Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06885-8 - The New Cosmos: Answering Astronomy’s Big Questions David J. Eicher Index More information Index 1992QB1,11 Alpha Centauri B, 115 2010 TK7,92 Alpha Centauri Bb, 115 2060 Chiron, 89 Alpha Centauri C, 115 2MASS Survey, 135 Alpha-Proxima Centauri, 15, 115 3753 Cruithne, 92 Alpha Regio, 81 3C 48, 206 Alpher, Ralph, 146 3C 273, 206–207 aluminum, 53, 85 47 Tucanae, 125, 165 Alvarez, Luis, 44 51 Pegasi, 11, 104, 106, 113 Alvarez, Walter, 44 55 Cancri e, 108, 112 Amazonis Planitia, 71 61 Cygni, 162 American Astronomical Society, ix 70 Ophiuchi, 103 Ames Research Center, 44 amino acids, 36, 227 aa (lava), 84 ammonia, 35, 99, 232 accelerating universe, 191, 215 amphibians, 228 accretion disk, 207 amphibole, 85 Acheron, 94 Anaxagoras, 49 Acrux, 164 Andromeda Galaxy, 5, 12, 128, 132, 136–137, active galactic nuclei, 208 140, 165, 172, 208 adaptation, 35 Andromeda I, 135 Africa, 46, 83, 134 Andromeda II, 135 age of the universe, 13 angular momentum, 51, 53, 137, 179 AGN, 208 anisotropies, 193 Aino Planitia, 83 Annual Review of Astronomy and albedo, 98 Astrophysics,39 albedo features, 97 anorthosite, 57 Aldebaran, 163 Antarctica, 35 Alfonso X of Castile, v Antares, 164 ALH 84001, 35 antimatter, 45, 153 Allen Telescope Array, 237 antimuons, 152, 179 Alpha and Proxima Centauri, 160 antiparticles, 153 Alpha Centauri, 18, 162, 164 anti-tau particles, 179 Alpha Centauri A, 115 “An Unbound Universe,” 188 264 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06885-8 - The New Cosmos: Answering Astronomy’s Big Questions David J. Eicher Index More information Index Aphrodite Terra, 82–83, 85 Beehive Cluster, 163 Apollo program, 8, 32, 48, 50, 53, 57 Beer, Wilhelm, 49 Arches cluster, 127 Bekenstein, Jacob, 210 Arcturus, 164 Belbruno, Edward, 59 Ares Vallis, 71 Bell Laboratories, 146 Argyre, 9, 70 Bell Regio, 81 Aristarchus of Samos, 49, 159 Bender, Ralf, 136 Aristotle, 33, 49, 225 Benjamin, Robert A., xvii, 129 Artemis Chasma, 86 Bennett, Charles L., 193 arthropods, 228 Bern, Switzerland, 6 Asteria, 82 Beta (venusian tessera), 82 asteroids, 11, 32, 35, 44–45, 53–54, 61, 73, 159– Beta Pictoris Moving Group, 57 160, 229 Beta Regio, 86 asteroids, Hilda group, 93 Betelgeuse, 46, 164 astrometry, 105–106 Betz, Eric, xviii astronomical unit, 92, 159 BICEP2, 154, 194 Astronomy magazine, xii, xvii–xviii, 14, 91, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, 195 198 Big Bang theory, xv, 13–14, 145, 148–149, 153, astrophysical jets, 207, 210 157, 168–169, 175–176, 187, 192, 194, 213, astrophysics, xv 221 Atalanta Planitia, 83 Big Crunch, 221 Athens, Greece, 33 Big Dipper, 124 Atla Regio, 84–86 Big Freeze, 219 atomic hydrogen, 127 Big Rip, 218, 221 Auriga, 113 binary stars, 104 Austin, Texas, 118 Binzel, Richard, 97 Australia, 8, 16, 32, 37, 43, 80, 83, 189, 226 biochemistry, 35 Australopithecus africanus, 134 birds, 38 axions, 183 Birr Castle, 5 bismuth, 53 B-mode polarization, 154, 194 Black Hole Era, 220 Baade, Walter, 146, 172, 201 black holes, ix, xiv, 14, 24–25, 45, 123, 127, bacteria, 8, 37 136, 140, 143, 148, 162, 183, 185, 198, 201– Bailey, Karyn, xvii 202, 205, 211, 214, 219, 221 Bakich, Michael, xvii Blanco Telescope, 