Paraísos Desfocados

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Paraísos Desfocados Departamento de Antropologia Paraísos Desfocados: Nostalgia Empacotada e Conexões Coloniais em Malaca Ema Cláudia Ribeiro Pires Tese submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Antropologia Orientador: Doutor Brian Juan O’Neill, Professor Catedrático, ISCTE-IUL Março, 2012 Resumo Paraísos Desfocados: Nostalgia Empacotada e Conexões Coloniais em Malaca Este trabalho explora relações entre processos de folclorização e a produção de nostalgia entre os portugueses de Malaca. Uma primeira linha argumentativa explora conexões coloniais entre agentes do Estado Novo português e o grupo. Baseada em pesquisa documental e etnográfica, demonstra-se como as práticas de folclore de Portugal foram introduzidas no século XX em Malaca, por euroasiáticos e agentes coloniais. O trabalho aprofunda as circunstâncias dessas conexões coloniais e alguns dos seus impactos culturais, com expressão visível a partir de 1952. Uma segunda linha de análise estuda o processo de construção social do espaço do bairro portugues de Malaca (1929-2009), em relação com o processo turístico na Malásia Ocidental contemporânea. Discute-se o processo de apropriação social do espaço por várias categorias de pessoas e argumenta-se que, desde a sua produção colonial até à sua reapropriação contemporânea, coexiste uma retórica de nostalgia empacotada subjacente aos usos do espaço. Palavras-Chave: Colonialismo, Espaço, Nostalgia, Turismo. Abstract Blurred Paradises: Packaged Nostalgia and Colonial Connections in Malacca This work explores relationships between processes of folklorization and the production of nostalgia among the Malacca Portuguese. A first line of argument explores colonial connections between this group and agents of the Portuguese New State. Based on documentary research and ethnographic fieldwork, I demonstrate how folklore practices from Portugal were introduced in Malacca in the twentieth century, by Eurasians and colonial agents. My work focuses on the circumstances surrounding these colonial connections, and some of their cultural impacts, particularly visible since 1952. A second line of analysis deals with the social construction of space in Malacca’s Portuguese Settlement (1929-2009), in relation to the tourism process in contemporary West Malaysia. I discuss how different categories of persons appropriate space. I argue that, from its colonial production right up to its contemporary re-appropriation, the uses of space are characterized by an underlying rhetoric of packaged nostalgia. Key-words: Colonialism, Space, Nostalgia, Tourism. Agradecimentos À Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, pela concessão da bolsa de doutoramento que permitiu financiar esta investigação. À Universidade de Évora, pelo tempo de dispensa de serviço docente (sem o qual a realização deste trabalho teria sido impossível). Ao Royal Anthropological Institute (RAI), por uma bolsa de viagem concedida em 2008 e ao International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS), por uma bolsa de viagem e estadia concedida em 2011. Aos professores e colegas: a Brian Juan O’Neill, guru besar desta tese, pela liberdade criativa e por uma estimulante e inspiradora supervisão. A todos os meus outros professores (pelo que aprendi com eles, e a partir deles). A Michael Hertzfeld, Denise Lawrence, Farid Alatas, Margaret Sarkissian, Alan Baxter, Alexius Pereira, Maribeth Erb, Hazel Tucker, Tamara Khon, Adam Kaul, Joan Pujadas, Maria Cardeira da Silva, Sofia Sampaio, Cyril Isnart e Frederic Vidal, pelos comentários a versões prévias e fragmentárias do presente trabalho. Aos colegas da Universidade de Évora (em particular, à Fátima Nunes, Rosalina Costa, José Saragoça e Maria Serrano). Aos estudantes. Aos portugueses de Malaca: pelo acolhimento, a generosidade e o tempo dispendido. Aos residentes do bairro português (em particular, às famílias Fernandez-Banerji e De Costa) e às professoras e estudantes da Escola Canossiana de Ujong Pasir. Em Kluang, a Dorothy Santa Maria. Em Singapura, a Christine Rodrigues Kanagarajah e a Philomena Nonis (e família). Sou grata a todas estas pessoas, não apenas pelo que aprendi para esta tese, mas também pelo que me ensinaram para além desta tese. Aos portugueses de Portugal que colaboraram na realização deste trabalho: em particular, aos familiares do Almirante Sarmento Rodrigues e dos missionários Pes. Manuel Pintado e Augusto Sendim. Ao Pe. Juvenal Garcia. Aos turistas. E a todas as pessoas e instituições onde foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfico-documental. Um agradecimento particular a Joaquim Pais de Brito, Alexandre de Oliveira e aos técnicos do Museu Nacional de Etnologia. Aos amigos (em Portugal, Malásia e Singapura): Anusha, Ajay, Anne, Doreen, Agnes, Carmen, Gerard, Jenny, May, Sub, Sherine, Jacinta, Sandra, Colin, Geoffrey, Veronica, Nuno, Fátima, Helena, Manuela, Josefina, Carmeliza, Hermínio, Catarina, Rosalina, Cristina, Patrícia, Elisabete, Filipe, Pedro, Cyril, Marie, Fernando, Norman, Telma. Ao Virgílio. E ao Neco. O texto que aqui se inicia é ponto de chegada de um percurso de aprendizagem em antropologia, efectivado ao longo de cerca de cinco anos (um tempo classificado como longo, face à actual conjuntura de profissionalização em ciência). Enquanto produto, está expresso nas linhas que se seguem. Enquanto processo, é o fragmento legível de um contexto mais abrangente (povoado de imprevistos e imponderáveis e cujos contornos não cabem nas linhas regulamentadas das normas editoriais dos textos académicos). Os meus pais (Lucília e Júlio Pires) e as minhas anfitriãs (Agnes Fernandez e Doreen Theseira) foram as âncoras afectivas e logísticas deste trabalho. Esta tese é para eles. E é também dedicada à memória de Gerard Fernandis (1952-2006). © Ruy Cinatti / Museu Nacional de Etnologia. Figura 1. Paisagem. Estreito de Malaca, Malaca, ca. 1951. Fotografia desfocada, onde são visíveis, em primeiro plano, um conjunto de palmeiras. Em segundo plano, o Estreito de Malaca, e, em terceiro plano, ilhas próximas (provavelmente, a ilha Besar e ilhas adjacentes). Esta fotografia é evocativa, e metáfora imagética do título desta tese: Paraísos desfocados. ÍNDICE Resumo .........................................................................................................................................................ii Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................................................iii Introdução ....................................................................................................................................................1 Ponto de Partida ............................................................................................................................................3 Puzzle Metodológico .....................................................................................................................................7 1. Lugares Teóricos e Cartografias Académicas ...................................................................................17 1.1. Lugares Teóricos ..................................................................................................................................19 Eurásia? ......................................................................................................................................................19 Colonialismo e Folclorização .......................................................................................................................24 Nostalgia ......................................................................................................................................................31 Ásia do Sudeste ..........................................................................................................................................35 Espaços Turísticos ......................................................................................................................................37 1.2. Cartografias Académicas .....................................................................................................................38 Malaca na Biblioteca Nacional ....................................................................................................................38 Cartografias Historiográficas .......................................................................................................................41 Cartografias Linguísticas .............................................................................................................................51 2. Emporium e Warisan .............................................................................................................................63 Vozes Coloniais ...........................................................................................................................................68 Vozes Dissonantes ......................................................................................................................................71 Vozes Sussurradas .....................................................................................................................................74 Vozes Alternativas .......................................................................................................................................77 Notas para uma Etnografia Crítica ..............................................................................................................91 3. A Política do Vazio ................................................................................................................................97
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