Editors’ Introduction This is the eighth issue of Tolkien Studies, the first refereed journal solely devoted to the scholarly study of the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. As editors, our goal is to publish excellent scholarship on Tolkien as well as to gather useful research information, reviews, notes, documents, and bibliographical material. All articles have been subject to anonymous, external review as well as receiving a positive judgment by the Editors. In the cases of articles by individuals associated with the journal in any way, each article had to receive at least two positive evaluations from two different outside review- ers. Reviewer comments were anonymously conveyed to the authors of the articles. The Editors agreed to be bound by the recommendations of the outside referees. Douglas A. Anderson Michael D. C. Drout Verlyn Flieger NOTES ON SUBMISSIONS Tolkien Studies seeks works of scholarly quality and depth. Substantial essays and shorter, “Notes and Documents” pieces are both welcome. Submissions should be double-spaced throughout and use paren- thetical citations in the (Author page) form. A Works Cited page should conform to the Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. All citations to Tolk- ien’s works should follow the “Conventions and Abbreviations” of Tolkien Studies. Self-addressed, stamped envelopes should accompany all correspon- dence unless the author wishes to communicate via email and does not wish the hard-copy manuscript to be returned, in which case this require- ment is waived. Electronic submissions are preferred. These should be sent to Verlyn Flieger ([email protected]) as attachments. Microsoft Word is the pre- ferred word-processing program. Hard-copy manuscripts should be sent to: Tolkien Studies c/o Prof. Verlyn Flieger 10221 Meredith Avenue Silver Spring, MD 20910 v Tolkien Studies encourages researchers to send us offprints of articles for inclusion in the yearly Bibliography and Year’s Work. These should be sent to: Tolkien Studies c/o Prof. Michael Drout Wheaton College 26 East Main Street Norton, MA 02766 Books for review should be sent to: Tolkien Studies c/o Douglas A. Anderson P.O. Box 493 Marcellus, MI 49067 Acknowledgments The Editors would like to thank Wheaton College, Norton, MA, Pro- vost Linda Eisenmann, and Wheaton Research Partners for their sup- port. Special thanks to Rebecca Epstein for her work on the Bibliogra- phy. The efforts of editorial assistant Namiko Hitotsubashi contributed substantially to the success of the issue, as did Paula Smith-MacDonald, Vaughn Howland and Raquel D’Oyen. It has continued to be a pleasure to work with West Virginia University Press; thanks especially to Hilary Attfield for all her work in the production of the issue. Finally, we ac- knowledge a special debt of gratitude to our anonymous, outside review- ers who with their collegial service contribute so much to Tolkien Studies. In Memoriam Glen H. GoodKnight (1941-2010) was a lifelong Californian. He discovered the writings of J.R.R. Tolkien in high school, and while in college at California State University he began to promote the serious study of Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, and Charles Williams. He founded the Mythopoeic Society in 1967, and the first annual Mythopoeic Society Conference was held in 1970. GoodKnight edited the society’s journal, Mythlore, from its first issue in January 1969 through issue 84 published in the summer of 1998. Though in poor health in recent years, GoodK- night maintained a website highlighting his extensive collection of “Nar- nia Editions and Translations” (http://inklingsfocus.com). vi Journalist John Ezard (1939-2010) interviewed Tolkien for The Ox- ford Mail twice in 1966, for stories appearing in February and in August. Ezard was also a guest at the party celebrating Tolkien’s Golden Wed- ding anniversary, held at Merton College in March of the same year. Ezard soon moved on to The Guardian, where he was employed for more than forty years, occasionally writing about Tolkien. Conventions and Abbreviations Because there are so many editions of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, citations will be by book and chapter as well as by page- number (referenced to the editions listed below). Thus a citation from The Fellowship of the Ring, book two, chapter four, page 318 is written (FR, II, iv, 318). References to the Appendices of The Lord of the Rings are abbreviated by Appendix, Section and subsection. Thus subsection iii of section I of Appendix A is written (RK, Appendix A, I, iii, 321). The “Silmarillion” indicates the body of stories and poems developed over many years by Tolkien; The Silmarillion indicates the volume first published in 1977. Abbreviations B&C Beowulf and the Critics. Ed. Michael D. C. Drout. Tempe, AZ: Arizona Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 2002. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 248. Bombadil The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1962; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1963. CH The Children of Húrin [title as on title page:] Narn i Chîn Húrin: The Tale of the Children of Húrin. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins, 2007; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007. FG Farmer Giles of Ham. Ed. Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond. London: HarperCollins, 1999. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999. FR The Fellowship of the Ring. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954. Second edition, revised impression, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1987. H The Hobbit. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1937. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1938. The Annotated Hobbit. Ed. Douglas vii A. Anderson. Second edition, revised. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002. Jewels The War of the Jewels. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994. Lays The Lays of Beleriand. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: George Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985. Letters The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien. Ed. Humphrey Carpenter, with the assistance of Christopher Tolkien. London: George Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981. Lost Road The Lost Road and Other Writings. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Lost Tales I The Book of Lost Tales, Part One. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. Lost Tales II The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: George Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. MC The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. Morgoth Morgoth’s Ring. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993. OFS Tolkien On Fairy-stories: Extended Edition. Ed. Verlyn Flieger and Douglas A. Anderson. London: HarperCollins, 2008. Peoples The Peoples of Middle-earth. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996. RK The Return of the King. London: George Allen & Unwin 1955; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1956. Second edition, revised impression, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. S The Silmarillion. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1977. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977. Second edition. London:HarperCollins, 1999; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. viii Sauron Sauron Defeated. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992. SG The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun. Ed Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 Shadow The Return of the Shadow. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988. Shaping The Shaping of Middle-earth. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: George Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. SWM Smith of Wootton Major: Extended Edition. Ed. Verlyn Flieger. London: HarperCollins, 2005. TL Tree and Leaf. London: Unwin Books, 1964; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965. Expanded as Tree and Leaf, including the Poem Mythpoeia [and] The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son. London: HarperCollins, 2001. TT The Two Towers. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1955. Second edition, revised impression, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Treason The Treason of Isengard. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989. UT Unfinished alesT of Númenor and Middle-Earth. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: George Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. War The War of the Ring. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990. ix “Legend and History Have Met and Fused”: The Interlocution of Anthropology, Historiography, and Incarnation in J.R.R. Tolkien’s “On Fairy-stories” PhiliP irving Mitchell Spiritual alienation of its own greatest minds is the price that every civilization has to pay when it loses its religious founda- tions, and is contented with a purely material success. —Christopher Dawson, Progress and Religion n a 1939 draft of his “On Fairy-stories,” J.R.R. Tolkien, the fantasy Iwriter and philologist, noted with interest the words, “ocean of su- pernatural energy” (OFS 182), a phrase from Catholic historian Chris- topher Dawson’s widely praised 1929 study Progress and Religion. In later drafts composed around 1943, Tolkien jotted down even more words and phrases with this same import, many as well from Progress and Reli- gion: “Power/ Beauty/ Zauberfluidum/ Sanctus sanctus dominus deus saboath” and later still, “Zauberfluidum Brahman R.t.a. Wakan Oren- da” (263). As conceptual sequences, these are quite striking. They in- clude