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Home , Alpha Centauri Bb, Cassiopeia Dwarf, Coma Star Cluster, Gliese 163, R136a1, Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06885-8 - The New Cosmos: Answering Astronomy’s Big Questions David J. Eicher Index More information

Index

1992QB1,11 Alpha Centauri B, 115

2010 TK7,92 Alpha Centauri Bb, 115 2060 Chiron, 89 Alpha Centauri C, 115 2MASS Survey, 135 Alpha-Proxima Centauri, 15, 115 3753 Cruithne, 92 Alpha Regio, 81 3C 48, 206 Alpher, Ralph, 146 3C 273, 206–207 aluminum, 53, 85 47 Tucanae, 125, 165 Alvarez, Luis, 44 51 Pegasi, 11, 104, 106, 113 Alvarez, Walter, 44 55 Cancri e, 108, 112 Amazonis Planitia, 71 61 Cygni, 162 American Astronomical Society, ix 70 Ophiuchi, 103 Ames Research Center, 44 amino acids, 36, 227 aa (lava), 84 ammonia, 35, 99, 232 accelerating universe, 191, 215 amphibians, 228 accretion disk, 207 amphibole, 85 Acheron, 94 Anaxagoras, 49 Acrux, 164 Andromeda Galaxy, 5, 12, 128, 132, 136–137, active galactic nuclei, 208 140, 165, 172, 208 adaptation, 35 Andromeda I, 135 Africa, 46, 83, 134 Andromeda II, 135 age of the universe, 13 angular momentum, 51, 53, 137, 179 AGN, 208 anisotropies, 193 Aino Planitia, 83 Annual Review of Astronomy and albedo, 98 Astrophysics,39 albedo features, 97 anorthosite, 57 Aldebaran, 163 Antarctica, 35 Alfonso X of Castile, v Antares, 164 ALH 84001, 35 antimatter, 45, 153 Allen Telescope Array, 237 antimuons, 152, 179 Alpha and Proxima Centauri, 160 antiparticles, 153 Alpha Centauri, 18, 162, 164 anti-tau particles, 179 Alpha Centauri A, 115 “An Unbound Universe,” 188

264

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06885-8 - The New Cosmos: Answering Astronomy’s Big Questions David J. Eicher Index More information

Index

Aphrodite Terra, 82–83, 85 Beehive Cluster, 163 Apollo program, 8, 32, 48, 50, 53, 57 Beer, Wilhelm, 49 Arches cluster, 127 Bekenstein, Jacob, 210 Arcturus, 164 Belbruno, Edward, 59 Ares Vallis, 71 Bell Laboratories, 146 Argyre, 9, 70 Bell Regio, 81 Aristarchus of Samos, 49, 159 Bender, Ralf, 136 Aristotle, 33, 49, 225 Benjamin, Robert A., xvii, 129 Artemis Chasma, 86 Bennett, Charles L., 193 arthropods, 228 Bern, Switzerland, 6 Asteria, 82 Beta (venusian tessera), 82 asteroids, 11, 32, 35, 44–45, 53–54, 61, 73, 159– Beta Pictoris Moving Group, 57 160, 229 Beta Regio, 86 asteroids, Hilda group, 93 Betelgeuse, 46, 164 astrometry, 105–106 Betz, Eric, xviii astronomical unit, 92, 159 BICEP2, 154, 194 Astronomy magazine, xii, xvii–xviii, 14, 91, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, 195 198 Big Bang theory, xv, 13–14, 145, 148–149, 153, astrophysical jets, 207, 210 157, 168–169, 175–176, 187, 192, 194, 213, astrophysics, xv 221 Atalanta Planitia, 83 Big Crunch, 221 Athens, Greece, 33 Big Dipper, 124 Atla Regio, 84–86 Big Freeze, 219 atomic hydrogen, 127 Big Rip, 218, 221 Auriga, 113 binary stars, 104 Austin, Texas, 118 Binzel, Richard, 97 Australia, 8, 16, 32, 37, 43, 80, 83, 189, 226 biochemistry, 35 Australopithecus africanus, 134 birds, 38 axions, 183 Birr Castle, 5 bismuth, 53 B-mode polarization, 154, 194 Black Hole Era, 220 Baade, Walter, 146, 172, 201 black holes, ix, xiv, 14, 24–25, 45, 123, 127, bacteria, 8, 37 136, 140, 143, 148, 162, 183, 185, 198, 201– Bailey, Karyn, xvii 202, 205, 211, 214, 219, 221 Bakich, Michael, xvii Blanco Telescope, 197 Balick, Bruce, xvii Blinking Planetary, 164 bar (galactic), 122, 162 blueshift, 106 Barnard’s Galaxy, 132 Blumenthal, George, 178 Barnard’s Star, 103, 162 bolometric magnitude, 39 barred spiral galaxies, 12, 118, 127, 131 Bondi, Hermann, 145 Barringer Meteor Crater, 229 Bonneville Crater, 71 baryon acoustic oscillations, 197 Boötes, 164 baryonic matter, 146, 153, 171, 194, 213, 220 bosons, 179 baryons, 148, 176, 179 Boulder, Colorado, 51 Bath, England, 5 Brahe, Tycho, 159 BBC Radio, 145 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, Beagle 2, 62 192

