social media evolved throughout the protest movements. This highlighted the various ways tools adapted to best facilitate the organization, mobilization and persuasion efforts to counter-act government repression and digital intervention. The technological evolution of social media has created an unprecedented level of transparency that allows for injustices actioned by governments to be shared on an international platform. This has ultimately led to a transfer of power to the people in times of social unrest and protest. -
View: S/2021/322
United Nations S/2021/322 Security Council Distr.: General 1 April 2021 Original: English Letter dated 1 April 2021 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council I have the honour to refer to paragraph 31 of resolution 2550 (2020), in which the Security Council requested that I hold joint consultations with the Governments of the Sudan, South Sudan and Ethiopia, as well as other relevant stakeholders, to discuss an exit strategy for the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and develop options for its responsible drawdown and exit. I further refer to the request of the Security Council that I report no later than 31 March 2021, elaborating on those options, which should prioritize the safety and security of civilians living in Abyei, account for the stability of the region and include an option for a responsible drawdown and exit of UNISFA that is not limited by implementation of the 2011 agreements. Pursuant to the above request, my Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa undertook consultations in February and March 2021. Consultations with the transitional Government of the Sudan took place in Khartoum through discussions with the Chair of the Sovereign Council, Lieutenant General Abdel Fattah Al-Burhan; the Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok; the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mariam Al-Sadiq Al-Mahdi; the Minister of Defence, Lieutenant General Yassin Ibrahim Yassin; and representatives of the Abyei Joint Oversight Committee. Owing to the severe impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in South Sudan, consultations with the Government of South Sudan were held remotely and in writing through the Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Beatrice Khamisa Wani- Noah, and the Minister of East African Community Affairs, Deng Alor, holder of the Abyei portfolio. -
The Fall of Al-Bashir: Mapping Contestation Forces in Sudan
Bawader, 12th April 2019 The Fall of al-Bashir: Mapping Contestation Forces in Sudan → Magdi El-Gizouli Protests in Khartoum calling for regime change © EPA-EFE/STR What is the Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) anyway, perplexed commentators and news anchors on Sudan’s government-aligned television channels asked repetitively as if bound by a spell? An anchor on the BBC Arabic Channel described the SPA as “mysterious” and “bewildering”. Most were asking about the apparently unfathomable body that has taken the Sudanese political scene by surprise since December 2018 when the ongoing wave of popular protests against President Omar al-Bashir’s 30-year authoritarian rule began. The initial spark of protests came from Atbara, a dusty town pressed between the Nile and the desert some 350km north of the capital, Khartoum. A crowd of school pupils, market labourers and university students raged against the government in response to an abrupt tripling of the price of bread as a result of the government’s removal of wheat subsidies. Protestors in several towns across the country set fire to the headquarters of the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) and stormed local government offices and Zakat Chamber1 storehouses taking food items in a show of popular sovereignty. Territorial separation and economic freefall Since the independence of South Sudan in 2011, Sudan’s economy has been experiencing a freefall as the bulk of its oil and government revenues withered away almost overnight. Currency depreciation, hyperinflation and dwindling foreign currency reserves coupled with the rise in the prices of good and a banking crisis with severe cash supply shortages, have all contributed to the economic crisis. -
Sudan Law Reform Advocacy Briefing
Sudan Law Reform Advocacy Briefing January 2014 Welcome to the fourth issue of the Sudan Law Reform Advocacy Briefing.1 This Briefing is published quarterly to highlight and reflect on law reform developments and issues critical to the promotion and protection of human rights in Sudan. Its aim is to inform and engage those working on, and interested in, law reform and human rights in Sudan. The present issue contains an annotated compilation of key recommendations made by regional and international human rights bodies, as well as states during the Universal Periodic Review process, and, in so far as available, responses by Sudan thereto. It focuses on legislative reforms, particularly in relation to serious human rights violations. This issue seeks to provide a useful reference document for all actors concerned and to identify priority areas for engagement, particularly in the context of the pending review of Sudan’s state party report by the UN Human Rights Committee. Yours, Lutz Oette For further information, please visit our dedicated project website at www.pclrs.org/ Please contact Lutz Oette (REDRESS) at [email protected] (Tel +44 20 77931777) if you wish to share information or submit your comments for consideration, or if you do not wish to receive any further issues of the advocacy briefing. 1 The Advocacy Briefings are available online at: http://www.pclrs.org/english/updates. 1 I. The implementation of international human rights treaty obligations, legislative reforms and effective protection of rights in Sudan: International perspectives and Sudan’s responses in context 1. Introduction The question of human rights in Sudan has engaged a large number of regional and international bodies. -