197 Balick, Bruce, xvii Blinking Planetary, 164 bar (galactic), 122, 162 blueshift, 106 Barnard’s Galaxy, 132 Blumenthal, George, 178 Barnard’s Star, 103, 162 bolometric magnitude, 39 barred spiral galaxies, 12, 118, 127, 131 Bondi, Hermann, 145 Barringer Meteor Crater, 229 Bonneville Crater, 71 baryon acoustic oscillations, 197 Boötes, 164 baryonic matter, 146, 153, 171, 194, 213, 220 bosons, 179 baryons, 148, 176, 179 Boulder, Colorado, 51 Bath, England, 5 Brahe, Tycho, 159 BBC Radio, 145 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, Beagle 2, 62 192 265 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06885-8 - The New Cosmos: Answering Astronomy’s Big Questions David J. Eicher Index More information Index Brown, Mike, 90 Castor, 164 Brown University, xviii CCD (charge-coupled devices), 78 Bruno, Giordano, 103 cD galaxy, 132 Buie, Marc W., 94, 97 CDM (cold dark matter), 178, 180–181 Bullet Cluster, 174 Centaurus, 162 Burns formation, 72 Centaurus A, 140, 166 Butler, Paul, 104 Centaurus A/M83 Group, 166 central bar (Milky Way), 129 calcium carbonate, 42 central bulge (Milky Way), 122, 126 Caldeira, Ken, 39 Central, “Bulgy” Bar (Milky Way), 119 Caldwell, Robert, 218 Cepheid variable stars, 5, 12, 132, 169 California, 104 Cepheus, 162 California Institute of Technology, 56, 171, Ceres, 51, 90 206 Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Callisto, 47, 231 197 Caloris Basin, 55 Chandra X-ray Telescope, 136 Cambrian explosion, 228 Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 23, 201 Cambrian period, 37 Chandrasekhar limit, 201–202 Cameron, Alistair G. W., 51 CHaracterizing ExOPlanets Satellite Campbell, William W., 186 (CHEOPS), 110 Canada, 80 Charon, 47, 94, 97, 99 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, 208 Chelyabinsk, Russia, 45 Canary Islands, 79, 119 chemistry, 34 Cancer, 163 Chicago, Illinois, 12, 137 Canis Major, 163 Chicxulub crater, 44 Canis Major Dwarf, 166 Chile, 197 Canis Minor, 162 chondrite meteorites, 53 Canopus, 164 Christy, James W., 94 Canup, Robin M., 51, 59, 100 chromium, 53 Capella, 18 Chryse Planitia, 61, 65–66, 70–71 capture (origin of Moon idea), 50 Churchwell, Ed, 129 carbohydrates, 34 civilizations, 16, 115 carbon, 18, 25, 27, 34, 42, 112 CL J1449þ0856, 168 carbon dioxide, 8, 37, 39, 42, 46, 64, 68, 73–74, clusters of galaxies, 171 76, 78, 235 co-accretion (Moon), 50 carbon monoxide, 28, 35, 95, 98, 124 Coalsack, 164 carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, 20, 52 COBE spacecraft, 129, 175, 193 Carboniferous period, 38, 228 Cocconi, Giuseppe, 237 Carina, 174 cold dark matter, 178 Carina Nebula, 164 color-magnitude diagrams, 21, 125, 137, 169 Carina-Sagittarius Arm (Milky Way), 131 Columbia Hills, 69, 71 Carl Sagan Memorial Station, 61 Columbia River Basalt Group, 85 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 56, 173 Columbia University, 52 Carson, Johnny, xi Coma Berenices, 163 Cassini–Huygens mission, 231 Coma Cluster of galaxies, 132 Cassiopeia, 117, 135 Coma Star Cluster, 163 Cassiopeia Dwarf Galaxy, 135 Comet 103P/Hartley, 108 266 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06885-8 - The New Cosmos: Answering Astronomy’s Big Questions David J. Eicher Index