265

Index

Brown, Mike, 90 Castor, 164 Brown University, xviii CCD (charge-coupled devices), 78 Bruno, Giordano, 103 cD galaxy, 132 Buie, Marc W., 94, 97 CDM (cold dark matter), 178, 180–181 Bullet Cluster, 174 Centaurus, 162 Burns formation, 72 Centaurus A, 140, 166 Butler, Paul, 104 Centaurus A/M83 Group, 166 central bar (Milky Way), 129 calcium carbonate, 42 central bulge (Milky Way), 122, 126 Caldeira, Ken, 39 Central, “Bulgy” Bar (Milky Way), 119 Caldwell, Robert, 218 Cepheid variable stars, 5, 12, 132, 169 California, 104 Cepheus, 162 California Institute of Technology, 56, 171, Ceres, 51, 90 206 Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Callisto, 47, 231 197 Caloris Basin, 55 Chandra X-ray Telescope, 136 Cambrian explosion, 228 Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 23, 201 Cambrian period, 37 Chandrasekhar limit, 201–202 Cameron, Alistair G. W., 51 CHaracterizing ExOPlanets Satellite Campbell, William W., 186 (CHEOPS), 110 Canada, 80 Charon, 47, 94, 97, 99 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, 208 Chelyabinsk, Russia, 45 Canary Islands, 79, 119 chemistry, 34 Cancer, 163 Chicago, Illinois, 12, 137 Canis Major, 163 Chicxulub crater, 44 Canis Major Dwarf, 166 Chile, 197 Canis Minor, 162 chondrite meteorites, 53 Canopus, 164 Christy, James W., 94 Canup, Robin M., 51, 59, 100 chromium, 53 Capella, 18 Chryse Planitia, 61, 65–66, 70–71 capture (origin of Moon idea), 50 Churchwell, Ed, 129 carbohydrates, 34 civilizations, 16, 115 carbon, 18, 25, 27, 34, 42, 112 CL J1449þ0856, 168 carbon dioxide, 8, 37, 39, 42, 46, 64, 68, 73–74, clusters of galaxies, 171 76, 78, 235 co-accretion (Moon), 50 carbon monoxide, 28, 35, 95, 98, 124 Coalsack, 164 carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, 20, 52 COBE spacecraft, 129, 175, 193 Carboniferous period, 38, 228 Cocconi, Giuseppe, 237 Carina, 174 cold dark matter, 178 Carina Nebula, 164 color-magnitude diagrams, 21, 125, 137, 169 Carina-Sagittarius Arm (Milky Way), 131 Columbia Hills, 69, 71 Carl Sagan Memorial Station, 61 Columbia River Basalt Group, 85 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 56, 173 Columbia University, 52 Carson, Johnny, xi Coma Berenices, 163 Cassini–Huygens mission, 231 Coma Cluster of galaxies, 132 Cassiopeia, 117, 135 Coma Star Cluster, 163 Cassiopeia Dwarf Galaxy, 135 Comet 103P/Hartley, 108

266

Index

Comet Wild 2, 36 dark matter, ix–x, xvi, 13, 122, 137, 144, 146, comets, 15, 32, 35–36, 44, 54, 160, 229, 231 165, 170–171, 176, 187, 193–194, 213, 221 constellations, 46 dark matter fluctuations, 175 Contact, 237 dark nebulae, 123, 164 Convection, 78 Dartmouth College, 218 COnvection ROtation et Transits Planétaires Darwin, Charles, 53 (COROT), 108 Darwin, George, 53 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 4, 159 Darwinian evolution, 33, 226, 228, 235 corals, 228 Davis, Donald R., 51 Cornell University, xi, 237 de Sitter, Willem, 185 coronae (venusian features), 79, 82, 86 de Vaucouleurs, Gérard, 118, 135 Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 13, Deccan Flats, 85 148, 175 Deep Impact, 58 cosmic dark ages, 148 Deep Sky, xii, 91 Cosmic Discovery, 195 Deep Sky Monthly,xi cosmic distance scale, xv, 15, 117, 158 Degenerate Era, 219 cosmic inflation, 194, 212 degenerate stars, 201 cosmic microwave background radiation, xv, Deimos, 61 13, 146, 148, 175, 192, 213 Deneb, 164 cosmic rays, 127, 201 density fluctuations, 177 cosmological constant, 182, 186, 188, 190, 192, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 34 215, 217 deuterium, 78, 151 Cosmos,xi Deuteronilus Mensae, 71 Cox, T. J., 137 Devonian period, 37, 228 craters, 10, 79, 81 diapir, 86 Cretaceous period, 38, 228 Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment, Cretaceous-Paleogene, 229 129 Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction Event, 44 dinosaurs, 228 Cretaceous-Paleogene Impact, 38 “Discovery of a Supernova Explosion at Half critical density, 187 the Age of the Universe and its Crux, 163–164 Cosmological Implications,” 191 cryosphere, 64, 68, 74 disk scale radius, 135 cryovolcanism, 232 Disney, Walt, 89 cryovolcanoes, 231 DNA, 34, 36, 226–227 Curiosity (Mars rover), 62, 72 Donato, Leonardo, 2 Curtis, Heber D., 5 Doppler effect, 106 curvature of space, 213 Doppler shifts, 28, 129, 204 cyanobacteria, 32, 43, 226, 228 Doppler technique, 105–106, 114 Cygnus, 11, 109, 112, 114, 117, 162–164 Double Cluster, 163 Cygnus X-1, 14, 198, 204 double planet, 52 double stars, 29, 31 dark energy, ix–x, xvi, 13–14, 146, 171, 181, down quarks, 179 183–184, 191, 193–195, 213–214, 216–217, Drake, Frank, 236–237 219, 221 Drake Equation, 236 dark energy density, 194 Dressler, Alan, 208 Dark Energy Survey, 197 Dumbbell Nebula, 26, 164 Dark Era, 221 dunes, 81

