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USKALLUS PUHUA: Sukupiiri Ja Sosiaalinen Pääoma Adelaïde Ehrnroothin Yhteiskunnallisen Toiminnan Mahdollistajina

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USKALLUS PUHUA: Sukupiiri Ja Sosiaalinen Pääoma Adelaïde Ehrnroothin Yhteiskunnallisen Toiminnan Mahdollistajina Filosofian, historian ja taiteiden tutkimuksen osasto Humanistinen tiedekunta Helsingin yliopisto USKALLUS PUHUA Sukupiiri ja sosiaalinen pääoma Adelaïde Ehrnroothin yhteiskunnallisen toiminnan mahdollistajina Eeva Kotioja AKATEEMINEN VÄITÖSKIRJA Esitetään Helsingin yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuk- sella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi auditoriumissa XII lauantaina 15. syyskuuta 2018 klo 10. Helsingin yliopisto 2018 Copyright © Eeva Kotioja, [email protected] Kannen kuva: Svenska Folkskolans Vänner rf. Painettu Suomessa, Unigrafia 2018 ISBN 978-951-51-4435-5 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-51-4436-2 (PDF) ABSTRACT The confidence to speak: family and social capital as enabling factors for the political work of Adelaïde Ehrnrooth My doctoral dissertation explores the social agency of a noble woman, and the manner in which she used her family resources to strengthen this agency. I approach my research from a biographical point of view. My study focuses on women’s liberation activist and author Adelaïde Ehrn- rooth (1826 – 1905). By mirroring her activism with her family dynam- ics, I study how she became a forerunner of the Finnish women’s move- ment. Esitaistelija (champion) is a term used by Ehrnrooth herself when referring to her work in the women’s movement. The same term was adopted by her admirers and followers, particularly in the women’s lib- eration organization Unioni, Naisasialiitto Suomessa ry. I explore my research interest through three research questions. 1) What was the meaning of family as an enabling factor for societal work? 2) What means did a noble woman have to influence society? 3) What was the relationship between public and private in Adelaïde Ehrnrooth’s societal work, and how did family events reflect on her societal agency? My primary source material is the correspondence between Adelaïde Ehrnrooth and her brother Johan Casimir Ehrnrooth. This collection consists of approximately 300 letters, exchanged between the years 1882 – 1903. In addition, my secondary source material is comprised of Ehrn- rooth’s correspondence with her relatives, friends and associates. Being a writer and a journalist, she left behind a collection of poetry, novels and polemics. This published material forms the third important source for my research. I have also examined a vast collection of material regarding the organizations in which she operated, as well as official institutions, and collections concerning family law and finance. In terms of theoretical framework, I employed Pierre Bourdieu’s the- ory on social capital. I applied this theory to gender history by examining gender as a weakening factor on an individual’s social capital. Toril Moi has stated that femininity is a form of negative capital, but if a woman has substantial social capital, the negative value of her gender is dimin- ished. When wealthy and well connected, a woman is less a captive of her gender, and thus a stronger actor in the public forum. I determined three key aspects by which Adelaïde Ehrnrooth’s family network provided her with social capital. First, it offered confidential re- lationships with powerful people both in her family and in society. Se- cond, it attached her to a strong and uniform society that offered a re- spectable environment from which to pursue her goals. The third aspect 4 was the more abstract legacy of her father, a general, whose example gave her courage to expand the traditional role of a noble woman. The identity of an officer, adopted from her father Gustaf Adolf Ehrn- rooth, was a key factor in Adelaïde Ehrnrooth’s role as a public discus- sant. By talking and writing publicly, she broke the customs of both her social class and her gender, but for her, this militant identity justified her work as a political activist. In order to pursue her goals, Adelaïde Ehrnrooth wrote extensively for newspapers, did charity work and promoted her political goals pri- vately, via networks of friends and family. Charity was a conventional way for noble women to have an impact on society. Public writings and pamphlets engaged Ehrnrooth in Finnish political discussion. Her noble background was visible in the way she made use of her networks as a channel for political work. Despite her political activism, there was a clear paradox between Ad- elaïde Ehrnrooth’s traditional values and the emerging civic society of late 19th-century Finland. The relationship between her political work and her private life was problematic. As a noble reformist, she used her social position in order to change society, its customs and laws. However, this society, with its