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Badi Samaniego Overview Overview Badi Samaniego Overview Overview which have made the Philippines one of the Figure 1 Map of the Coral Triangle (Source: DENR-PAWB-CMMO, 2012) Chapter 1 most vulnerable social and economic states in OVERVIEW Southeast Asia (Yusuf and Francisco, 2009). It is, therefore, imperative to accelerate efforts The Philippines, which is located at the apex and produce synergistic impacts to overcome of the Coral Triangle, is acknowledged as the threats at the local and national settings. the world’s center of marine biodiversity (Carpenter and Springer, 2005). Its coastal As a signatory to the Convention of Biological waters are teeming with species of corals, Diversity (CBD), the Philippines promotes the reef fishes, seagrasses and mangroves. conservation of biodiversity for sustainable Other marine vertebrate, invertebrate and development. The Department of Environment plant organisms, as well as their terrestrial and Natural Resources (DENR) – Protected Areas counterparts are also reported to be richly and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) regularly reports diverse. Their significance to human well- to the CBD on the loss of biodiversity as well being is undeniable, as millions of Filipinos some specific gains in protecting biodiversity, depend on coral reefs and their associated promoting sustainable use, addressing threats, ecosystems, providing food and livelihood to maintaining goods and services, among others. small-scale artisanal and subsistence fisheries as well as commercial fisheries. Many of the Learning from the various initiatives, such as coastal communities have low incomes and the CBD, the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral those below the poverty threshold are often Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security (CTI-CFF) dependent on the coastal habitats’ ecosystems addresses these imperatives through concerted goods and services. These ecosystems provide efforts and multi-lateral partnership among diverse and valuable functions and services, the six member countries ― the Philippines, such as coastal protection, fisheries production, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and regulation services as well as recreational, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste. The CTI aims plans of action. The Philippine SCTR presents on how to connect related corollary actions to educational and aesthetic values, contributing to safeguard the marine and coastal biological the state and condition of the resources at achieve the higher level outcomes. significantly to the tourism sector (Padilla, resources of the region for future generations, coastal ecosystems exposed to various degrees 2009). If these ecosystems are damaged and to protect them from overfishing, of threats. This report purports to present the The Philippines, as one of the countries of the beyond restoration, there would be profound destructive fishing practices, unsustainable baselines at the start of the CTI, against which Coral Triangle Initiative is committed to the consequences to the Filipino people. coastal development, pollution, and impacts future reports may be compared to provide a CTI through its National Plan of Action (NPOA) of climate change, and other emerging issues measure of progress. The report also highlights and Regional Plan of Action (RPOA) as agreed The degradation of coastal ecosystems has which destroy the richness, productivity and the relevant government policies and programs by the six countries in the Coral Triangle. The already been observed in the Philippines ecosystem services of the Coral Triangle. The on conservation, fisheries and aspects of five goals of the CTI as stated in the National (Gomez et al., 1994) and has been recognized CTI National Coordinating Committee (NCC) governance both at the local and national levels Plan of Action are: as the hottest of the hot spots in marine is chaired by the Department of Environment appropriate to the problems and drivers in the biodiversity (Roberts et al., 2002). This is and Natural Resources (DENR) and co-chaired archipelago. The SCTR utilizes the Pressure- n “priority seascapes” designated and revealed by high levels of threats (overfishing, by the Department of Agriculture – Bureau of State-Response (PSR, OECD 1994) approach effectively managed (large-scale destructive fishing practices, unsustainable Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR). to discuss opportunities and mechanisms to geographies prioritized for investments coastal development, sedimentation and address the threats. Moreover, it assists in and action, where best practices are pollution) on coral reefs (Burke et al., 2002, a systematic summarization and linking of demonstrated and expanded; 2011). Increasing populations in coastal areas 1.1 Rationale of the Study