267

Index

dunkle Materie, 171 end Triassic, 45 dwarf galaxies, 132 Endurance crater, 72 dwarf planets, 11, 51, 89, 94, 229 enstatite chondrite meteorites, 53 dwarf stars, 16–17 entropy, 153 Dzigai Vallis, 70 EPOXI, 108 Epsilon Eridani, 162, 237 E ¼ mc2, 148, 184 Epsilon Indi, 162 Eagle crater, 72 era of equal densities, 148 Eagle Nebula, 164 ergosphere, 203 Earth, x, xv–xvi, 7–8, 16, 25, 32, 39, 43–44, Eris, 90, 94, 101, 159, 161 46–47, 53, 75, 78, 84, 90, 92, 94, 97, 100, 123, Erosion, 80 131, 152, 159, 170, 211, 224, 226, 228–229, Eskimo Nebula, 164 231, 234–235 ethane, 35, 231 Earth Trojan asteroid, 92 eukaryotes, 37, 228 earthlike planets, 109 Europa, 35, 98, 230 East India Company, 103 European Space Agency, 62, 108, 136, 175, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, xiv 193, 231 Eberswalde crater, 69 event horizon, 14, 203 eccentricity, 74 exoplanets (extrasolar planets), ix–x, 11, 103, Echus Chasma, 66 105, 112, 114, 224, 234 eclipsing binary stars, 112, 169 extraterrestrial civilizations, 237 Eddington, Arthur, 187, 200 Ehrenfest, Paul, 185 Faber, Sandra M., 169, 178 Eicher, Chris, 18 Faber–Jackson relation, 169 Eicher, David J., ix faint early Sun paradox, 8 Eicher, John H., 52 false vacuum, 194, 221 Eicher, Lynda, 18 fate of the universe, x, xvi, 212, 217, 221 Eicher, Nancy, xvii feldspathoids, 85 Einberger, John, xvii Fermi, Enrico, 224 Einstein, Albert, 6, 154, 184–186, 195, 198, Fermi Paradox, 224 200, 204, 211, 215, 218, 223 Fermilab, xviii Eistla Regio, 81 fermions, 179 electromagnetic force, 154, 179 Filippenko, Alex, ix–x, xvii, 189, 214 electron degeneracy, 25 Filippenko, Noelle, xvii electron neutrino, 179 Finkelstein, David, 14, 203 electrons, 27, 148, 179, 202, 206, 221 Fischer, Debra, xviii electroweak force, 154 fish, 228 Elliot, James, 98 Fisher, J. Richard, 169 elliptical galaxies, 117, 147, 170, 173, 209 fission, 50 Ellis, Richard, 189 Flagstaff, Arizona, 6, 186, 229 ELODIE echelle spectrograph, 104 flat universe, 187, 192 Elysium Planitia, 65, 71 flatness problem, 187 embedding diagrams, 200 Fomalhaut, 114, 164 Empedocles, 33, 225 Fomalhaut b, 114 Enceladus, 35, 230–231 Ford, W. Kent, Jr., 173 end Ordovician, 45 Fornax, 168 end Permian, 45 Fort Davis, Texas, 91

268

Index

fossils, 35 gluinos, 180 Frail, Dale, 104, 112 gluons, 179 France, 104 Gold, Thomas, 145 French Space Agency, 108 Goldilocks Problem, 39 Frenk, Carlos, 181 Goldilocks zone, x, 18, 234 Friedmann, Alexander, 145 Gould’s Belt, 124 fungi, 228 Gott, J. Richard, 59, 188 fusion, 23 Grand Uniﬁed Theories, 154 gravitational force, 154, 179 G1, 136 gravitational lensing, 107, 174, 197 Gaia, 108, 123 gravitinos, 180 galactic center, 122–123, 126, 140, 160, 162, gravitons, 179, 221 173 gravity, 14, 105, 187, 196, 200–201, 214, 216, galactic habitable zone, 235 218 Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Great Attractor, 168 Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE), 129 “Great Dying” 45, 229 Galapagos Islands, 84 Great Rift Valley, 46 galaxies, x, xiv, 12, 14, 117, 134, 171, 175, 183, Great Wall, 168 206, 208, 214, 218–219, 224 Green Bank, West Virginia, 236 galaxy clusters, 174–175, 193, 216 greenhouse effect, 39, 104 galaxy groups, 216, 218 Greenland, 8 Gale Crater, 62, 72 Grimaldi, Francesco Maria, 49 Galileo Galilei, xv, 2, 49, 75, 119, 131 Guinevere Planitia, 83 Galileo spacecraft, 231 Gula Montes, 83 Gallagher, John S., III, xviii Gunn, James E., 178, 188 Galle, Johann Gottfried, 5 Gusev Crater, 62, 69 gamma ray bursts, 45, 169 Guth, Alan, 13, 154, 194, 222 gamma ray photons, 220 gypsum, 66 Gamow, George, 146, 186 Ganymede, 47, 92, 231 habitable zones, 18, 109, 115, 224, 234 Gell-Mann, Murray, 154 hadrons, 153 Geller, Margaret, 168 Hale, George Ellery, 5 Gemini, 164 Hall, Asaph, 61 General Theory of Relativity, 6, 174, 186, 199, Halley’s Comet, 76 212 Halliday, Alex, 54 genes, 226 halos, 122, 126, 132, 183 genetic codes, 34 Harriot, Thomas, 3, 49 genetics ﬁrst, 36 Hartmann, William K., 51 Giant Impact Hypothesis, 9, 51, 54, 57, 59, 100 Harvard University, xviii, 51, 118, 137 giant molecular clouds, 127 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Giant Void, 168 Astrophysics, 12, 168 Gliese 667C, 111 Harwit, Martin, 195 GLIMPSE, 12, 119 Hat Creek Radio Observatory, 237 global cooling, 44 Haumea, 90, 101, 159, 161 global warming, 44–45 Hawaii, 79, 84, 135 globular star clusters, 113, 122, 125, 140, 164, Hawking, Stephen, 204, 210–211, 222–223 171 Hawking radiation, 211, 219, 221

