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The Past, Present, and Future of English Dialects: Quantifying Convergence, Divergence, and Dynamic Equilibrium
Language Variation and Change, 22 (2010), 69–104. © Cambridge University Press, 2010 0954-3945/10 $16.00 doi:10.1017/S0954394510000013 The past, present, and future of English dialects: Quantifying convergence, divergence, and dynamic equilibrium WARREN M AGUIRE AND A PRIL M C M AHON University of Edinburgh P AUL H EGGARTY University of Cambridge D AN D EDIU Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics ABSTRACT This article reports on research which seeks to compare and measure the similarities between phonetic transcriptions in the analysis of relationships between varieties of English. It addresses the question of whether these varieties have been converging, diverging, or maintaining equilibrium as a result of endogenous and exogenous phonetic and phonological changes. We argue that it is only possible to identify such patterns of change by the simultaneous comparison of a wide range of varieties of a language across a data set that has not been specifically selected to highlight those changes that are believed to be important. Our analysis suggests that although there has been an obvious reduction in regional variation with the loss of traditional dialects of English and Scots, there has not been any significant convergence (or divergence) of regional accents of English in recent decades, despite the rapid spread of a number of features such as TH-fronting. THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF ENGLISH DIALECTS Trudgill (1990) made a distinction between Traditional and Mainstream dialects of English. Of the Traditional dialects, he stated (p. 5) that: They are most easily found, as far as England is concerned, in the more remote and peripheral rural areas of the country, although some urban areas of northern and western England still have many Traditional Dialect speakers. -
Standard Southern British English As Referee Design in Irish Radio Advertising
Joan O’Sullivan Standard Southern British English as referee design in Irish radio advertising Abstract: The exploitation of external as opposed to local language varieties in advertising can be associated with a history of colonization, the external variety being viewed as superior to the local (Bell 1991: 145). Although “Standard English” in terms of accent was never an exonormative model for speakers in Ireland (Hickey 2012), nevertheless Ireland’s history of colonization by Britain, together with the geographical proximity and close socio-political and sociocultural connections of the two countries makes the Irish context an interesting one in which to examine this phenomenon. This study looks at how and to what extent standard British Received Pronunciation (RP), now termed Standard Southern British English (SSBE) (see Hughes et al. 2012) as opposed to Irish English varieties is exploited in radio advertising in Ireland. The study is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus of ads broadcast on an Irish radio station in the years 1977, 1987, 1997 and 2007. The use of SSBE in the ads is examined in terms of referee design (Bell 1984) which has been found to be a useful concept in explaining variety choice in the advertising context and in “taking the ideological temperature” of society (Vestergaard and Schroder 1985: 121). The analysis is based on Sussex’s (1989) advertisement components of Action and Comment, which relate to the genre of the discourse. Keywords: advertising, language variety, referee design, language ideology. 1 Introduction The use of language variety in the domain of advertising has received considerable attention during the past two decades (for example, Bell 1991; Lee 1992; Koslow et al. -
Variation in Form and Function in Jewish English Intonation
Variation in Form and Function in Jewish English Intonation Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Rachel Steindel Burdin ∼6 6 Graduate Program in Linguistics The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: Professor Brian D. Joseph, Advisor Professor Cynthia G. Clopper Professor Donald Winford c Rachel Steindel Burdin, 2016 Abstract Intonation has long been noted as a salient feature of American Jewish English speech (Weinreich, 1956); however, there has not been much systematic study of how, exactly Jewish English intonation is distinct, and to what extent Yiddish has played a role in this distinctness. This dissertation examines the impact of Yiddish on Jewish English intonation in the Jewish community of Dayton, Ohio, and how features of Yiddish intonation are used in Jewish English. 20 participants were interviewed for a production study. The participants were balanced for gender, age, religion (Jewish or not), and language background (whether or not they spoke Yiddish in addition to English). In addition, recordings were made of a local Yiddish club. The production study revealed differences in both the form and function in Jewish English, and that Yiddish was the likely source for that difference. The Yiddish-speaking participants were found to both have distinctive productions of rise-falls, including higher peaks, and a wider pitch range, in their Yiddish, as well as in their English produced during the Yiddish club meetings. The younger Jewish English participants also showed a wider pitch range in some situations during the interviews. -
