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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MAPLE OVER MAHOGANY: NICHOLAS BIDDLE’S TASTE IN EMPIRE FURNITURE 1820-1844 by Sarah Tapper A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of the Arts in Early American Culture Spring 2001 Copyright 2001 Sarah Tapper All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1404595 __UMI ___ __ (§) UMI Microform 1404595 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MAPLE OVER MAHOGANY: NICHOLAS BIDDLE’S TASTE IN EMPIRE FURNITURE 1820-1844 by Sarah Tapper Approved: Brock Jobe, M.A. Professor in charge o is on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: (2 - JameS/C/ Curtis, Ph.D. Director of the Winterthur Program in Early American Culture Approved: ConradoM. Gempes^w/ n, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Academic Programs and Planning Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My study of the furniture at Andalusia would not have been possible without the support and assistance of my colleagues, friends and family. First I must thank J. Ritchie Garrison, for suggesting Andalusia as a possible thesis topic, and Wendy Cooper who guided my initial investigation. Without the generosity of James Biddle this project would never have been possible. For opening his family home and allowing a stranger access to family possessions and papers, my gratitude to him is immeasurable. He and David Atkinson have extended every hospitality to me and made this project enjoyable in ways I never anticipated. To my thesis advisor, Brock Jobe, I cannot say how much I value the knowledge, time, support and patience he gave to me during this process. As my advisor and my teacher his enthusiasm for this field has been truly inspiring. A special thanks is do to Alexandra Kirtley. She sets a standard for commitment, enthusiasm and encouragement that I can only hope to reach. At my most frustrated moments she was an experienced voice of reason, and she generously shared all information she found related to this topic. Page Talbott, Roger Moss, Gail Winkler, and Peggy Hunt all provided valuable suggestions which helped focus my research and led me to important resources. At Winterthur, Jeannine Disviscour in the Joseph Downs Manuscript Collection and Burt Denker in the Decorative Arts Photographic Collection provided invaluable assistance and encouragement. Neville Thompson’s knowledge of the Winterthur Library’s 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. collections is truly amazing, only equaled by the invaluable assistance she provides baffled graduate students. The staff at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the Library Company of Philadelphia also have my sincere appreciation. The friendship and support of my nine classmates have made the last two years pure joy. We have shared our frustrations and our successes, and I count on knowing them as friends and colleagues for many years. A special thanks you to my roommate Tova Brandt, who bore the brunt of many a frustration with good humor and support. And to Kate John - her friendship, laughter, and good advice were an unexpected gifts, and I could not be more grateful to she that bestowed them. For my family — Mom, Dad, Laura, and Tom — the knowledge of their love and support is the one true constant in my life. As I began this endeavor two years ago, and as I begin another now, the comfort of their unconditional support helps me face all new challenges. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT............................................................................................................. vii NICHOLAS BIDDLE AND HIS ANCESTORS.....................................................1 NICHOLAS BIDDLE’S FAMILY, FRIENDS, AND THEIR FURNITURE... 12 PATTERNS OF PATRONAGE............................................................................. 21 NICHOLAS BIDDLE’S PREFERANCE FOR MAPLE..................................... 33 BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................55 APPENDIX: FURNITURE CATALOGUE OF SELECT BIDDLE FURNITURE............................................................................... 62 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Jane Biddle’s Music Stand..............................................................47 Figure 2. Andalusia, circa 1840....................................................................48 Figure 3. Andalusia, West Entrance ............................................................ 49 Figure 4. Gothic Cottage at Andalusia........................................................ 50 Figure 5. Craig Family Sofa, circa 1800-1815............................................51 Figure 6. Craig Family Dining Table, circa 1800-1815............................52 Figure 7. Chinese Table, circa 1800-1820.................................................. 53 Figure 8. Candelabra, circa 1830-1840....................................................... 54 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Nicholas Biddle was a President o f the Second Bank of the United States, a Francophile, a proponent of Greek architecture, and one of the most famous men of his day. His family traveled in the fashionable circles of Philadelphia. In order to play his role in society Biddle filled his homes with material possessions. While these purchases represented the tools needed to “fit-in” with his own social class, the specific characteristics of those objects reveal Biddle as a man with an individual aesthetic. Extant furniture at Andalusia, Biddle’s country estate, in combination with 1820s and 1830s expense books, formed the basis for research into Biddle’s personal taste. This thesis analyzes (1) what influenced Biddle's choices, and (2) how the extant furniture suggests his taste reflected or deviated from social and material trends. vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter 1 NICHOLAS BIDDLE AND HIS ANCESTORS The political and social prominence that characterized Nicholas Biddle’s life had precedents in the lives of his ancestors. Encouraged by friends and Quaker persecution in England, William Biddle (1630-1712) made his first purchase of land in the colonies in 1676. From William Penn, Biddle purchased one-half share of the Province of West Jersey. In 1681, at the age of 50, William and his wife, Sarah Kempe Biddle (1634-1709) emigrated from London. Six additional purchases of land between 1677 to 1691, before and after his arrival in the colony, brought Biddle total ownership of over 40,000 acres of Jersey.1 His extensive holdings made William Biddle one of the most prominent men in the colony, and he held several administrative posts dining his lifetime, including Justice of the Peace and membership in the General Assembly and the Council
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