269

Index

Hayden Planetarium, 90 Hubble, Edwin P., 5, 117, 131–132, 145, 186, HD 172555, 58 189 HD 226868, 205 Hubble classiﬁcation, 117 Head, James W., III, xviii Hubble constant, 188 heat death, 219, 221 Hubble Space Telescope, 14, 28–30, 95, 97, Hecate Chasmata, 86 113–114, 139, 168, 170, 175, 208 Helen Planitia, 83 Hubble Time, 146 heliopause, 160 Hubble Ultra Deep Field, 124, 147, 168 helioseismology, 20 Hubble volumes, 222 helium, 18, 20, 126, 148, 150–151, 235 Huchra, John P., 168 helium-3, 151 Human beings, 38, 228 Helix Nebula, 26, 164 Humason, Milton, 186 Hellas, 9, 65, 70 Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, xiv Helmholtz, Hermann von, 19 Huterer, Dragan, 195 hematite, 72 Huygens probe, 231 Hercules Cluster, 132, 165, 237 Hyades, 163 Herman, Robert, 146 Hydra, 95, 97, 100 Herschel, John, 5 Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, 168 Herschel, William, 5, 26, 30 hydrocarbons, 35, 96 Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 20 hydrogen, 20, 23, 34, 78, 124, 126, 147–148, Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 20 150, 235 Hestia Rupes, 83 hydrosphere, 64 Higgs, Vince, xvii hydrostatic equilibrium, 89 Higgs bosons, 179 hydrothermal vents, 36, 227 Higgsinos, 180 hylomorphism, 33, 225 High-z Supernova Search Team, 14, 189 hyperweak force, 154 HII regions, 139 Hilda group asteroids, 93 I Love Lucy, 236 Hipparcos, 123 Iapetus, 97 Ho, Luis C., 208 IC 10, 132, 169 Holocene epoch, 228 IC 342, 132 homeostasis, 35 IC 1613, 132 hominids, 228 Icarus, 51, 59 hominins, 228 Iceland, 84 Homo habilus, 134 Imdr Regio, 86 Homo heidelbergensis, 228 India, 85 Homo sapiens, 1, 38, 228 Indianapolis, Indiana, 137 Hooker Telescope, 5 Inﬂation Theory, 13, 154, 158, 222, 224 Hooper, Dan, xviii Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 96 Horsehead Nebula, 164 infrared astronomy, 126 hot dark matter, 177, 179 infrared radiation, 104 hot Jupiters, 104, 113 Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), 136 How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming, Institute for Astrophysics, Tenerife, 119 90 International Astronomical Union, 6, 89, Hoyle, Fred, 145 102 HR 8799, 114 interstellar gas, 127 H-R diagram, 21 interstellar medium, 28, 123, 127, 160

270

Index

invertebrates, 37 Kona, Hawaii, 51 Io, 47, 98 Kormendy, John, xviii, 208 ionized era, 148 K-Pg Impact, 44, 229 iron, 18, 57 Kraupe, Thomas, xvii iron oxide, 53, 61, 95 Krauss, Lawrence M., 188 iron sulﬁde, 37 KREEP, 57 iron-60, 20 Kuiper, Gerard P., 11 Iron-Sulfur World, 37 Kuiper Airborne Observatory, 98 irregular galaxy, 165 Kuiper Belt, ix, 11, 89, 100–101, 159–160 Ishtar Terra, 83 Kuiper Belt Objects, 11, 94 isotopes, 19, 53, 57 Israelian, Garik, xvii Lada Terra, 81, 83 Ladon Vallis, 70 Jack Hills, 32 Lagoon Nebula, 164 Jackson, Robert E., 169 Lagrangian points, 55, 92, 192–193 James Webb Space Telescope, 110, 214 Lakshmi Planum, 87 Jansky, Karl, 206 Lambda cold dark matter, 182, 192 jarosite, 72 Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 198 Jewel Box, 163 Large Hadron Collider, 181 Johns Hopkins University, xviii, 58, 193 Large Igneous Province volcanism, 44 Jupiter, 3, 11, 18, 35, 55, 90, 104–105, 114, 159, Large Magellanic Cloud, 23, 132, 165 230 Las Cruces, New Mexico, 91 JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE), 231 Late Devonian extinction event, 45, 229 Jurassic period, 38 Late Heavy Bombardment, 9–10, 16, 32, 77, 226, 235 K-T Impact, 229 Lauer, Tod R., 136 K2, 109 lava, 81–82 Kahn, Franz, 133 Lavinia Planitia, 83–84 Kansas, 89 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 189 kaons, 153 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 39 Kasei Vallis, 66 lead, 53 Keck Observatory, 135 Leda Planitia, 83 Keefe, Kevin, xvii Lemaître, Georges, 145, 187 Kepler, Johannes, 4, 134, 159 lenticular galaxies, 117 Kepler Space Telescope, 11, 108 Leo, 164 Kepler’s laws, 138 lepton era, 151 Kepler-11, 112 leptons, 151, 179, 220 Kepler-64b, 112 Le Verrier, Urbain, 5 Kepler-70, 114 Levy, David H., 91 Kepler-70b, 114 life, xvi, 7, 9, 13, 15–17, 32, 39, 41, 74, 114, Kepler-70c, 114 224–226, 232 Kerberos, 95, 100 light-year, 157 Kerr, Roy, 203 lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), 181 Kerr black holes, 203 lightning, 78 kieserite, 66 Linde, Andrei, 13, 154, 194, 222 Kirshner, Robert, 189 Lipid World, 37 Kolb, Rocky, xviii lipids, 34