An Analysis of Factors Influencing Transmission of Internet Memes of English-Speaking Origin in Chinese Online Communities
ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 969-977, September 2017 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0805.19 An Analysis of Factors Influencing Transmission of Internet Memes of English-speaking Origin in Chinese Online Communities Siyue Yang Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China Abstract—Meme, as defined in Dawkins' 1976 book 'The Selfish Gene', is "an idea, behaviour or style that spreads from person to person within a culture". Internet meme is an extension of meme, with the defining characteristic being its spread via Internet. While online communities of all cultures generate their own memes, owing to the colossal amount of content in English and the long & widespread adoption of Internet across all strata of society in English-speaking countries, the vast majority of high-impact and well-documented memes have their origin in English-speaking communities. In addition to their spread in the original culture sphere, some of these prominent memes have also crossed the cultural boundaries and entered the parlance of Chinese Internet communities. This paper seeks to give a brief introduction to Internet memes in general, and explore the factors that control and/or facilitate a meme’s ability to enter Chinese communities. Index Terms—Internet meme, cross-cultural communication, Chinese Internet I. INTRODUCTION Internet meme, an extension of the term "meme" first coined by Richard Dawkins (1976) in his work The Selfish Gene (p. 192), refers to the unique form of meme that spreads through the Internet. Internet memes in their various forms currently enjoy substantial popularity among Internet users all around the globe, and are flourishing and becoming increasingly entrenched in the mainstream culture of all the disparate societies in this connected world. -
Describing Doggo-Speak: Features of Doggo Meme Language
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2018 Describing Doggo-Speak: Features of Doggo Meme Language Jennifer Bivens The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2718 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] DESCRIBING DOGGO-SPEAK: FEATURES OF DOGGO MEME LANGUAGE by JENNIFER BIVENS A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2018 © 2018 Jennifer Bivens All Rights Reserved ii Describing Doggo-Speak: Features of Doggo Meme Language by Jennifer Bivens This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. Date William Sakas Thesis Advisor Date Gita Martohardjono Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Describing Doggo-Speak: Features of Doggo Meme Language by Jennifer Bivens Advisor: William Sakas Doggo-speak is a specialized way of writing most commonly associated with captions on Doggo memes, humorous images of dogs shared in online communities. This paper will explore linguistic features of Doggo-speak through analysis of social media posts by Doggo fan pages. It will use the discussed features as inputs to five machine learning classifiers and will show, through this classification task, that the discussed features are sufficient for distinguishing between Doggo- speak and more general English text. -
L Vocalisation As a Natural Phenomenon
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Essex Research Repository L Vocalisation as a Natural Phenomenon Wyn Johnson and David Britain Essex University [email protected] [email protected] 1. Introduction The sound /l/ is generally characterised in the literature as a coronal lateral approximant. This standard description holds that the sounds involves contact between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, but instead of the air being blocked at the sides of the tongue, it is also allowed to pass down the sides. In many (but not all) dialects of English /l/ has two allophones – clear /l/ ([l]), roughly as described, and dark, or velarised, /l/ ([…]) involving a secondary articulation – the retraction of the back of the tongue towards the velum. In dialects which exhibit this allophony, the clear /l/ occurs in syllable onsets and the dark /l/ in syllable rhymes (leaf [li˘f] vs. feel [fi˘…] and table [te˘b…]). The focus of this paper is the phenomenon of l-vocalisation, that is to say the vocalisation of dark /l/ in syllable rhymes 1. feel [fi˘w] table [te˘bu] but leaf [li˘f] 1 This process is widespread in the varieties of English spoken in the South-Eastern part of Britain (Bower 1973; Hardcastle & Barry 1989; Hudson and Holloway 1977; Meuter 2002, Przedlacka 2001; Spero 1996; Tollfree 1999, Trudgill 1986; Wells 1982) (indeed, it appears to be categorical in some varieties there) and which extends to many other dialects including American English (Ash 1982; Hubbell 1950; Pederson 2001); Australian English (Borowsky 2001, Borowsky and Horvath 1997, Horvath and Horvath 1997, 2001, 2002), New Zealand English (Bauer 1986, 1994; Horvath and Horvath 2001, 2002) and Falkland Island English (Sudbury 2001). -
Super Duper Semaphore Or, As We Like to Call It