Political Repression in Sudan
Sudan Page 1 of 243 BEHIND THE RED LINE Political Repression in Sudan Human Rights Watch/Africa Human Rights Watch Copyright © May 1996 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-75962 ISBN 1-56432-164-9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was researched and written by Human Rights Watch Counsel Jemera Rone. Human Rights Watch Leonard H. Sandler Fellow Brian Owsley also conducted research with Ms. Rone during a mission to Khartoum, Sudan, from May 1-June 13, 1995, at the invitation of the Sudanese government. Interviews in Khartoum with nongovernment people and agencies were conducted in private, as agreed with the government before the mission began. Private individuals and groups requested anonymity because of fear of government reprisals. Interviews in Juba, the largest town in the south, were not private and were controlled by Sudan Security, which terminated the visit prematurely. Other interviews were conducted in the United States, Cairo, London and elsewhere after the end of the mission. Ms. Rone conducted further research in Kenya and southern Sudan from March 5-20, 1995. The report was edited by Deputy Program Director Michael McClintock and Human Rights Watch/Africa Executive Director Peter Takirambudde. Acting Counsel Dinah PoKempner reviewed sections of the manuscript and Associate Kerry McArthur provided production assistance. This report could not have been written without the assistance of many Sudanese whose names cannot be disclosed. CONTENTS -
Internal Communication Clearance Form
NATIONS UNIES UNITED NATIONS HAUT COMMISSARIAT DES NATIONS UNIES OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS AUX DROITS DE L’HOMME HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS PROCEDURES SPECIALES DU SPECIAL PROCEDURES OF THE CONSEIL DES DROITS DE L’HOMME HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Mandates of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention; the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances; the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression; the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association; the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders; the Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in the Sudan; the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions; and the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment REFERENCE: UA G/SO 218/2 G/SO 217/1 G/SO 214 (67-17) Assembly & Association (2010-1) G/SO 214 (107-9) Sudan G/SO 214 (33-27) G/SO 214 (53-24) SDN 7/2013 17 October 2013 Excellency, We have the honour to address you in our capacity as Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention; Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances; Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression; Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association; Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders; Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in the Sudan; Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions; Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 15/18, 16/16, 16/4, 15/21, 16/5, 21/27, 17/5, and 16/23. -
Towards Inclusive Economic Growth in Sudan: Stabilization and Recovery Thursday 3 October 2019 | Khartoum, Sudan Speaker and Chair Biographies
Towards Inclusive Economic Growth in Sudan: Stabilization and Recovery Thursday 3 October 2019 | Khartoum, Sudan Speaker and Chair Biographies HE Dr Abdalla Hamdok is Prime Minister of the Republic of Sudan, and head of the country’s transitional executive council since August 2019. He has over 30 years’ experience in the areas of public sector reform, governance, regional integration and resource management, addressing diverse development challenges in the African policy landscape. Dr Hamdok previously served as Deputy Executive Secretary and Chief Economist of the ECA, prior to which, he headed ECA’s portfolios of activities on development policy management, NEPAD and regional integration, and governance and public administration. From 2003-2008, he served International IDEA as Regional Director for Africa and the Middle East. He has also held senior positions at the International Labour Organization, African Development Bank and Deloitte & Touche; as well as at the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning of Sudan (1981-1987). Dr Alex Vines OBE is Research Director for Risk, Ethics and Resilience, and Head of the Africa Programme at Chatham House. Previously, he has held roles at Chatham House as Director for Regional Studies and International Security, and Director for Area Studies and International Law. He chaired the UN Panel of Experts on Côte d’Ivoire from 2005 to 2007, and was also a member of the Commonwealth Observer Group to Ghana in 2016. Alex has also been a UN election officer in Mozambique and Angola, and served as a consultant for the UN Office on Drugs and Crime and for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). -
1 Chairperson, Committee on Economic, Social And
Chairperson, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights UNOG-OHCHR CH 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland 1 October 2014 Dear Mr. Kedzia, 56th Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Pre-Sessional Working Group on Sudan We are writing with a view to the pre-sessional meeting of the working group on Sudan during the 54th Session from 1-5 December 2014. Please find below a brief update of developments pertaining to the main concerns of REDRESS and the African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS) in relation to the state party’s implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). 1 I. Renewed conflict, ongoing human rights violations and impunity The situation in Sudan since 2000, when the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights last considered a report by the State party,1 has been marked by considerable developments and changes, including the adoption of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, the Interim National Constitution in 2005 and the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Nonetheless, most of the concerns identified in the Committee’s concluding observations of 2000 have not been adequately addressed, and several new issues of concern have arisen since. The situation in Sudan continues to be characterised by ongoing human rights violations, armed conflict, impunity and a weak rule of law. Lack of democracy, marginalisation (of the periphery and of groups within Sudan, particularly women) and weak governance are among the key factors that have contributed to this systemic crisis. -
