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Disaster Management GIS with Emphasis on Cultural Sites

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Disaster Management GIS with Emphasis on Cultural Sites NOÉ DISMA : SIG: Gestion des désastres avec l'accent sur le patrimoine c Sub Project DISMA DISaster MAnagement GIS with emphasis on cultural sites TECHNICAL REPORT: Volume II GIS FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES EASTERN ATTICA AS CASE STUDY Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards & Proactive Planning National Technical University of Athens September 2007 DISaster MAnagement GIS with emphasis on cultural sites Final Report Volume 2 Place and date: 27 SEPTEMBER 2007, ATHENS, GREECE Applicant NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF name: ATHENS Contact PROFESSOR GEORGE TSAKIRIS Person: Signature: Report compiled by: Amanda Laoupi National Technical University of Athens Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards Iroon Polytechniou 9, 157 73 – Zografou, Athens, Greece Tel. +30 210 772647, +30 210 7722700 Fax. +30 210 7722654 2 DISaster MAnagement GIS with emphasis on cultural sites Final Report Volume 2 THE CONSORTIUM Applicant NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards (CANAH) Partner Team 1 Fundação Gomes Teixeira da Universidade do Porto (FGT-UP) 2 Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering- Agricultural University of Athens (NRMAE-AUA) 3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS – CEPAM) Regions involved 1 Région Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur (France) X 2 Région Molise (Italie) 3 Préfecture de Est Attique (Grèce) X 4 Région Nord Portugal (Portugal) X 5 Région Sicile (Italie) 3 DISaster MAnagement GIS with emphasis on cultural sites Final Report Volume 2 Foreword This work aims to establish an interregional operation to protect cultural heritage from damage in the face of natural events under the auspices of INTERREG IIIC- Sud Initiative and the Regional Operation Framework of NOÉ Programme - Patrimoine et prévention des risques naturels- with final beneficiary the Eastern Attica Prefecture. In the framework of NOÉ, the aim of the sub project DISMA is the risk estimation of selected sites of cultural interest within the specific pilot case studies of the region of Eastern Attica Prefecture using GIS environment. This technical report describes the work that was conducted in order to identify and estimate the impacts of a flood event to selected cultural sites and to the economic sector of the surrounding affected area. The research was performed by the Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards (CANAH) of the National Technical University of Athens. The simulation of the flood events, the model set up in HEC and GIS environment and the production of flood maps were performed by Aimilia K. Pistrika. She has also contributed to the building of the risk estimation methodological framework in the face of flood hazard. Data collection and analysis regarding the selected sites of cultural interest within the Eastern Attica Prefecture was conducted by Amanda Laoupi. Software development in GIS environment was performed by Iraklis Klampanos. Also, Laboratory of Photogrammetry, School of Rural and Surveying Enginnering, NTUA contributed the photogrammetric data collection and analysis to the DISMA sub-project, the Laboratory of Remote Sensing contributed the photo- interpretation data collection and analysis and finally the Laboratory of Geography and Spatial Design contributed the building of a GIS database of selected cultural sites. The scientific coordinator of the sub-project DISMA and Director of the Centre was George Tsakiris. 4 DISaster MAnagement GIS with emphasis on cultural sites Final Report Volume 2 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 The cultural landscapes of Eastern Attica: thousands of years of civilization 8 1.2 Caves with palaeontological / archaeological interest 19 1.3 Open-air Monuments 25 1.4 Museums 43 1.5 Maritime Heritage 46 1.6 Natural Landscapes 48 2 SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF HAZARDS IN EASTERN’S ATTICA HISTORY 54 2.1 Hazards’ detection in the cultural landscapes 54 2.2 Natural hazards 57 2.2.1 Local or regional geotectonics ...............................................57 2.2.2 Water –related hazards .........................................................66 2.2.3 Flora / fauna within or around the cultural sites .....................77 2.2.4 Climatic conditions.................................................................79 2.3 Human - induced problems 81 2.3.1 Human- induced water -related hazards................................81 2.3.2 Wild fires / Deforestation........................................................84 2.3.3 Accessibility to the cultural sites / Level of tourist infrastructures........................................................................85 2.3.4 Unsatisfactory management of cultural heritage....................88 2.3.5 Fast development rates and human activities........................90 2.3.6 Industrial threats ....................................................................92 3 METHODOLOGY 94 3.1 The methodological framework in Hazard Analysis of Cultural Landscapes 94 3.1.1 General description ...............................................................94 3.1.2 Main categories of hazards that could affect the patrimony... 