Super Duper Semaphore Or, as we like to call it ... Flag Texting! Hello Lieutenants ... You can have a whole lot of fun with just a couple of hand flags. Even if you don’t have actual flags, you can make your own using items found around your home, like tea towels, or even two smelly old socks tied to some sticks! As long as you’re having fun ... be inventive. What’s it all about? Well, believe it or not, a great way for ships near (in range of) each other or ships wanting to communicate to the land is to use ‘Flag Semaphore’. It’s a bit like sending a text message ... but with your arms. It has been used for hundreds of years on both land and sea (from the sea, red and yellow flags are used). The word semaphore is Greek for ‘Sign-bearer’ Here’s how it works… Each letter of the alphabet has its own arm position (plus a few extras that we will cover in later ranks). Once you can remember these, you can send loads of hidden messages to your friends and family. Check these out ... ABCDEFG HIJKLM NOPQR STUVWX YZ How cool is that? To send a message the ‘sender’ gets the attention of the ‘receiver’ by waving their arms (and flags) by their side in an up and down motion (imagine flapping your arms like a bird). Don’t worry if you make mistakes or the receiver translates your signals into silly words - we’ve had lots of fun practicing this, and it will take time to become a Super Signaller! Are you ready to send your message? One letter at a time? Remember to pause between each letter and a bit longer between words to accurately get your message through. -
New Cambridge History of the English Language
New Cambridge History of the English Language Volume III: Change, transmission and ideology Editor: Joan Beal (Sheffield) I The transmission of English 1. Dictionaries in the history of English (John Considine) 2. Writing grammars for English (Ingrid Tieken) 3. Speech representation in the history of English (Peter Grund) 4. The history of English in the digital age (Caroline Tagg and Melanie Evans) 5. Teaching the history of English (Mary Hayes) 6. Internet resources for the history of English (Ayumi Miura) II Tracing change in the history of English 7. The history of English style (Nuria Yáñez Bouza / Javier Perez Guerra) 8. The system of verbal complementation (Hendrik de Smet) 9. Tense and aspect in the history of English (Teresa Fanego) 10. Development of the passive (Peter Petré) 11. Adverbs in the history of English (Ursula Lenker) 12. The story of English negation (Gabriella Mazzon) 13. Case variation in the history of English (Anette Rosenbach) 14. The noun phrase the history of English (Wim van der Wurff) 15. Relativisation (Cristina Suárez Gómez) 16. The development of pragmatic markers (Laurel Brinton) 17. Recent syntactic change in English (Jill Bowie and Bas Aarts) 18. Semantic change (Justyna Robinson) 19. Phonological change (Gjertrud Stenbrenden) 20. The history of R in English (Patrick Honeybone) 21. Reconstructing pronunciation (David Crystal) 22. Spelling practices and emergent standard writing (Juan Camilo Conde Silvestre and Juan Manuel Hernández Campoy) NewCHEL Vol. 3: Change, transmission and ideology Page 2 of 62 III Ideology, society and the history of English 23. The ideology of standard English (Lesley Milroy) 24. English dictionaries in the 18th and 19th centuries (Charlotte Brewer) 25. -
Eie312 Communications Principles
EIE312 COMMUNICATIONS PRINCIPLES Outline: Principles of communications: 1. An elementary account of the types of transmission (Analogue signal transmission and digital signal transmission). Block diagram of a communication system. 2. Brief Historical development on communications: a. Telegraph b. Telephony c. Radio d. Satellite e. Data f. Optical and mobile communications g. Facsimile 3. The frequency Spectrum 4. Signals and vectors, orthogonal functions. 5. Fourier series, Fourier integral, signal spectrum, convolution, power and energy correlation. 6. Modulation, reasons for modulation, types of modulation. 7. Amplitude modulation systems: a. Comparison of amplitude modulation systems. b. Methods of generating and detecting AM, DBS and SSB signals. c. Vestigial sideband d. Frequency mixing and multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing e. Applications of AM systems. 8. Frequency modulation systems: 1 a. Instantaneous frequency, frequency deviation, modulation index, Bessel coefficients, significant sideband criteria b. Bandwidth of a sinusoidally modulated FM signal, power of an FM signal, direct and indirect FM generation, c. Various methods of FM demodulation, discriminator, phase-lock loop, limiter, pre- emphasis and de-emphasis, Stereophonic FM broadcasting 9. Noise waveforms and characteristics. Thermal noise, shot noise, noise figure and noise temperature. Cascade network, experimental determination of noise figure. Effects of noise on AM and FM systems. 10. Block diagram of a superheterodyne AM radio receiver, AM broadcast mixer, local oscillator design, intermodulation interference, adjacent channel interference, ganging, tracking error, intermediate frequency, automatic gain control (AGC), delay AGC, diode detector, volume control. 11. FM broadcast band and specification, Image frequency, block diagram of a FM radio receiver, limiter and ratio detectors, automatic frequency control, squelch circuit, FM mono and FM stereo receivers. -