271

Index

Lisse, Carey, 58 M100, 167 lithium, 151 M101, 167 Local Bubble, 127 M101 Group, 166 Local Group of galaxies, 12, 14, 132, 165, 169, M106, 208 217, 219 M110, 135 Local Supercluster, 219 Ma’adim Vallis, 70 Loeb, Abraham, xviii, 12, 137 MACHOs, 183 Loire Vallis, 68 Mädler, Johann Heinroch von, 49 Long Bar (Milky Way), 119 Madras Observatory, 103 Lowell Observatory, 6, 91, 97–98, 117, 186 Magellan spacecraft, 10, 77, 86 LSP, 181 Magellanic Clouds, 126, 141 Lucretius, 188 Magnetic ﬁelds, 30 luminosity function, 169 magnetic induction, 57 luna,47–48, 50 magnetometer, 78 Lunar and Planetary Institute, xviii main asteroid belt, 51, 58 Lynden-Bell, Donald, 207 main sequence, 17 Lynx, 165 main sequence stars, 21, 104 Lyra, 11, 109, 164 Makemake, 90, 101, 159, 161 Mako, Beata, iv M4, 113 mammals, 38, 228 M6, 163 manganese, 53 M7, 163 Manhattan, New York, 94 M22, 165 Manhattan Project, 52, 203 M32, 132, 136, 141 Marcy, Geoff, 104 M33, 14, 144, 169 Margaritifer Terra, 70 M39, 163 maria, 47 M41, 163 marine anoxia, 44 M49, 167 Mariner 2, 75 M58, 167 Mariner 3, 61 M59, 167 Mariner 4, 61 M60, 167 Mariner 9, 61, 65 M61, 167 Mariner 10, 76 M81, 166 Mars, x, xv, 8–9, 35, 44, 46, 54–55, 61, 67, 84, M81 Group, 166 90, 159, 224, 229, 234 M82, 166 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN M83, 166 (MAVEN), 62 M84, 167 Mars Climate Orbiter, 62 M85, 167 Mars Exploration Rovers, 62 M86, 167 Mars Express, 62, 65 M87, 14, 167, 209–210 Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), 62, 67 M88, 167 Mars Odyssey, 62 M90, 167 Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), 67 M91, 167 Mars Pathﬁnder, 61, 71 M94, 166 Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2, 62 M94 Group, 166 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), 62 M98, 167 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), 62, 72 M99, 167 masers, 169

272

Index

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, missing mass, 13 97–98, 222 “missing matter,” 173 massive compact halo objects (MACHOS), Mitton, Simon, 187 183 “moist greenhouse,” 46 Mather, John C., 175 molecular clouds, 7 matter, 153 molecules, 34 matter density, 194 mōna,47 Mauna Kea, Hawaii, 95, 208 The Moon, x, xiv, 3, 8, 10, 15, 19, 32, 46–47, MAVEN, 62 49, 54, 75, 77, 80, 83–84, 94, 100, 159, 229, Maxwell Montes, 83 235 May, Brian, xvii Morgan, William W., 128 Mayall II, 136 Morrison, Philip, 237 Mayor, Michel, 104 Moscow, Russia, 94 McEwen, Alfred, xviii Mount Everest, 83 McGaugh, Stacy, 181 Mount Rainier, 238 McKay, Chris, 44 Mount Stromlo Observatory, 189 McKinnon, William B., 100 Mount Wilson, 5 Melotte 111, 163 multiple stars, 104 Mercury, 10, 25, 55, 77, 90, 107, 111, 114, 159, multiverse, 222–223 186, 231 muon neutrinos, 179 Meridiani Planum, 62, 65, 71 muons, 152, 179 mesons, 153 Murray, Dan, xvii Messier catalog, 167 mutual events, 99 metabolism, 35 Mylitta Fluctus, 84 metabolism ﬁrst, 36 meteorites, 36, 49, 80 NASA, 62, 108, 129, 160, 175, 231 methane, 35, 95–96, 98–99, 231, 235 National Radio Astronomy Observatory Methuselah, 113 (NRAO), 131 Mexico, 44 National Science Foundation, 131 Miami University, xi–xii Navarro, Julio, 181 Michell, John, 14, 198 Neanderthals, 228 Mickey Mouse, 89 Near-Earth asteroids, 45 microbial life, 35, 37, 41 nebulae (bright), 164 microfossils, 32, 43 nebulae (dark), 123, 164 microquasars, 136 neon, 18 Microvariability and Oscillations of STars Neptune, 11, 89, 94, 101, 112, 159–160, 231 (MOST), 108 neutral atoms, 148 Milkomeda, 12, 132, 138, 140, 217–219 neutral hydrogen gas, 122 Milky Way Galaxy, x, xiv, 3, 7, 11–12, 14, neutrinos, 151, 176, 179, 193 16–17, 23, 31, 45, 103–104, 108–109, 117, neutron stars, 24, 112, 183, 201–202, 205, 219 125, 129, 132, 137, 140, 147, 157, 162, 165, neutrons, 202, 220 168, 172, 193, 198, 205, 208, 210, 212, 217, New Horizons spacecraft, 91, 94–95, 97–100, 224, 234–236 102 Millis, Robert, 98 New Jersey, 146 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, xii, 12 New York, 47, 90 miniature thermal emission spectrometer New York University, xviii, 39 (Mini-TES), 71 Newton, Isaac, 5, 19, 103, 154, 184

