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FICHA PAÍS Rusia Federación De Rusia OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Rusia Federación de Rusia La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. ABRIL 2021 Religión: Estado aconfesional. Religión mayoritaria entre la población: cris- Rusia tiana ortodoxa rusa (50%). El 13% se declara espiritual, pero sin seguir religión alguna; el 25% ateo, el 6.9% de religión musulmana. Fuente: Atlas de las religiones y nacionalidades de la Federación de Rusia 2012 Forma de Estado: República presidencialista. Organización Territorial: La Constitución define a Rusia como un estado fe- Mar de Barents deral e integrado por una serie de Sujetos o entidades constitutivas de la Federación, que reciben distintos nombres (repúblicas, oblast, krais, oblast San Petersburgo autónomo, distritos autónomos, ciudades federales, región, distrito…), sin que ello suponga diferencias significativas en cuanto a las competencias que Moscú Kazan cada entidad puede ejercer. Mar de Ojotsk Actualmente la Federación de Rusia está formada por 83 Sujetos de la Fede- Rostov Samara del Don Ifa Ekaterimburgo ración (de los cuales 2 son ciudades, Moscú y S. Petersburgo), agrupados en Kronsnodor 8 Distritos Federales. Crimea y Sebastopol se han convertido, tras la anexión Omsk Novosibirsk no reconocida internacionalmente en 2014, los Sujetos Federales 84 y 85, KAZAJISTÁN CHINA respectivamente. MONGOLIA 1.2. Geografía © Ocina de Información Diplomática. La Rusia europea tiene una orografía poco accidentada. Limitada por la gran Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. cadena montañosa del Cáucaso y los montes (más bien colinas) Urales, no hay quiebras en el relieve de la llanura rusa. Siberia occidental, constituida por las cuencas del Obi y el Yeniséi es también casi totalmente llana. Al este 1. DATOS BÁSICOS el terreno se hace más accidentado. Un país tan grande ha de tener zonas muy diversas en cuanto al clima y la vegetación, pero por su latitud septen- 1.1. Características generales trional y carácter continental, el rasgo más característico es el intenso frío invernal que tiene como consecuencia una vegetación adaptada a este clima Nombre oficial: Federación de Rusia extremo. El paisaje se divide en anchas franjas de orientación este-oeste, Superficie: 17.075.400 km2 que progresan, de norte a sur, de la siguiente forma: desierto ártico, tundra, Límites: Desde el enclave de Kaliningrado hasta el estrecho de Bering, Ru- bosque de abetos y abedules, estepa de herbáceas. Las tierras más feraces sia se extiende por casi la mitad (170) de los 360 meridianos de la Tierra. se encuentran al suroeste, en las vegas de los grandes ríos (Volga, Don, etc.) Limita al norte con el océano Ártico; al noroeste con Noruega, Finlandia, el que desembocan en los mares Negro y Caspio. En la parte septentrional la mar Báltico, Estonia, Letonia, Lituania y Polonia; al oeste con Bielorrusia y fertilidad de las tierras está muy limitada por el largo invierno y la pobreza Ucrania; al sudoeste con Georgia y Azerbaiyán; al sur con Kazajistán, China y del suelo. Mongolia; al sudeste con China, Corea del Norte y el mar del Japón. Fronteras: Noruega, Finlandia, Estonia, Letonia, Bielorrusia, Lituania, Polo- 1.3. Indicadores sociales nia, Ucrania, Georgia, Azerbaiyán, Kazajastán, China, Mongolia y Corea del Norte. Densidad: 8,58 habitantes / km2 (Datos del Servicio Federal de Estadística Es- Población: 144.868.9021 habitantes (sin Crimea). datos octubre 2019, tatal). Las regiones más densamente pobladas son el centro de la parte europea Servicio Federal de Estadística Estatal “Rosstat” (gks. ru)) del país (330 hab/km² en Moscú) y el sur, mientras que en Siberia y la mayor Capital: Moscú 12.615.279 habitantes. valoración del Servicio Federal de parte del Lejano Oriente, que representan casi el 60 % de la superficie de Rusia, Estadística Estatal a 1 enero 2019 la densidad no supera los 3 hab/km². Otras ciudades: San Petersburgo, Novosibirsk, Ekaterimburgo, Nizhni Nóvgo- Tasa de natalidad: 10,9/1,000 (Datos del Servicio Federal de Estadística Esta- rod, Kazan, Samara, Rostov na Donu, Omsk. tal, 2017) Idioma: Ruso (oficial) y lenguas vernáculas Tasa de mortalidad: 12,0/1,000 (Datos del Servicio Federal de Estadística Es- Moneda: Rublo (1 rublo=100 kópeks) tatal, 2017) 2 FICHA PAÍS RUSIA Esperanza de vida: hombres: 67,75 años; mujeres: 77,82 años (Datos del Ser- EMPLEO Y TASA DE PARO vicio Federal de Estadística Estatal, 2018) Población (en millones) 143,97 143,99 143,97 143,9 Renta per cápita: 10.608 US$ (datos FMI 2017) Población activa (en millones) 76,6 76,3 