95 3.1.3 Main scientific fields contributing to hazard’s detection and evaluation ..............................................................................97 3.2 The case studies and the retrieval of information 100 3.3 IESO technique for Vulnerability assessment of cultural heritage 5 DISaster MAnagement GIS with emphasis on cultural sites Final Report Volume 2 102 3.4 GIS : a multiple-choice flexible tool - Digitizing data for specific targets (selected examples) 105 3.4.1 GIS for caves.......................................................................105 3.4.2 GIS for open-air monuments ..............................................114 3.4.3 GIS for Memory Institutions ................................................. 121 3.4.4 GIS for underwater patrimony.............................................130 3.4.5 GIS for wetlands ..................................................................140 4 TECHNICAL REPORT OF THE PROPOSED GIS PRODUCT 150 4.1 Personal Geodatabase 150 4.2 Projection System and Coordinates 151 4.3 Contents of the GIS application 152 4.3.1 Descriptive information of the Cultural Heritage feature dataset.................................................................................152 4.3.2 Hyperlinks............................................................................159 4.4 Usage of the GIS Application 159 4.4.1 Getting Information for each cultural object ......................... 160 4.5 Using Hyperlinks 162 5 Assessing vulnerability of Cultural Heritage 163 6 EVALUATION REPORT 177 6.1 Overall estimation 177 6.1.1 Archaeological / historic features......................................... 177 6.1.2 Environmental features.......................................................179 6.1.3 Anthropogenic features........................................................179 6.1.4 Local / regional / national features....................................... 180 6.2 Technical level 180 6.3 Administrative level 182 6.4 Scientific level 183 6.5 Co-operative level 183 6.6 Socio-educational level 184 7 ANASYNTHESIS 186 7.1 Conclusive remarks 186 7.1.1 Objectives............................................................................186 6 DISaster MAnagement GIS with emphasis on cultural sites Final Report Volume 2 7.1.2 Methodology ........................................................................186 7.1.3 Difficulties encountered .......................................................189 7.1.4 Overall evaluation of DISMA...............................................190 7.1.5 Positive trends .....................................................................190 7.1.6 Negative trends ...................................................................191 7.2 Perspectives 192 7.2.1 Perspectives of GIS use in Archaeology and Cultural Management........................................................................192 7.2.2 Other perspectives for the GIS use in the development plans of the study areas ...............................................................192 7.3 Proposals 193 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 196 8.1 Greek 196 8.2 Other language 197 8.3 Internet accessible 207 9 GLOSSARY 208 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 217 7 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The cultural landscapes of Eastern Attica: thousands of years of civilization The concept of place is a vivid entity which embraces human’s perception of ۩ the landscape. Each and every place has its own identity, character and expression’s patterns, its own language, either tangible or metaphorical / spiritual. Each and every place constitutes of parallel and overlaying landscapes that include: rational forms & mythical symbolism, the collective unconsciousness of people passing by or settling in them, multiple coexisting cultures, traditions, customs & habits, varying environmental settings (climate, geomorphology, flora & fauna), visual, acoustic, savoury, smelling and tangible impressions and memories, as well as events, accidents and changing names. International conferences have defined the term ‘landscape’ as ‘the visualization’ of abiotic and biotic elements and parameters within the environment, that exist in a given geographical area and have a strong relation to each other, the natural place of ecosystem’s expression, an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and / or human factors (European Convention, 2000; Palermo
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