273

Index

NFW proﬁle, 181 Orion Nebula, 164 NGC 147, 135 Orion Spur (Milky Way), 162 NGC 185, 135 Ostriker, Jeremiah P., 172, 187–188 NGC 205, 132, 135, 141 outer dark halo (Milky Way), 122 NGC 247, 166 Ovda, 82 NGC 253, 166 Owl Nebula, 26, 164 NGC 2419, 165 Oxford, Ohio, xi NGC 3115, 208 oxygen, 18, 34, 37, 44, 53–54, 57, 228 NGC 4945, 166 ozone, 235 NGC 6946, 132 Ozza Mons, 84 Niobe Planitia, 83 nitrogen, 95, 231 P1, 136 Nix, 95, 97, 99–100 P2, 136 Noachian era, 9, 65, 67–68, 73 P3, 136 Nobel Prize, 14, 146, 191, 195, 214 Padua, Italy, xv, 2, 49, 75 Norma and Outer Arm (Milky Way), 131 Pagels, Heinz, 178 North America, 16 pahoehoe (lava), 84 North America Nebula, 164 Palacopus Vallis, 70 novae, 45, 86, 169 Paleogene period, 38, 228 nucleic acids, 34 paleolakes, 69 nucleocosmochronology, 20 Palomar Mountain, California, 5 nucleons, 151, 220 parallax, 159, 169 Parana Valles, 68–69 obliquity, 74 Parga, 86 Observatorie de Haute-Provence, 104 Paris, France, 215 Occam’s Razor, 238 Parsons, William, Third Earl of Rosse, 5, occultations, 99 119 Ohio, 117 particle physics, 203 olivine, 58, 85 Pasachoff, Jay M., ix Omega Centauri, 125–126, 136, 165 peculiar galaxies, 117 On the Masses of Nebulae and Clusters of Peebles, James E., 172 Nebulae, 172 Pegasus, 114 Oort, Jan H., 13, 129, 171, 187 Pegasus Dwarf Galaxy, 135 Oort Cloud, 15, 160–161, 231 Pennypacker, Carl, 189 open star clusters, 121–122, 125, 147, 163 Penzias, Arno, 146, 148 open universe, 187 perigalacticon, 138 Ophiuchus, 103 period–luminosity relation, 169 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 203 Perlmutter, Saul, 189, 191, 214 Opportunity (Mars rover), 62, 71 Permian period, 38, 228 optical SETI, 237 Permian–Triassic extinction event, 45, 229 Ordovician period, 37, 228 Perotti, Niccolò, v Ordovician–Silurian extinction event, 45, 229 Perseus, 163 organic chemistry, 225 Perseus Arm (Milky Way), 131 organic molecules, 36 phantom energy, 218 Origin of the Moon,51 Philosophical Transactions, 198 Orion, 46, 162, 164 Phobos, 46, 61 Orion Arm (Milky Way), 131 Phoebe, 82

274

Index

Phoebe Regio, 86 proteins, 34 Phoenix mission, 47, 62–63 proto-Earth, 53 phosphorus, 57 protogalaxies, 124, 168 photinos, 180 proton decay, 220 photography, xv, 5 protons, 148, 220 photoionization, 7 protosolar nebula, 54 photometry, 95 Proxima Centauri, 115, 162 photons, 16, 148, 176, 179, 193, 213, PSR B1257þ12, 11, 104, 112 217, 221 PSR B1620–26 b, 113 photosynthesis, 39, 46, 228 Ptolemy, Claudius, 49 Physical Review, 195 pulsar planets, 113 Pinwheel Galaxy, 132, 165 pyroxene, 58, 85 Pioneer Venus, 76 pions, 153, 179 quantum cosmology, 156 Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, 168 quantum gravity, 154 Piscis Austrinus, 114, 164 quantum mechanics, 223 plagioclase, 85 quantum physics, 25 Planck, Max, 193 quark era, 156 Planck Barrier, 156 quark theory, 154 Planck Era, 154 quarks, 154, 179 Planck satellite, 13, 146, 170–171, 175, quasars, 143, 206, 208 193–194, 213 quasi-stellar objects, 206 Planck time, 154 Queloz, Didier, 104 planetary nebula luminosity function, 169 quintessence, 196, 218 planetary nebulae, 7, 26, 29, 164 Quintuplet cluster, 127 Planetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO), 111 R136a1, 23 planetesimals, 32, 50–52, 77, 100 radar, 78 planets, xv, 104, 183, 224, 236 radial velocity, 12, 104–105 plasma, 148 radiation, 146, 148 plate tectonics, 44, 46, 78, 80, 88, 230 radiation era, 149 Pleiades, 124, 163 radiation pressure, 27 Plutinos, 102 radio astronomy, 206 Pluto, xiv, 6, 10, 47, 89, 92, 95, 99, 159 radio galaxies, 207 polarimetry, 95 radioactive decay, 88 positrons, 151, 179, 221 radioisotopes, 98 potassium, 85 radiometric dating, 19, 32 Prague, Czech Republic, 89 Rampino, Michael R., xviii, 39 preplanetary nebulae, 27, 29 Random House, xii Press, William H., 204 Rare Earth Elements, 57 Primack, Joel, 178 Rare Earth Hypothesis, 235 primordial soup, 36 Ratcliffe, Martin, xvii Princeton University, 59, 175 recombination, 148 Principia Mathematica, 5, 103 red dwarf stars, 24, 112, 217 Procyon, 162, 164 red giant stars, 24, 29 Project Ozma, 237 redshift, 106, 168–170 prokaryotes, 37 Rees, Martin J., xviii, 178, 210

