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Normas Para Confecção Da Versão UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE UBERLÂNDIA INSTITUTO DE GENÉTICA E BIOQUÍMICA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA E BIOQUÍMICA Poliploidia e variações reprodutivas em Bombacoideae (Malvaceae): distribuição geográfica, filogeografia e tamanho do genoma Aluna: Rafaela Cabral Marinho Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Ana Maria Bonetti Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Eugênio Alves Macedo de Oliveira UBERLÂNDIA - MG 2017 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE UBERLÂNDIA INSTITUTO DE GENÉTICA E BIOQUÍMICA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA E BIOQUÍMICA Poliploidia e variações reprodutivas em Bombacoideae (Malvaceae): distribuição geográfica, filogeografia e tamanho do genoma Aluna: Rafaela Cabral Marinho Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Ana Maria Bonetti Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Eugênio Alves Macedo de Oliveira Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Uberlândia como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do Título de Doutora em Genética e Bioquímica (Área Genética) UBERLÂNDIA – MG 2017 ii Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFU, MG, Brasil. M338p Marinho, Rafaela Cabral, 1988 2017 Poliploidia e variações reprodutivas em Bombacoideae (Malvaceae): distribuição geográfica, filogeografia e tamanho do genoma / Rafaela Cabral Marinho. - 2017. 100 f. : il. Orientadora: Ana Maria Bonetti. Coorientador: Paulo Eugênio Alves Macedo de Oliveira. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Bioquímica. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ufu.di.2018.134 Inclui bibliografia. 1. Genética - Teses. 2. Malvaceae - Teses. 3. Filogeografia - Teses. 4. Genomas - Teses. I. Bonetti, Ana Maria. II. Oliveira, Paulo Eugênio Alves Macedo de. III. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Bioquímica. IV. Título. CDU: 577.1 Angela Aparecida Vicentini Tzi Tziboy – CRB-6/947 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE UBERLÂNDIA INSTITUTO DE GENÉTICA E BIOQUÍMICA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA E BIOQUÍMICA Poliploidia e variações reprodutivas em Bombacoideae (Malvaceae): distribuição geográfica, filogeografia e tamanho do genoma Aluna: Rafaela Cabral Marinho COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA Presidente: Ana Maria Bonetti Examinadores: Profª. Drª. Maria Bernadete Lovato Prof. Dr. Marcelo Carnier Dornelas Prof. Dr. Robson José de Oliveira Júnior Prof. Dr. Cassiano Aimberê Dorneles Welker Data da Defesa: 28 /11 /2017 As sugestões da Comissão Examinadora e as Normas PGGB para o formato da Dissertação/Tese foram contempladas ___________________________________ (Profª Drª Ana Maria Bonetti) iii Dedico esta tese a minha mãe A minha família e a amigos que foram o meu alicerce durante essa jornada. Ao meu amor, por sua determinação em me apoiar e me fazer feliz. iv AGRADECIMENTOS Tão difícil quanto escrever essa tese é traduzir em palavras todos os sentimentos, agradecimentos e sujeitos que estiveram em mim e comigo nesses quatro anos, apesar desta jornada ter iniciado bem antes. Agradeço primeiramente a todos os professores e técnicos do Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Bioquímica que trabalham com enorme dedicação para que as nossas pesquisas sejam bem sucedidas. Agradeço à Capes pela bolsa de estudos durante esses três anos e meio, este benefício foi essencial para a continuidade e finalização desta tese. Aos colaboradores externos: À Profª Drª Maria Bernadete Lovato e sua aluna Luciana Resende por ter nos ajudado inicialmente com as práticas de Filogeografia e com algumas análises. Ao Prof. Dr. Thiago Mineo por ter permitido as análises no citômetro de fluxo e a técnica responsável Ana Cláudia Arantes Marquez Pajuaba por ter nos ajudado com o equipamento. Aos meus orientadores: Ana Maria Bonetti e Paulo Eugênio Oliveira. Vocês sempre foram e sempre serão fonte de inspiração, dedicação, compromisso e amor à nossa profissão, mesmo nos momentos de dificuldade. Bonetti, obrigada por abrir as portas da Genética para mim, pela oportunidade de compartilhar momentos maravilhosos no Labgen, ao seu lado e ao lado dos meus colegas! Foi muito enrriquecedor. Admiro muito a sua história! Paulo, obrigada por todos os momentos de incentivo e de grandiosos ensinamentos e por toda a confiança no meu trabalho. Agradeço por estar sempre disponível para me auxiliar, principalmente nas maiores dificuldades. A todos meus amigos do Labgen e do Lamovi que compartilharam os seus conhecimentos e sempre foram incentivadores da minha pesquisa. Aos meus amigos de coleta: Clesnan, Fernanda, Denis, Paulo Eugênio e Diana. Percorreram comigo mais de quatro mil quilômetros, compartilhamos as melhores e mais lindas imagens do Cerrado brasileiro. À minhas amigas do coração Larissa e Gabriela. Obrigada por não desistirem de mim mesmo quando estive distante! Vocês foram muito importantes nessa caminhada. À minha família, especialmente a minha mãe, por me apoiar, incentivar, escutar, por ser um exemplo profissional e pessoal para mim. Você será minha v eterna fonte de inspiração! Te amo mãe! À minha irmã por compartilhar vários momentos de alegria e por me trazer para a realidade algumas vezes, te amo! Às minhas tias e meus tios, primas e primos, por tornarem todos os momentos que estamos juntos maravilhosos e por sempre renovarem minhas energias. A você meu amor!!! Que por amor aprendeu a diferenciar uma Eriotheca pubescens de uma Eriotheca gracilipes! Que percorreu comigo muitos desses quilômetros procurando estas e outras plantas. Por ter me apoiado nos momentos de angústia e desespero e por ter dividido comigo cada vitória. Te amo! vi Sumário 1. Introdução ...................................................................................................... 5 1.1 A influência da poliploidia (Whole genome duplication – WGD) na diversificação das Angiospermas ........................................................................... 6 1.2 Alternativas reprodutivas: apomixia associada a poliembrionia ....................... 8 1.2.1 Apomixia ................................................................................................ 8 1.2.2 Poliembrionia em apomíticos ............................................................... 10 1.3 Bioma Cerrado ............................................................................................... 11 1.3.1 Estudos filogeográficos no Cerrado: .................................................... 12 1.4 Objeto de estudo ............................................................................................ 15 1.5 Objetivos gerais .............................................................................................. 17 2. Referências bibliográficas .......................................................................... 19 CAPÍTULO 1 Stomata measurements for different cytotypes in species of Eriotheca that formed the Stellate Trichomes Complex (Bombacoideae – Malvaceae) .......................................................................................................... 26 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 27 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 29 Methods............................................................................................................... 32 Results ................................................................................................................ 33 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 35 References .......................................................................................................... 45 CAPÍTULO 2 Phylogeography of the Stellate Trichomes Complex (Bombacoideae – Malvaceae) ............................................................................ 50 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 51 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 52 Methods............................................................................................................... 55 Population sampling and evaluation of the reproductive system of Stellate Trichomes Complex ............................................................................................. 55 DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing ..................................................... 55 Diversity, haplotype network and population structure ......................................... 56 Results ................................................................................................................ 57 Genetic diversity and phylogeographical structure ............................................... 57 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 59 Reproductive and cytological pattern in phylogeographic structure ...................... 61 References .......................................................................................................... 68 CAPÍTULO 3 Evolution of genome size, reproductive system of the Malvatheca clade (Malvaceae) ........................................................................... 74 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 75 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 76 Methods..............................................................................................................
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