Planets Orbiting Other Suns!

Prof. Dan Fabrycky " ! University of Chicago! Outline

• The Solar System • How We look for others – Activity • Kepler mission from NASA • Lots of other Planets are known! • They have pretty crazy orbits and compositions • Where is this going: Colonization? Aliens? Solar System Planets"

Ice giants! Rocky! Gas giants! ExoPlanets are common! Q: How do we find them? A: Their effect on the starlight.

• Color

• Brightness Doppler effect

!

! Best from the ground: Doppler method Best from Space: Transit Method • Pause for Planet Detection Activity • Questions so far? Kepler Mission (NASA, 2009-2013*) *resurrection being planned

• A search for Earth-like planets by the transit technique • Brightness measurements of 150,000 stars • In orbit around the Sun 2/27/14 Like ours, planetary systems are flat. Bill Borucki, Leader of Kepler

http://www.servicespace.org/blog/view.php?id=14410

2013 Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences: “For his founding concept, unflagging advocacy, and visionary leadership during the development of NASA's Kepler mission, which has uncovered myriad planets and solar systems with unforeseen and surprising properties.”

Kepler-11

1.0005

1.0000

0.9995 flux 0.9990 0.9985 Only 0.1% deep!! 0.9980 10 20 30 40 50 time [days] after September 25, 2009 Fabrycky et al. 2012 Swift et al. 2012

Image: NASA/Pyle Fabrycky et al. 2012 SwiftFabrycky et al. 2012 et al. 2012 Swift et al. 2012

Image: NASA/Pyle Muirhead, Johnson et al. 2012 Image: NASA/Pyle

• Pause for Questions • Did you have any idea we knew about so many planets? KOI-730: A Chain of Resonances

P/P=4/3!

P/P=3/2! ! P/P=4/3!

3:4:6:8! Disk-Migration into Resonance! Gas giants with short periods and large eccentricities!

x x x x 0 ! 10 ! 100 1,000 10,000 100,000!

Earth! Super-Earths and Mini-Neptunes

10% Hydrogen/Helium

Rocky

0 1 10 20 Mass (Earth Masses) A Planet Orbiting Two Stars: Kepler-16(AB)b Eclipsing Binary Stars

Secondary Eclipse Brightness

Primary Primary Eclipse Eclipse

Time

Kepler-16(AB)b

credit: Tim Pyle (NASA) • Pause for Questions Where is this field going?

• A second biosphere? – Find evidence for life from the light of the planet.

• Colonizing the nearest stars? Alpha Centauri Bb" Doppler Discovery !

3.23 days, 1.1 Mearth 4 light years away! In a triple stellar system Circum-Binary Planets from Kepler Diversity of Planetary Systems:! Yes, planets are also common outside the Solar System… but they are often…! a) Super-Massive Terrestrials! b) Mini-Neptunes with packed orbits! c) Orbits in resonant chains! d) Hot Jupiters (Close-in)! e) Eccentric (and/or flipped over)! f) In binary star systems! Processes forming these systems have worked in the Solar System too, but in subtler ways.!