Darfur Destroyed Ethnic Cleansing by Government and Militia Forces in Western Sudan Summary
Human Rights Watch May 2004 Vol. 16, No. 6(A) DARFUR DESTROYED ETHNIC CLEANSING BY GOVERNMENT AND MILITIA FORCES IN WESTERN SUDAN SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................... 1 SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................... 3 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 5 ABUSES BY THE GOVERNMENT-JANJAWEED IN WEST DARFUR.................... 7 Mass Killings By the Government and Janjaweed............................................................... 8 Attacks and massacres in Dar Masalit ............................................................................... 8 Mass Executions of captured Fur men in Wadi Salih: 145 killed................................ 21 Other Mass Killings of Fur civilians in Wadi Salih........................................................ 23 Aerial bombardment of civilians ..........................................................................................24 Systematic Targeting of Marsali and Fur, Burnings of Marsalit Villages and Destruction of Food Stocks and Other Essential Items ..................................................26 Destruction of Mosques and Islamic Religious Articles............................................... 27 Killings and assault accompanying looting of property....................................................28 Rape and other forms -
Sudan Opposition to the Government, Including
Country Policy and Information Note Sudan: Opposition to the government, including sur place activity Version 2.0 November 2018 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the basis of claim section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis of COI; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Asessment This section analyses the evidence relevant to this note – i.e. the COI section; refugee/human rights laws and policies; and applicable caselaw – by describing this and its inter-relationships, and provides an assessment on whether, in general: x A person is reasonably likely to face a real risk of persecution or serious harm x A person is able to obtain protection from the state (or quasi state bodies) x A person is reasonably able to relocate within a country or territory x Claims are likely to justify granting asylum, humanitarian protection or other form of leave, and x If a claim is refused, it is likely or unlikely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must, however, still consider all claims on an individual basis, taking into account each case’s specific facts. Country of origin information The country information in this note has been carefully selected in accordance with the general principles of COI research as set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation’s (ACCORD), Researching Country Origin Information – Training Manual, 2013. -
Walking a Tightrope: the Transition from UNAMID to UNITAMS in Sudan
FEBRUARY 2021 Walking a Tightrope: The Transition from UNAMID to UNITAMS in Sudan DANIEL FORTI Cover Photo: A team from UNAMID’s ABOUT THE AUTHOR governance and community stabilization section is escorted to the Birka area of DANIEL FORTI is a Senior Policy Analyst at the North Darfur for a peace conference, International Peace Institute. February 1, 2018. Mohamad Almahady/UNAMID. Email: [email protected] Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper represent those of the author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and not necessarily those of the International Peace Institute. IPI The author would like to thank the many individuals who welcomes consideration of a wide shared their insights and perspectives during the range of perspectives in the pursuit of interviews conducted as part of this research. The author is a well-informed debate on critical grateful to Jake Sherman, Namie Di Razza, Adam Day, and policies and issues in international Ralph Mamiya, as well as anonymous colleagues from affairs. within the United Nations, for providing feedback on earlier IPI Publications drafts of this report. The author owes a particular debt of Albert Trithart, Editor and gratitude to Ilhan Dahir, who provided invaluable support Research Fellow throughout the lifecycle of this study. The author also Emma Fox, Editorial Intern appreciates the dedicated efforts of Albert Trithart and Emma Fox during the revision phases and thanks Annie Suggested Citation: Schmidt for her work on the graphics in this report. Any Daniel Forti, “Walking a Tightrope: The errors of fact or judgment are the sole responsibility of the Transition from UNAMID to UNITAMS in author. -
Agents of Fear
AGENTS OF FEAR THE NATIONAL SECURITY SERVICE IN SUDAN Amnesty International is a global movement of 2.8 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. Amnesty International Publications First published in 2010 by Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom www.amnesty.org © Amnesty International Publications 2010 Index: AFR 54/010/2010 Original language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. Cover photo : A cell where detainees were held by the National Intelligence and Security Service in Nyala, Sudan. This photograph was taken in 2004 during a visit of