More information Index Comet Wild 2, 36 dark matter, ix–x, xvi, 13, 122, 137, 144, 146, comets, 15, 32, 35–36, 44, 54, 160, 229, 231 165, 170–171, 176, 187, 193–194, 213, 221 constellations, 46 dark matter fluctuations, 175 Contact, 237 dark nebulae, 123, 164 Convection, 78 Dartmouth College, 218 COnvection ROtation et Transits Planétaires Darwin, Charles, 53 (COROT), 108 Darwin, George, 53 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 4, 159 Darwinian evolution, 33, 226, 228, 235 corals, 228 Davis, Donald R., 51 Cornell University, xi, 237 de Sitter, Willem, 185 coronae (venusian features), 79, 82, 86 de Vaucouleurs, Gérard, 118, 135 Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 13, Deccan Flats, 85 148, 175 Deep Impact, 58 cosmic dark ages, 148 Deep Sky, xii, 91 Cosmic Discovery, 195 Deep Sky Monthly,xi cosmic distance scale, xv, 15, 117, 158 Degenerate Era, 219 cosmic inflation, 194, 212 degenerate stars, 201 cosmic microwave background radiation, xv, Deimos, 61 13, 146, 148, 175, 192, 213 Deneb, 164 cosmic rays, 127, 201 density fluctuations, 177 cosmological constant, 182, 186, 188, 190, 192, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 34 215, 217 deuterium, 78, 151 Cosmos,xi Deuteronilus Mensae, 71 Cox, T. J., 137 Devonian period, 37, 228 craters, 10, 79, 81 diapir, 86 Cretaceous period, 38, 228 Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment, Cretaceous-Paleogene, 229 129 Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction Event, 44 dinosaurs, 228 Cretaceous-Paleogene Impact, 38 “Discovery of a Supernova Explosion at Half critical density, 187 the Age of the Universe and its Crux, 163–164 Cosmological Implications,” 191 cryosphere, 64, 68, 74 disk scale radius, 135 cryovolcanism, 232 Disney, Walt, 89 cryovolcanoes, 231 DNA, 34, 36, 226–227 Curiosity (Mars rover), 62, 72 Donato, Leonardo, 2 Curtis, Heber D., 5 Doppler effect, 106 curvature of space, 213 Doppler shifts, 28, 129, 204 cyanobacteria, 32, 43, 226, 228 Doppler technique, 105–106, 114 Cygnus, 11, 109, 112, 114, 117, 162–164 Double Cluster, 163 Cygnus X-1, 14, 198, 204 double planet, 52 double stars, 29, 31 dark energy, ix–x, xvi, 13–14, 146, 171, 181, down quarks, 179 183–184, 191, 193–195, 213–214, 216–217, Drake, Frank, 236–237 219, 221 Drake Equation, 236 dark energy density, 194 Dressler, Alan, 208 Dark Energy Survey, 197 Dumbbell Nebula, 26, 164 Dark Era, 221 dunes, 81 267 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06885-8 - The New Cosmos: Answering Astronomy’s Big Questions David J. Eicher Index More information Index dunkle Materie, 171 end Triassic, 45 dwarf galaxies, 132 Endurance crater, 72 dwarf planets, 11, 51, 89, 94, 229 enstatite chondrite meteorites, 53 dwarf stars, 16–17 entropy, 153 Dzigai Vallis, 70 EPOXI, 108 Epsilon Eridani, 162, 237 E ¼ mc2, 148, 184 Epsilon Indi, 162 Eagle crater, 72 era of equal densities, 148 Eagle Nebula, 164 ergosphere, 203 Earth, x, xv–xvi, 7–8, 16, 25, 32, 39, 43–44, Eris, 90, 94, 101, 159, 161 46–47, 53, 75, 78, 84, 90, 92, 94, 97, 100, 123, Erosion, 80 131, 152, 159, 170, 211, 224, 226, 228–229, Eskimo Nebula, 164 231, 234–235 ethane, 35, 231 Earth Trojan asteroid, 92 eukaryotes, 37, 228 earthlike planets,