So Language. Very Prescribe. Wow. the Familiar Popular Dispute Between Descriptivists and Prescriptivists About Grammar Is
So language. Very prescribe. Wow. Abstract: The philosophical dispute about linguistic normativity is one battlefield in a larger war over the nature of language as an object of scientific study. For those influenced by Wittgenstein, language involves following – or failing to follow – public, prescriptive rules; for Chomsky and his followers, language is a property of individual minds and brains, and the grammatical judgements of any mature individual speaker – her competence – cannot be, in any linguistic sense, ‘wrong’. As I argue here, the recent ‘doge meme’ internet fad provides surprising evidence for the prescriptivist view. Normative attitudes towards linguistic practices are a ubiquitous feature of those practices, and there is no principled basis on which to regard them as non-linguistic. Keywords: Chomsky; Doge; I-Language; Normativity; Prescriptivism. The familiar popular dispute between descriptivists and prescriptivists about grammar is – let us not mince words here – a profoundly tiresome and pointless one (Wallace 2001), which the explosion of opportunities for pedantry afforded by the internet has done everything to amplify, and nothing to revivify; I have no intention of pursuing it here. But the dispute has roots, or at any rate analogues, in some deep issues in theoretical linguistics and the philosophy of language; and as I shall argue, interesting light is shed on that dispute by a most unlikely online phenomenon. I begin by summarising the main threads of the philosophical debate about normativity in grammar, and the apparent stalemate they have recently issued in. I then try to make whatever sense can be made of the wilfully absurd ‘Doge’ meme, before showing how that phenomenon, surprisingly, provides significant evidence for the prescriptivist case. -
Chloé Quenum + Adrian Dan: Minimally Invasive 26.02 --- 26.3.2015
Chloé Quenum + Adrian Dan: Minimally Invasive 26.02 --- 26.3.2015 opening / february 26, 2015 / 19:00h Galeria Nicodim Bucharest Cantacuzino Palace Nr. 141, Victoria Street 010 071 Bucharest, Sector 1 Romania The drudgery of creative professionalism. A mix---up in the wash. Your best black shirt now looks like the skin of an old bronze statue, weepy with corrosion. There’s that jacket that makes you look interesting. Some tchotchkes on the desk. The obsolete deftness with which you made emoticons, now quaint as shorthand, or flag semaphore. Hopping from capital---to---capital, the same sleek wooden angles backed by a different iconic skyline at the best hotel in . Thumbing through pictures of an old crush on your phone, some old notes from a previous “project” tucked away until they are of use again. Maybe it’s time for a new shelf, one that angles just so.... Of all the shelves being built in the world, surely there is one that is just right. Surely someone has thought of you. There’s always time to rearrange the furniture; the fettered sticks that make up letters and words; the rows of images that don’t make a story. Adrian Dan (born 1985 in Constanta, Romania) works and lives in Paris. Adrian graduated as MA (honors) in 2011 at Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux Arts (ENSBA) in Paris. He had solo exhibitions in Paris and Bucharest, participated in group exhibitions in Brussels, Bucharest and Paris and is currently one of six researchers in residence at Marfa, Texas. Chloe Quenum (born 1983 in Paris, France) works and lives in Paris. -
Student and Educator Beliefs on an English As a Lingua Franca Classroom Framework
Student and Educator Beliefs on an English as a Lingua Franca Classroom Framework By Florence Pattee A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in TESOL University of Wisconsin- River Falls 2020 BELIEFS ON AN ELF FRAMEWORK 2 Abstract The ways in which students use English to communicate has evolved. Many students around the world now use English to communicate as a lingua franca with other non-native speakers. In order to meet the needs of their students and help them achieve their goals, teachers need to be aware of not only how their students are using English but the beliefs about English language learning that they are bringing into the classroom. Further, teachers must be aware of the extent to which their own beliefs are aligned with those of their students. This study of 86 students at four language centers in Malaysia, along with their 18 instructors, investigated the extent to which student beliefs align with an English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) framework, and the degree to which teachers share those beliefs and are aware of them. Students were asked to respond to 15 statements about their beliefs on the role of culture in language learning, frequency of error correction, native-speaker models and interlocutor beliefs. The teacher survey similarly asked teachers to respond to 10 statements about their beliefs and their awareness of student beliefs, while setting up three direct comparisons between what the students believe and what the teachers think their students believe. The study found that teacher beliefs largely seemed supportive of an ELF approach.