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The Origins and Growth of the English Eugenics Movement, 1865-1925 @GOu@ �0um□□@ �OIJill@Du �®W@Dill The Origins and Growth of the English Eugenics Movement, 1865-1925 The Origins and Growth of the English Eugenics Movement, 1865-1925 Lyndsay Andrew Farrall UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies (STS) STS Occasional Papers number 9 2019 STS Occasional Papers number 9 UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies (STS) Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT UK www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/occasional-papers Originally submitted to the Graduate School in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University, December 1969. Also published in United States in 1985 by Garland Publishing (New York and London) under ISBN 0-8240-5810-0. Printed in facsimile with new preface from the author. This facsimile is published in 2019 by UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies with permission of the author. It uses the 1969 original thesis in facsimile. copyright 2019 Lyndsay Andrew Farrall The right of Lyndsay Andrew Farrall to be identified as the author of this work is asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. A CIP Record for this book is available from the British Library. Frontispiece image is used with permission of the Wellcome Collection. ISBN 978-1-78751-001-2 UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies (STS) publishes STS Occasional Papers to disseminate current research undertaken by our staff and affiliated scholars. The aim is to inform, investigate, and provoke. The series covers the whole of our diverse field: history, philosophy and sociology of science, science policy, and public engagement of science. Note to readers This volume contains Lyndsay Farrall’s complete doctoral dissertation as submitted in 1969: Farrall, Lyndsay Andrew. 1969. “The origins and growth of the English eugenics movement, 1865-1925.” PhD, Indiana University. It is preceded by a new “Foreword,” written in 2019 by Cain, and a “Preface,” written by Farrall. The Preface first appeared in the 1985 Garland facsimile edition of the dissertation. The present facsimile is followed by a Vita, which Farrall submitted with the original dissertation. Cain also chose to include as Appendix (2019) items (1) an updated Vita and (2) an updated publications list by the author, both dated August 2019. Both were supplied by Farrall. The additional 2019 and 1985 elements added to the present volume appear outside the formal contents listing so as to avoid disturbing the original pagination of the dissertation and thereby confusing later citations. Foreword Academic writing can seem a closed business. Important work finds itself tucked away in libraries and digital collections accessible only through paid subscriptions and special memberships. This creates a needless divide whereby understanding thrives in some circles, but those without privileged access are kept in ignorance. Closed knowledge can fuel suspicions of conspiracy or indifference. Truth is, knowledge has never been easier to find than it is today. Yes, much of it stands behind steep paywalls. More suffocates under an avalanche of raw data or gets lost in the blizzard of attention-seeking by other actors. We also must confess that most people today simply fail to show patience enough to persevere in the craft of modern research. If something is not delivered on a plate, or if it cannot be found on the first screen of search engine hits, it’s declared “invisible” or “hidden”. As they withdraw from the search, alienation finds another happy home. Lyndsay Farrall’s 1969 doctoral dissertation focuses on the history of British eugenics. Sadly, it is almost unknown today. It is an excellent piece of original research. It answers key questions about Francis Galton’s patronage in British eugenics, about the development of a “eugenics laboratory” at University College London (UCL), and about the relationship between academic and public campaigns in British eugenics in the first quarter of the twentieth century. For everyone interested in the history of eugenics in London during this period, his work is a hidden treasure. Farrall’s dissertation has been hiding in plain sight. After its original submission to Indiana University, this work was processed using a routine protocol for thousands of projects of its kind: an abstract went to Dissertation Abstracts International (number 7014964); an unbound copy went for microfilming to University Microfilms International (UMI); the original went into library storage (call number Q1000.F239). Academics in my discipline learned about it through a 1971 notice in the journal, Isis, and from articles about eugenics published in the 1970s and 1980s making reference to it, and in Farrall’s (1979) bibliographic review of recent writing on the subject. Farrall’s research served as a key source in some of the classic writing on history of eugenics, and it held a strong position in the footnotes of many related studies. In 1985, Garland Publishing reprinted Farrall’s dissertation in