Die Erben Mittelerdes

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Die Erben Mittelerdes wissenschaftliche Hausarbeit zur Ersten Staatsprüfung Uwe R. Hoeppe W Die Erben Mittelerdes Zum Einfluss von J.R.R. Tolkiens "Lord of the Rings" auf die fantastische Literatur sowie die Comic- und Spielekultur issenschaftliche Hausarbeit zur Ersten Staatspruefung fuer das Lehramt wissenschaftliche Hausarbeit zur Ersten Staatsprüfung Gewidmet meinen Eltern, die mir das Studium der Anglistik ermöglicht haben. Kassel, Sommer 1999 issenschaftliche Hausarbeit zur Ersten Staatspruefung fuer das Lehramt Uwe R. Hoeppe Die Erben Mittelerdes Inhalt Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung.........................................3 Genres.............................................4 Fantasy.................................................4 Comic.................................................11 Spiele.................................................14 Rollenspiele...........................................................15 Trading Card Games...............................................18 Computerspiele......................................................20 Film...................................................22 Analyse..........................................26 Geografie.............................................27 Magie & Macht.......................................33 Gut & Böse...........................................37 Rassen.................................................45 Ainur.....................................................................48 Elves.....................................................................50 Dwarves................................................................57 Hobbits..................................................................61 Orcs......................................................................64 Ents......................................................................69 Trolls.....................................................................71 Charaktere...........................................72 Gandalf..................................................................73 Gollum...................................................................75 Galadriel................................................................76 Tom Bombadil........................................................77 - 1 - Uwe R. Hoeppe Die Erben Mittelerdes Morgoth.................................................................80 Gefallene Maiar......................................................82 Ungoliant...............................................................84 Kämpfe................................................85 Éowyn...................................................................86 Sam......................................................................89 Fazit..............................................92 Anhang...........................................95 Primärquellen........................................95 Spiele....................................................................96 Filme.....................................................................98 Sekundärquellen.....................................98 Zeitschriften.........................................................101 InterNet...............................................................101 Abbildungen........................................101 Danksagungen................................105 - 2 - Uwe R. Hoeppe Die Erben Mittelerdes 1 - Einleitung 1 - Einleitung Tolkiens Status als Gründervater der Fantasy-Literatur scheint heute unbestritten. So wird sein Lord of the Rings (LotR)1 ehrfurchtsvoll als "the most influential fantasy novel ever written" und er selbst als "the 20th century's single most important author of fantasy"2 bezeichnet. Auch wenn man geneigt sein mag, dem beizupflichten, so ist es natürlich die Aufgabe dieser Arbeit, den Wahrheitsgehalt solcher Aussagen zu überprüfen. Betrachtet man nämlich Tolkiens eigene Sichtweise, so ergibt sich zunächst ein recht unscheinbares Bild: Indem er selbst gerne als "Historiker"3 und "Übersetzer" auftrat, vermied er es, sich als Schöpfer Mittelerdes zu exponieren. Gleich die ersten Sätze des Prologs zum LotR4 suggerieren volle Authentizität des von ihm veröffentlichten Texts: So beruft er sich auf das (fiktionale) "Red Book of Westmarch", das von Bilbo und Frodo zusammengestellt wurde5, als Quelle. Er geht mit "Übersetzungen" elbischer Namen ins Englische6 sogar so weit, dass man sich unweigerlich an Defoes "Robinson Crusoe" oder Swifts "Gulliver's Travels" erinnert fühlt (siehe auch p.5)7, fast so als hätte der Autor Angst, seine Leser könnten sich von seinem Werk abwenden, wenn sie herausfänden, dass es vollständig fiktional ist. Natürlich muss man bei solchen Vergleichen bedenken, dass Tolkien diese "Historizität" als bewusstes Stilmittel wählte, weil er wusste, seine potentielle Leserschaft würde die Fiktionalität sehr wohl erkennen können. Dennoch zeigt Wilsons verheerende Kritik des LotR8, dass das Konzept einer vollständig fantastischen fiktionalen Welt zur Zeit Tolkiens aus den Kinderschuhen der Märchen und nursery stories noch nicht herausgewachsen war. Man darf also durchaus erwarten, dass Tolkien hier wichtige Pionierarbeit geleistet hat. Betrachtet man also die Einflüsse Tolkiens einmal an der Oberfläche, so stellt man fest, dass eine erstaunliche Bandbreite von Produktionen sich an ihn anlehnt: Dabei ist der offizielle Tribut mit Tolkien-orientierten Kurzgeschichten heutiger Fantasy-Autoren "After the King"9 nur die Spitze des Eisberges: Abgesehen von Tolkien-Enzyklopädien10 und einem "Tolkien Quiz Book"11 umfasst die Palette der offiziellen Produkte: "...dramatizations, musicals, puppet performances, [...] board games, puzzles, computer games, chess sets, playing cards, tarot decks, T-shirts, costumes, masks, buttons, belt buckles, dolls, puppets, metal miniature figures, coloring books, music, linens, pewter figurines, porcelain figurines, collector plates, clocks, daggers & swords, action figures, bulletin boards, mirrors, 1 Zur Zitierweise der Hauptwerke : Ich habe aus Gründen der Nachvollziehbarkeit entschieden, die Verweise auf Tolkiens Primärtexte durch den (teils verkürzten) Titel, und nicht durch "Autor, Jahreszahl" vorzunehmen. So steht Tales für Unfinished Tales und LotR I-III für Lord Of The Rings (dt. Übers.: HdR), Part One through Three. Des weiteren beziehe ich mich auf das Silmarillion und Tolkiens Letters. Die genauen Angaben dieser Texte sind im Literaturverzeichnis angeführt. 2 Clute (1997), pp.950-951. 3 vgl. Nitzsche (1979), p.128. 4 LotR I, p.17. 5 LotR I, p.34. 6 vgl. z.B. LotR III, p.544: "Yrch, pl. of Elvish orch = orc" oder ebd, pp. 522: "On Translation". 7 Zur Verweisstruktur : Im Laufe dieser Arbeit werden externe Referenzen (Nachweise) mit "vergleiche / vgl." gekennzeichnet, interne Verweise (Bezüge innerhalb dieser Arbeit) werden mit "siehe / s.a." eingeleitet. Als Hilfe gilt dabei: wo nur eine Seitenangabe steht, liegt eine interne Referenz vor. 8 Wilson, Edmund: "Oo, Those Awful Orcs!" in: "The Bit between my Teeth", London 1966, pp.326. 9 Greenberg, Martin H. (Hrsg.): " After the King : Stories in Honor of J.R.R. Tolkien ", o.O.: Mass Market Paperback 1994. 10 z.B. Day (1993), Duriez (1992) und Tyler (1979). 11 Murray, Andrew: "The Tolkien Quiz Book", London: HarperCollins 1996. - 3 - Uwe R. Hoeppe Die Erben Mittelerdes 1 - Einleitung posters, calendars, note-cards, stationery, collectible card games, role-playing games, decals and bumper stickers."12 Anhand dieser Liste fällt es nicht schwer, sich vorzustellen, wie unüberschaubar erst die Fülle der inoffiziellen Produkte sein muss. Hier reichen die Einflüsse bis hin zu Heavy Metal-Rockmusik13. Besonders im Bereich von Computerspielen wird deutlich werden, dass viele direkte Bezüge zu Tolkien hergestellt werden, ohne dafür eine offizielle Lizenz einzuholen, weil Mittelerde in weiten Teilen Allgemeingut geworden ist. Ich werde im Folgenden versuchen, einige wichtige dieser Referenzen aufzuzeigen. Um die Authentizität einer Umsetzung beurteilen zu können, muss natürlich eine differenzierte Analyse des Originals vorausgehen, und so belegen sorgfältige Interpretationen von Tolkiens Welt einen großen Teil der folgenden Seiten. Insgesamt bildet diese Arbeit damit eine detaillierte Betrachtung der Tolkien-Rezeption auf dem wenig untersuchten populären Sektor. 2 - Genres Ich habe die Schwerpunkte Fantasy-Literatur, Comics und Spiele daher vor allem deshalb gewählt, weil es sich dabei um sehr gering untersuchte Gebiete handelt. Mit fortschreitender Untersuchung wurde anhand der Menge des zu behandelnden Materials aber klar, dass eine detaillierte Analyse von Literatur und Spielen den Rahmen dieser Studienarbeit bei Weitem sprengen würde, während auf dem Comic-Sektor nur wenig verwertbares Material zu Tolkien zu finden war. Ich habe mich von daher entschieden, das Thema Spiele zum Schwerpunkt zu machen, da es mir in seiner Außenseiterposition am interessantesten erschien. Somit wird die etwas knappere Behandlung des Bereiches von "Literatur" (im engeren Sinne) hauptsächlich zum Bezugspunkt für die Einordnung der untersuchten "nicht-literarischen" Gebiete. Da einige der von mir betrachteten Bereiche nur selten Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Analyse geworden sind, nehme ich im Folgenden die Definitionen vor, die für diese Arbeit verbindlich sind. Dabei versuche ich, mich möglichst eng an bestehende Konzepte anzulehnen; wo dies jedoch nicht möglich ist, lege ich meine eigenen Begrifflichkeiten fest. 2.1 - Fantasy Versucht man, dieses Genre zu definieren, so
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