275

Index

Rees, Robin, xvii Schmidt, Brian P., 189, 214 reﬂection nebulae, 27 Schmidt, Maarten, 206 Regulus, 164 Schoenberg, Mário, 23 reionization, 147 Schramm, David, 188 reproduction, 35 Schwarzschild, Karl, 14, 185, 199 reptiles, 38, 228 Schwarzschild radius, 206 Rhea Montes, 83 “Schwarzschild singularities”, 199 ribonucleic acid, 34 Sciama, Dennis, 203 ribose, 36 Scorpius, 111, 113, 117, 162–165 Riccioli, Giovanni Battista, 49 Sculptor Group, 166 Richstone, Douglas, 208 Scutum, 163 Richters, Grigorij, xvii Scutum Arm (Milky Way), 130 ridge belts, 81 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), Riess, Adam, xviii, 189, 214 236 Rigel, 164 second law of thermodynamics, 226 Ring Nebula, 26, 164 Sedna Planitia, 83, 85 RNA, 34, 36, 227 See, Thomas Jefferson Jackson, 103 RNA World, 37 selectrons, 180 rock abrasion tool (RAT), 71 selene, 47, 51 rolling plains, 83 Seleucus, 49 Rood, Herbert J., 173 self-replicating molecules, 227 rotation curve, 169 Senate Watergate Hearings, 236 rotational ﬁssion, 53 SERENDIP, 237 rotational signature, 57 SETI, 236 Royal Society, 198 SETI Institute, xviii, 236–237 RR Lyrae stars, 126, 169 SETI Italia, 237 Rubin, Vera, 13, 173 Shapley, Harlow, 5 Rusalka Planitia, 83 Shostak, Seth, xviii Russell, Henry Norris, 20 Sicily, Italy, 33 Ryle, Martin, 206 Sif Montes, 83 silicate–carbonate cycle, 46 Sacajawea Caldera, 87 silicon, 35, 85 Safronov, Victor S., 50 silicon dioxide, 58 Sagan, Carl, x–xi, xvi–xvii, 16, 236–237 Silurian period, 37, 228 Sagittarius, 117, 162, 165 singularities, 156, 211 Sagittarius A , 122, 127, 162 Sirius, 164 Sagittarius Arm (Milky Way), 130 size of the universe, 212 Sagittarius B2, 126 Skiff, Brian A., 91 Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy, 126, 166 Slipher, Vesto M., 117, 131, 145, 186 Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 168, 197 Planet Search (SWEEPS), 108 Sloan Great Wall, 168 Sahelanthropus,1 Small Magellanic Cloud, 132, 165 Samara Vallis, 68 Smith, Glenn, xvii Sandage, Allan, 118, 146, 187, 189 Smoot, George, 175 Saros cycle, 49 smuons, 180 Saturn, 35, 47, 90, 159, 231 sneutrinos, 180 scattered disk, 101, 159–161 Sojourner (Mars rover), 62, 71

276

Index

solar system, x, 7, 11, 19, 32, 45, 47, 55, 80, sugars, 34 105, 160, 219, 229 sulfur, 8, 10 solar wind, 160 Sun, xiv, xvi, 7–8, 13, 15–17, 25, 30, 34, 39, 46, Sombrero Galaxy, 208 73, 75, 91, 103–104, 112, 114, 122–124, 131, South America, 94 144, 159, 164, 204, 219, 234–235 South Pole–Aitken Basin, 55 Suntzeff, Nicholas B., 189 Southern Cross, 164 super-Earths, 11, 110–111 Southern SERENDIP, 237 superclusters, 178, 181 Southwest Research Institute, xviii, superforce, 154 51, 97 supergiants, 205 Soviet Union, 61, 75 supermassive black holes, 122, 207–209 space-time, 200, 202, 216 Supernova Cosmology Project, 14, 189 Special Theory of Relativity, 6, 184 supernova remnants, 164 spectrometers, 78 supernovae, 14, 20, 24, 45, 104, 127, 184, 189, Spectroscopic parallax, 123 201, 235 spectroscopy, xv, 5, 95, 99 supersymmetry, 180 speed of light, 157 SuperWASP, 113 spiral galaxies, 117, 147 superwind, 28 “spiral nebulae”, 117, 119 surface brightness, 169 Spirit (Mars rover), 62, 69, 71 Surious Vallis, 70 Spitzer Space Telescope, 12, 57, 97, 119, 129, Swarthmore College, 103 136–137 synchrotron radiation, 206 sponges, 228 Sproul Observatory, 103 Talcott, Rich, xvii Spudis, Paul D., xviii Tarantula Nebula, 23, 165 squarks, 180 Tau Ceti, 237 St. Louis, Missouri, 100 tau neutrinos, 152, 179 Stahl, Georg Ernst, 225 tau particles, 179 standard candles, 130, 169–170, 190 Taurus, 124, 163 standard model, 179–180, 187 Tegmark, Max, 222–223 star clusters, 140 telescopes, 3 Stardust mission, 36, 58 Tellus Regio, 81 Starmus Festival, 198 Terra Cimmeria, 67 stars, x, 7, 17, 214, 224 Terra Meridiani, 68 stau particles, 180 Terra Sirenum, 69 Steinhardt, Paul, 182, 188 tesserae, 79, 81 stellar disk, 121 Texas Star Party, 91 stellar evolution, 20 Tharsis Bulge, 65 Stelliferous Era, 219 The Cosmos: Astronomy in the New Millennium, Stern, S. Alan, xviii, 92, 101 ix Stock, Karri, xvii The Realm of the Nebulae., 132 Strelley Pool, Australia, 8, 32, 43, 226 The Twilight Zone, 236 string theory, 196 Theia, 9, 51, 54, 100, 229 strong force, 154, 179 Theia Montes, 83 Styx, 94–95, 100 Themis Regio, 86 subatomic particles, 179 Thetis Regio, 82–83 subduction, 78 thick disk (Miky Way), 122, 124