76 n.d Coeficiente GINI: Según World Bank en el año 2018 (37,5) último año del % desempleo sobre población activa 5,5 5,2 4,8 n.d que se tienen datos1 SALDO FISCAL Tasa alfabetización: 99.7 % mayores 15 años (datos PNUD 2015, último % de PIB -3,4 -1,4 2,6 1,5 disponible) DEUDA PÚBLICA TOTAL [1] https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?view=map&year=2015 en miles de millones de dólares 206,6 244,7 242,1 265,12 en % de PIB 16,1 15,5 14,6 15,8 1.4. Estructura del Producto Interior Bruto EXPORTACIONES DE BIENES (BP) en millones de dólares 281.700 353.500 443.100 447.700 Con el objetivo de diversificar su economía y disminuir la dependencia de IMPORTACIONES DE BIENES (BP) los hidrocarburos, que representó en 2018 el 9,9% de su PIB y el 46,8% en millones de dólares 191.500 238.100 248.600 255.700 de sus exportaciones, el Gobierno Ruso ha venido adoptando en los últimos SALDO B. COMERCIAL años una estrategia de sustitución de importaciones y autoabastecimiento en millones de dólares 90.200 115.400 194.500 192.000 a través de políticas que incentivan la inversión extranjera y ponen trabas en % de PIB 7 7,3 11,7 11,4 técnicas a la importación. Se facilitan ayudas a los inversores que incorporen SALDO B. CUENTA CORRIENTE en su producción un determinado porcentaje de productos de fabricación en millones de dólares 24.500 3.200 113.800 106.500 rusa y se favorecen las ofertas de empresas establecidas en Rusia en las en % del PIB 1,9 2,1 6,9 6,3 compras públicas, frente a las ofertas presentadas por empresas radicadas DEUDA EXTERNA FINAL DEL PERIODO en el extranjero. en miles de millones de dólares 511,8 518,1 454 456,3 SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA EXTERNA Principales indicadores macroeconómicos en miles de millones de USD 6,6 7,7 8,4 5,4 en porcentaje de exportaciones de bienes PIB POR SECTORES EN % 2020 y servicios 2 1,9 1,7 1,1 Agricultura, silvicultura y pesca 5,3 RESERVAS INTERNACIONALES Industria 37,7 en miles de millones de dólares 377,7 432,7 468,5 517,5 Minería 13,9 INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA DIRECTA Manufacturas 15,9 en miles de millones de dólares 32,53 28,5 8,8 10 Suministro de electricidad, gas, vapor y aire acondicionado 2,1 TIPO DE CAMBIO Suministro hidráulico; alcantarillado, gestión hidráulica 0,3 Final de periodo rublo/dólar 60,66 57,6 69,47 n.d Construcción 5,5 Media rublo/dólar 66,9 58,33 66,47 n.d Servicios 57,0 Final de periodo rublo/euro 63,81 68,87 79,46 n.d Comercio mayorista y minorista; reparación de automóviles Media rublo/euro 74,06 65,78 75,91 n.d y motocicletas 13,3 1 Estimación; Fuentes: Servicio Federal de Estadísticas Estatales, Banco Central de Transportes y almacenamiento 6,0 la Federación Rusa, Fondo Monetario Internacional, Servicio Federal de Aduanas, Hoteles y hostelería 0,7 Ministerio de Finanzas de la Federación Rusa Información y comunicaciones 2,2 Fuente: Servicio Federal de Estadística Actividad financiera y aseguradora 4,8 Actividad inmobiliaria 16,6 PIB POR COMPONENTE DEL GASTO EN % 2020 Actividades profesionales, técnicas y científicas 3,9 Consumo 69,6 Actividades administrativas y servicios de apoyo 2,2 Consumo Privado 49,2 Administración pública y defensa; seguridad social 5,2 Consumo Público 20,1 Educación 0,3 Instituciones Sociales sin ánimo de lucro 0,3 Sanidad y servicios sociales 0,9 Formación bruta 26,6 Artes, entretenimiento y recreación 0,4 Exportación neta 3,8 Otros servicios 0,5 Discrepancia estadística 0 Actividades de hogares como empleadores; bienes y servicios TOTAL 100 indiferenciados producidos por los hogares para uso propio 0,0 Fuente: Federal State Statistics Service TOTAL 100 La evolución del PIB per cápita es la siguiente: PRINCIPALES INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS 2016 2017 2018 2019 AÑO 2018 2019 2020 20211 PIB (miles de millones de dólares PIB per cápita en dólares 11.345 11.601 9.972 10.792 a precios corrientes) 1.283 1.579 1.658 1.678 Evolución % 5,8 2,26 -14,04 8,22 PIB (miles de millones de rublos 1 Estimación; Fuente: IMF a precios corrientes) 86.014 92.101 103.876 109.663 Tasa de variación real (%) 0,3 1,6 2,3 1,2 Si se analizan los salarios en términos nominales se puede concluir que el INFLACIÓN salario medio experimentó crecimientos los últimos años hasta 2020. En Media anual 7,5 3,5 2,5 4,3 términos reales, el crecimiento ha sido negativo debido a las elevadas tasas Final de periodo 6 2,1 3,7 4,1 de inflación, si bien estas van acercándose en la actualidad al objetivo fijado TIPOS DE INTERÉS DE INTERVENCIÓN DEL BANCO CENTRAL por el Banco Central del 4%.
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