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Cosmological Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy Edited by Kazuharu Bamba Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Symmetry www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry Cosmological Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy Cosmological Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy Special Issue Editor Kazuharu Bamba MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Kazuharu Bamba Fukushima University Japan Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry/ special issues/Cosmological Inflation Dark Matter Dark Energy). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-764-9 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-765-6 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Cosmological Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy” ................ ix Emma Kun, Zolt´an Keresztes, Das Saurya, L´aszl´o A.´ Gergely Dark Matter as a Non-Relativistic Bose–Einstein Condensate with Massive Gravitons Reprinted from: Symmetry 2018, 10, 520, doi:10.3390/sym10100520 ................. 1 Vitaly Beylin, Maxim Yu. Khlopov, Vladimir Kuksa and Nikolay Volchanskiy Hadronic and Hadron-Like Physics of Dark Matter Reprinted from: Symmetry 2019, 11, 587, doi:10.3390/sym11040587 ................. 14 M. Sharif, Syed Asif Ali Shah and Kazuharu Bamba New Holographic Dark Energy Model in Brans-Dicke Theory Reprinted from: Symmetry 2018, 10, 153, doi:10.3390/sym10050153 ................. 60 Ivan de Martino Decaying Dark Energy in Light of the Latest Cosmological Dataset Reprinted from: Symmetry 2018, 10, 372, doi:10.3390/sym10090372 ................. 70 Alexander B. Balakin and Alexei S. Ilin Dark Energy and Dark Matter Interaction: Kernels of Volterra Type and Coincidence Problem Reprinted from: Symmetry 2018, 10, 411, doi:10.3390/sym10090411 ................. 85 Abdul Jawad, Kazuharu Bamba, M. Younas, Saba Qummer and Shamaila Rani Tsallis,Renyi´ and Sharma-Mittal Holographic Dark Energy Models inLoop Quantum Cosmology Reprinted from: Symmetry 2018, 10, 635, doi:10.3390/sym10110635 .................101 Irina Dymnikova and Anna Dobosz Spacetime Symmetry and LemaˆıTre Class Dark Energy Models Reprinted from: Symmetry 2019, 11, 90, doi:10.3390/sym11010090 ..................116 Shamaila Rani, AbdulJawad, Kazuharu Bamba and Irfan Ullah Malik Cosmological Consequences of New Dark Energy Models in Einstein-Aether Gravity Reprinted from: Symmetry 2019, 11, 509, doi:10.3390/sym11040509 .................134 Abdul Jawad, Shamaila Rani, Sidra Saleem, Kazuharu Bamba and Riffat Jabeen Cosmological Consequences of a Parametrized Equation of State Reprinted from: Symmetry 2019, 11, 1009, doi:10.3390/sym11081009 .................159 Taisaku Mori and Shin’ichi Nojiri Topological Gravity Motivated by Renormalization Group Reprinted from: Symmetry 2018, 10, 396, doi:10.3390/sym10090396 .................176 Orchidea Maria Lecian Alternative Uses for Quantum Systems and Devices Reprinted from: Symmetry 2019, 11, 462, doi:10.3390/sym11040462 .................188 Bence Racsk´o, L´aszl´o A.´ Gergely The Lanczos Equation on Light-Like Hypersurfaces in a Cosmologically Viable Class of Kinetic Gravity Braiding Theories Reprinted from: Symmetry 2019, 11, 616, doi:10.3390/sym11050616 .................205 v Riasat Ali, Kazuharu Bamba, Syed Asif Ali Shah Effect of Quantum Gravity on the Stability of Black Holes Reprinted from: Symmetry 2019, 11, 631, doi:10.3390/sym11050631 .................213 vi About the Special Issue Editor Kazuharu Bamba received his Ph.D. from Osaka University in 2006 and served as JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University. He also worked at Kinki University as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow and then he moved to National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, in 2008. In 2010, he became Assistant Professor at Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe (KMI), Nagoya University, and worked on dark energy problems and modified gravity theories. In 2014, he was appointed Lecturer at Ochanomizu University. In 2015, he began as Associate Professor at Fukushima University in Japan, where he teaches physics and cosmology. He has published more than 110 papers in international refereed journals. Since 2014, he has been the Associate