facsimile as part of their series, History of Hereditarian Thought. Farrall’s work struck editors as one of the best dissertations produced on the subject. I agree. Still, access remained frustratingly hard. Today, in 2019, Farrall (1985, the Garland edition) is long out-of-print, and Farrall (1969, the original dissertation) can be found only in a commercial database available to paying subscribers. Anyone knowing where to look will find the original with ease. “Knowing where to look,” is the catch. That simple phrase packs in far too many excluding assumptions for my liking. In 2019, Farrall (1969) has returned to my list of required reading. Last year, UCL Provost and President Professor Michael Arthur established a “Commission of Inquiry into the History of Eugenics at UCL”. Included in the Inquiry’s terms of reference were instructions: 1. To examine the historical role of UCL in the study and teaching of eugenics using oral, archived and other necessary pieces of evidence, including, but not limited to a tour of the UCL Estate 2. To examine the current status of the teaching and study of eugenics at UCL 3. To examine the current status of UCL’s benefit from any financial instruments linked to the study and teaching of eugenics The Inquiry’s appointment came after numerous efforts to raise awareness about the links between (1) patronage from Sir Francis Galton on the theme of eugenics, and (2) research by academics at the university during the first decades of the twentieth century. There also were reports in the 2010s about some extremely disturbing conferences to discuss the inheritance of intelligence organised by seemingly non- university groups using campus facilities. Ideas associated with those groups required rebuttal and condemnation. “Find out what has been going on,” was the informal call to action. Farrall (1969) speaks directly to the three points above included in the Inquiry’s terms of reference. It provides an archivally grounded analysis of eugenics research and eugenics organising by Francis Galton and Karl Pearson in the setting of the University of London and University College. It shows processes of assimilation (making the work part of what universities do) and distancing (asserting independence of control and direction-setting against instruction from the university). It places the activities of Galton, Pearson, and others in their close community, into the context of other eugenics organisations operating in England in the first quarter of the twentieth century, such as the Eugenics Education Society. For historians, Farrall (1969) proposes the programmes sourced to Galton and Pearson represented an “English Movement” of eugenics: statistical and biometrical in nature and contrasting with groups making using other methodologies and assumptions (e.g., groups that were more Mendelian and pedigree-oriented in their methods). Farrall (1969) is by no means the last word on the early twentieth-century history of eugenics associated with University of London or University College. It doesn’t answer every question we want answering in 2019. Some of its interpretative models reflect historical interests in the 1960s, not 2019. But history builds on the past work of our scholars and investigators. This thesis offers a solid foundation stone. It’s here to build on, not cover over. I met Lyndsay Farrall, and his wife Stephanie, in May 2019. He very kindly agreed to another facsimile edition of his dissertation. I have the feeling he’ll want me to remind readers of two points. First, I imagine he will want to pay tribute to the work his wife contributed during this project. Second, I imagine he will want to remind readers of the thrill and excitement to be found in original archival research. “People should be encouraged to study this material firsthand,” he told me. Farrall (1969) will inspire readers. Since its publication, there have been large volumes of archival material collected, digitised, and published around the world. Eugenics has become a subject ripe for a new generation of scholarship, whose questions and concerns will deliver to us further insights and reflections. New questions are coming to the fore to give the subject of eugenics additional importance. With work like Farrall (1969) in hand, we are sure of solid footings. Further building, however, must not stop. Farrall has written important other work in his professional life. An extended curriculum vitae and bibliography features in the back matter of this volume. Thanks to UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies (STS) for its support. Professor Joe Cain University College London September 2019 Preface from Farrall (1985) In the following thesis, the relationships between power and knowledge are taken up in three main ways that continue to demand attention of those of us who seek to understand the nature of science and its role in our societies. First, the knowledge/power relation most easily comprehended is the use of concepts and theories from biology to support a political program and ethical ideal, as was the case with the eugenics movement.
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