key benchmarks (circa 2009) and monitoring n Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries are amplifying these threats, compromising indicators on the progress and implementation Management (EAFM) and other marine food security and the socio-economic stability The State of the Coral Triangle Report of targets of the National Plan of Action (NPOA) resources fully applied; of the communities. This alarming state is (SCTR) aims to document and promote the of the CTI. Lastly, the PSR integration of the n Marine Protected Areas (MPA) further exacerbated by the impending impacts commitments to CTI through the goals and benchmark conditions initiates the discussion established and effectively managed of climate change (e.g., McLeod et al., 2010) (including community-based resource 2 STATE OF THE CORAL TRIANGLE REPORT PHILIPPINES 2012 STATE OF THE CORAL TRIANGLE REPORT PHILIPPINES 2012 3 Overview Overview utilization and management); 2011) and regime shifts in fisheries (Chavez et Many laws and policies have created and threshold went up to PhP16,841 per capita per n climate change adaptation measures al., 2003, Villanoy et al., 2011). improved the organizational and institutional annum (NSCB 2012). achieved; and mechanisms of the coastal and marine sector, n threatened status improving. The Philippines’ estimated 26,000 km2 of coral particularly those relating to fisheries (RA The Philippine capture fisheries production reef area is the second largest in Southeast 8550), biodiversity conservation (RA 7586 and ranked 9th in the world in 2008 (FAO, 2008). Actions in the NPOA/RPOA are expected to Asia. Some 500 species of scleractinian or EO 578), and integrated coastal management In 2010, the sector produced 2.6 million contribute to achieving higher level outcomes, “stony” corals are known to exist, 12 species (EO 533). MT (51% of total Philippine fish production) such as sustaining coral reef ecosystems and of which are considered endemic (e.g., Veron, valued at PhP138.4 billion. The municipal services, establishing sustainable fisheries and 1995), around 3,053 species of fish (Herre, The population in the Philippines was sector accounted for 1.37 million MT valued improving food security and livelihood. 1953, Allen et al., 2003, Allen & Erdmann, 2009, projected in 2009 at 92.1 million. The increase at PhP77.6 billion, while the commercial Fishbase.org, 2009), 2,724 of which are marine- in population translated to an average growth sector had 1.25 million MT valued at PhP60.7 Development of coastal areas is crucial in the based. Pelagic fish species number around rate of 2.04% annually during the period billion. Tuna fisheries account for 12% of the Philippines, where 78% of the 80 provinces 177 whereas demersal species total 2,351 2000 to 2007, but slightly fell to 1.9% very total fisheries production in the Philippines and 56% of the 1,634 cities and municipalities, (1,658 of these are reef-associated and 693 recently in 2011. The growth rate is a factor and contributes 4% to the GDP, and about one are located along its archipelagic coasts. are associated with other nearshore habitats). in determining how great a burden would be million people are involved in the industry (i.e., These coastal settlements are exposed to There are 277 deep-sea fish species, while 173 imposed on a country by the changing needs the work force includes fishers, middlepersons, climate variability. The dominant wind system species are found in freshwater environments. of its people for resources, infrastructure, traders, fish processors, transportation sector, over the Philippines is the Asian monsoon For marine plants, 16 species of seagrass are and jobs. The population density in 2009 etc.). Total annual landings were estimated which blows from the northeast between known to occur and the estimated total area was estimated at 307 people per km2, which at 400,000 MT in 2009, of which 120,000 MT December and March (amihan) and from of seagrass bed habitats is 978 km2 (Fortes, was about 10% higher than the population (30% of total) was caught in Philippine waters the southwest between June and October unpublished). The Philippines has one of the density in 2003. It is estimated that more than whereas 280,000 MT (70%) was from adjacent (habagat). This monsoonal wind system affects highest number of mangrove species with 42 60% of the nation’s total population lives in international waters. the temperature, wind, and rainfall patterns in species representing 18 families (Spaldinget al., the coastal areas. Increasing population is a the country, demonstrating four distinct dry 2010, Polidoro et al., 2010). Natural mangrove serious problem because of the implications Small pelagics are the main sources of cheap and wet classifications along a north-south, cover has declined to 247,268 hectares, while on the limited natural
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