Editor-in-Chief of Universe (MDPI), and also an Editor of Entropy since 2014 and Symmetry since 2018. vii Preface to ”Cosmological Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy” Based on recent cosmological observations, such as type Ia supernovae, cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation large-scale structure, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), and weak lensing, the universe has experienced an accelerated phase of its expansion, not only regarding the early universe but also in present times. The former is called “inflation” and the latter is called “the late-time cosmic acceleration”. It is also well known that the three energy components of the universe are dark energy (about 68%), dark matter (about 27%), and baryon (about 5%). A number of studies have been executed for the origins of the field to realize inflation, dark matter, and dark energy. The future detection of primordial gravitational waves is strongly expected in order to know the energy scale of the inflationary phase. Moreover, there are two possibilities for the origin of dark matter, namely, new particles in particle theory models beyond the standard model and astrophysical objects. Furthermore, two representative studies have been proposed for the true character of dark energy. One is the introduction of some unknown matter called dark energy with the negative pressure in the framework of general relativity. The other is the modification of gravity at large scales, leading to the so-called geometrical dark energy. The main aim of this book is to understand various cosmological aspects, including the origins of inflation, dark matter, and dark energy. It is one of the most significant and fundamental issues in modern physics and cosmology. In addition to phenomenological approaches, more fundamental studies are considered from higher-dimensional theories of gravity, quantum gravity, and quantum cosmology, physics in the early universe, quantum field theories, and gauge field theories in curved spacetime as well as strings, branes, and the holographic principle. This book consists of the 13 peer-reviewed articles published in the Special Issue “Cosmological Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy” in Symmetry. As Guest Editor of this Special Issue, I have invited the authors to write original articles to the Issue and rearranged the contents for this book. The organization of this book is as follows. The first part (2 articles) concerns the origin and nature of dark matter. The second (7 articles) details the mechanisms for the cosmic accelerations of dark energy as well as inflation. The third (4 articles) covers gravity theories and their quantum aspects. I would like to sincerely acknowledge MDPI and am greatly appreciative of the Managing Editor, Ms. Dalia Su, for her very kind support and warm assistance during this project. Moreover, I am highly grateful to the Editor-in-Chief Professor Dr. Sergei D. Odintsov for giving me the chance to serve as Guest Editor of this Special Issue. Furthermore, since this is my first memorial editorial book, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Professor Dr. Jun’ichi Yokoyama, Professor Dr. Misao Sasaki, Professor Dr. Motohiko Yoshimura, Professor Dr. Fumio Takahara; my professors Professor Dr. Shin’ichi Nojiri, Professor Dr. Akio Sugamoto, Professor Dr. Chao-Qiang Geng, Professor Dr. Nobuyoshi Ohta; my important collaborators on the topics in this book, Professor Dr. Salvatore Capozziello, Professor Dr. Emmanuel N. Saridakis, Professor Dr. Shinji Tsujikawa; as well as to all of my collaborators. I would also like to thank all the authors for the submission of their articles to this Special Issue of Symmetry. Kazuharu Bamba Special Issue Editor ix S symmetry S Article Dark Matter as a Non-Relativistic Bose–Einstein Condensate with Massive Gravitons Emma Kun 1, Zoltán Keresztes 1,*, Saurya Das 2 and László Á. Gergely 1 1 Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; [email protected] (E.K.); [email protected] (L.Á.G.) 2 Theoretical Physics Group and Quantum Alberta, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 September 2018; Accepted: 15 October 2018; Published: 17 October 2018 Abstract: We confront a non-relativistic Bose–Einstein Condensate (BEC) model of light
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