277

Index

thin disk (Milky Way), 121, 124, 162 up quarks, 179 Third Cambridge radio catalog, 206 uranium, 53 Thomson, Lord Kelvin, William, 19 Uranus, 5, 26, 90, 98, 101, 111, 159 Thorne, Kip S., 198, 204 urea, 33, 225 time dilation, 200 Urey, Harold C., 52 time travel, 211 Ursa Major, 164, 166 Tinsley, Beatrice, 188 Ursa Major Moving Group, 124 Titan, 35, 47, 99, 231 US Naval Observatory, 61 titanium, 57, 148 Utopia, 55 Tombaugh, Clyde W., 6, 10, 89, 102 Uzboi Vallis, 70 transit method, 106–107, 114 Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), Valles Marineris, 65–66 110 vanadium, 53 Trans-Neptunian Objects, 90, 94 van de Kamp, Peter, 103 Tremaine, Scott, 178 van der Marel, Roeland, 139 Triangulum, 165 Vangelis, xi Triassic period, 38, 228 variable stars, 169 Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, 45, 229 Vega, 164 Triﬁd Nebula, 164 Vega 1, 76 trigonometric parallax, 123 Vega 2, 76 Triton, 95, 98–99, 101, 231 Vela, 162 Trojan asteroids, 93 Venera 1, 75 Tully, R. Brent, 168 Venera 3, 75 Tully–Fisher relation, 169 Venera 4, 75 Turner, Michael S., 188, 195 Venera 5, 76 Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), 135 Venera 6, 76 Type Ia supernovae, 14, 170, 189 Venera 7, 76 Tyson, Neil deGrasse, 90 Venera 9, 76 Venera 10, 76 UDFj–39546284, 169 Venera 11, 76 UFOs, 237 Venera 12, 76 Uhuru, 204 Venera 13, 76 UK Infrared Telescope, 95 Venera 14, 76 ULIRG, 143 Venera 15, 76 ultraluminous infrared galaxies, 142 Venera 16, 76 ultraviolet radiation, 29 Venice, Italy, 2 United States, 75, 77, 83, 85 Venus, x, xv, 4, 8–9, 25, 39, 75, 88, 90, 107, universal acceleration, 217 159, 234 universal expansion, 222 Venus Express, 78, 85 University of Arizona, xviii, 50 Venus Orbiter Imaging Radar (VOIR), 77 University of California, x, xvii, 189 Venus Radar Mapper, 77 University of Cambridge, xviii, 201, 206 vertebrates, 228 University of Chicago, xviii Very Long Baseline Array, 123, 131 University of Texas, xviii, 118 Very Long Baseline Interferometry, 207 University of Washington, xvii vesicle factories, 36 University of Wisconsin, xvii, 12, 129 Viking 1, 61 University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 129 Viking 2, 61

278

Index

Virgo, 14, 113 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Virgo Cluster, 132, 167, 210, 217 (WMAP), 13, 170, 175–176, 192–193, Virgo Supercluster, 167, 219 213 viruses, 37 William of Ockham, 238 vitalism, 33, 225 Wilson, Robert, 146, 148 voids, 168, 181 WIMPs, 181 volatile elements, 57 Winos, 180 volcanic domes, 85 Wisconsin, 215 volcanism, 84 Wöhler, Friedrich, 33, 225 volcanoes, 42, 78, 81 Wolf 359, 162 Voyager 1, 160, 162, 165 Wolszczan, Aleksandr, 103, 112 Voyager 2, 160, 231 Woltjers, Lodewijk, 133 Vulpecula, 164 World War I, 200 World War II, 52 W bosons, 179 wormholes, 211 Ward, William, 51 warping of space, 200 x-ray bursts, 169 warping of time, 200 x-rays, 28, 204 Washington University, 100 WASP-12, 113 Yahil, Amos, 172 WASP-12b, 113 Yale University, xviii water, 8–9, 18, 32, 46, 54, 62, 66, 72, 78, 224, Yellowknife Bay, 72 229, 234–235 Yerkes Observatory, 128 weak force, 154, 179 Young, Eliot, 97 weakly interacting massive particles, 181 Yucatán Peninsula, 44, 229 Weinberg, Steven, 222 Wheeler, John Archibald, 156, 203 Z bosons, 179 Whirlpool Galaxy, 119 Zel’dovich, Yakov B., 203–204, 210 White, Simon, 181 zinc, 57 white dwarf stars, 24–25, 142, 144, 170, 183, zinos, 180 189, 201–202, 219 Zweig, George, 154 Wild Duck Cluster, 163 Zwicky, Fritz, 13, 171, 174, 179, 201

279