estates and ranks, was the same one that had given her a high social position in the first place. Ehrnrooth lived by the values and norms of patriarchal society, which emphasized duty towards family, estate and community. Simultaneously, she worked towards a more equal society. She used her social position to advance her political goals, which, when reached, would eventually extinguish said social position. She also required her family members to uphold the same patriarchal values. Eeva Kotioja [email protected] 5 ESIPUHE Parhaat asiat elämässä tapahtuvat usein yllättäen. Valmistuttuani mais- teriksi keväällä 2013 hain suuntaa, ajatusta siitä, miten etenisin. Tutkia halusin, mutta polku näytti kovin hämärältä. Professori Markku Kuisma, jolla on kyky nähdä suoraan ongelmien ytimeen ja tarjota niihin tarkkoja ratkaisuja, ehdotti, että tutustuisin Adelaïde Ehrnroothiin. Tutustuin, in- nostuin, ja lopputulos on tässä. Professori Kuisman avulla pääsin sukel- tamaan rohkean ja pitelemättömän naisen nahkoihin. Markku Kuismaa haluankin kiittää tästä mahdollisuudesta, samoin kuin kannustavasta ja viisaasta ohjauksesta, tuesta, neuvoista ja ystävyydestä. On ilo ja kunnia olla oppilaasi. Suuri kiitos professori Kirsi Vainio-Korhoselle ja yliopistonlehtori Maarit Leskelä-Kärjelle, jotka toimivat väitöskirjani esitarkastajina. Hei- dän kommenttinsa ja huomionsa olivat arvokkaana apuna tutkimuksen viimeistelyssä. Kiitos yliopistonlehtori Maarit Leskelä-Kärjelle, kun hän ystävällisesti suostui toimimaan vastaväittäjänäni. Toinen ohjaajani, dosentti Teemu Keskisarja on tarjonnut läpi tutki- musprosessin pragmaattista ja järkevää apua. Rohkaisusi ja opastuksesi kirjoitusvaiheessa auttoivat suuresti. Kiitokset kirjoitusneuvoista ja kes- kusteluista. Aivan tutkimukseni loppumetreillä sain ohjaajakseni vielä professori Anu Lahtisen. Olen onnekas, että hän oli mukana väitöskirjan intensiivi- sessä loppurutistuksessa. Anu, työtahtisi on hämmästyttävä, mutta keskus- teluissamme ei ole koskaan ollut läsnä kiireen tuntua. Kiitos hauskoista ja hyödyllisistä tapaamisista, joiden jälkeen asiat tuntuivat aina järjestyvän. Kiitos professori Niklas Jensen-Eriksenille ja professori Laura Kolbelle epävirallisesta ohjauksesta, kollegiaalisesta tuesta ja neuvoista projektin edetessä. Väitöskirjani on ollut osa tutkimushanketta Nobility and the Making of Modern Society: The Case of the Ehrnrooth Family, 1500–2000. Työsken- teleminen osana tutkimushanketta on tuonut yksinäisen puurtamisen rin- nalle yhteisöllisyyttä, iloa ja vertaistukea. Haluankin kiittää aatelissuvun historiaan kanssani sukeltanutta valiojoukkoa: Markku Kuisma, Teemu Keskisarja, Niklas Jensen-Eriksen, Sakari Siltala, Annette Forsén, Anitra Komulainen, Kati Toivanen, Saara Hilpinen ja Ahto Apajalahti, kiitos innos- tavasta yhteistyöstä. Väitöskirjantekijän täytyy huolehtia myös elämän materiaalisesta puolesta. Täysipainoisen työskentelyn mahdollistamisesta kiitän Georg ja Ella Ehrnroothin säätiötä. Osoitan kiitokseni Ehrnrooth-sukuyhdis- tykselle sen tutkimustani kohtaan osoittamasta mielenkiinnosta sekä Paul Ehrnroothille mahdollisuudesta tutustua hänen hallussaan oleviin 6 arkistokokoelmiin. Kiitokset myös Ritarihuoneen amanuenssi Gunilla Peräsalolle opastuksesta Ritarihuoneen arkistokokoelmien pariin. Jatko-opintoni olen suorittanut Helsingin yliopiston Suomen ja Poh- joismaiden historian tutkijaseminaarissa. Torstaisin kokoontunut vii- saan keskustelun tihentymä on ollut avainasemassa tämän tutkimuksen etenemisessä – vertaistuki, erilaiset näkökulmat ja monialainen histo- rian asiantuntemus on iskenyt uusia kipinöitä tutkimuksen tekoon. Kiitän myös työyhteisöäni, Meritullinkadun/Oikokadun/Kirjatyön- tekijänkadun tiheään muuttavaa kirjatyöntekijöiden joukkoa. Rose-Ma- rie Peake, Nana Arjopalo, Elina Seppälä, Annette Forsén, Marja-Leena Hänninen ja Daniela Hakulinen, kiitos hyvästä työilmapiiristä ja luovista tauoista arkisen aherruksen lomassa. Saara Hilpinen, kiitos keskusteluista, kahvihetkistä, arkistomat- koista, naurusta ja itkusta. Olet ensiluokkainen ystävä ja korvaamaton esilukija. Kati Toivanen, kiitos positiivisesta ja järjestelmällisestä asen- teestasi työntekoon, jotain siitä välittyi kirjoitusretriittimme aikana mi- nullekin. Reetta Hänninen, kiitos lukuisista lounaista, loputtomasta myötäelämisestä, vertaistuesta ja pitkistä keskusteluista. Alex Snellman, tartutit minuun välittömästi intosi suomalaista aatelia kohtaan, ja olet ollut suurena apuna matkassani aatelissäädyn pariin. Lämmin kiitos ja nöyrä kumarrus. Tien varrella tutkimustani ovat lukeneet ja kommentoineet lukuisat tutkijat, joille esitän tässä kiitokseni. Panu Pulma, Juha Siltala, Henrika Tandefelt, Ulla Ijäs ja Virva Liski, kiitos rakentavasta palautteestanne ja neuvoistanne. Anitra Komulainen, Maiju Wuokko, Sampsa Hatakka, Aaro Sahari ja Julia Dahlberg – kiitos kollegiaalisesta tuesta ja keskusteluista. Nana Arjopalolle kiitos englanninkielisen tiivistelmän kielentarkastuk-
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