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Global Green Freight Action Plan — Technical Background

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Global Green Freight Action Plan — Technical Background Global Green Freight Action Plan — Technical Background Final Report Prepared for: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Prepared by: Eastern Research Group, Inc. April 2, 2015 ERG Project No.: 0303.02.012.002 Global Green Freight Action Plan — Technical Background Final Report Prepared for: Buddy Polovick U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2000 Traverwood Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Prepared by: Rick Baker Richard Billings Birgit Caliandro Mike Sabisch Alan Stanard Jim Lindner Eastern Research Group, Inc. 3508 Far West Blvd., Suite 210 Austin, TX 78731 April 2, 2015 Notice This document contains copyrighted material. Credited images are the property of their listed sources, who reserve all rights (except where credits indicate images released under Creative Commons license). Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... vi 1.0 Summary of CCAC Green Freight Call to Action and Action Plan ................................ 1-1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Global Green Freight Call to Action .................................................................... 1-2 1.3 Global Green Freight Action Plan ....................................................................... 1-3 1.4 Technical Background Paper Overview .............................................................. 1-4 2.0 Global Goods Movement and Associated Impacts .......................................................... 2-1 2.1 Overview of Green Freight Opportunities in the Global Freight Sector ............. 2-1 2.2 Health, Logistics, Technology, and Economic Impacts .................................... 2-10 2.2.1 Health ..................................................................................................... 2-10 2.2.2 Traffic Congestion ................................................................................. 2-11 2.2.3 Safety ..................................................................................................... 2-11 2.2.4 Technology Advancement ..................................................................... 2-12 2.2.5 Fuel Costs............................................................................................... 2-13 2.2.6 Other Economic Impacts........................................................................ 2-13 2.3 Emission Standards and Policy .......................................................................... 2-14 3.0 Current and Developing Green Freight Programs ........................................................... 3-1 3.1 Detailed Program Summaries .............................................................................. 3-3 3.1.1 SmartWay Transport Partnership ............................................................. 3-3 3.1.2 Green Freight Europe ............................................................................. 3-11 3.1.3 Objectif CO2 (France) ............................................................................ 3-18 3.1.4 Green Freight Asia ................................................................................. 3-24 3.1.5 China Green Freight Initiative ............................................................... 3-29 3.1.6 Transporte Limpio (Mexico).................................................................. 3-35 3.1.7 Lean and Green (Netherlands) ............................................................... 3-40 3.1.8 Clean Cargo Working Group ................................................................. 3-49 3.2 Other Programs .................................................................................................. 3-56 3.2.1 EcoTransIT® World Initiative ............................................................... 3-56 3.2.2 Green Logistics Partnership (Tokyo) ..................................................... 3-58 3.2.3 Freight Best Practice (Wales) ................................................................ 3-59 3.2.4 EcoStation (Australia) ............................................................................ 3-59 3.2.5 Green and Smart Transport Partnership (Korea) ................................... 3-60 3.2.6 ECOSTARS Europe............................................................................... 3-61 3.2.7 Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport (SLoCaT) .............. 3-62 3.3 Other Resources ................................................................................................. 3-62 3.3.1 Smart Freight Centre .............................................................................. 3-62 3.3.2 European Standard EN 16258, “Methodology for Calculation and Declaration of Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions of Transport Services (Freight and Passengers)” ........................................................ 3-66 3.3.3 COFRET ................................................................................................ 3-67 3.3.4 Geospatial Intermodal Freight Transportation (GIFT) Model ............... 3-68 3.3.5 Network for Transport and Environment (NTM) .................................. 3-69 3.3.6 South Australian Freight Council (SAFC) ............................................. 3-69 3.4 Freight Supply Chain Carbon Accounting and Reporting ................................. 3-70 i 4.0 Freight Vehicles and Operation Practices ........................................................................ 4-1 4.1 Trucking (Vehicles and Operational Practices) ................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Truck Classification ................................................................................. 4-1 4.1.2 Global Freight Truck Market ................................................................... 4-3 4.1.3 In-Use Operating Characteristics ............................................................. 4-8 4.1.4 Truck Configurations ............................................................................. 4-15 4.1.5 Fleet Ownership/Contracting ................................................................. 4-18 4.2 Intermodal Options ............................................................................................ 4-19 4.3 Rail Freight Options ........................................................................................... 4-22 4.4 Marine Cargo Options........................................................................................ 4-25 4.5 Air Freight Options ............................................................................................ 4-32 5.0 Review of Current Truck Technologies and Operating Strategies .................................. 5-1 5.1 Factors Influencing Truck Fuel Consumption and Emissions ............................. 5-2 5.1.1 Fuel Consumption .................................................................................... 5-2 5.1.2 PM and NOx Emissions ........................................................................... 5-5 5.1.3 Recent Trends in Heavy-Duty Diesel Fuel Economy .............................. 5-7 5.2 Technologies for the In-Use Fleet ........................................................................ 5-8 5.2.1 Aerodynamic Retrofits ............................................................................. 5-8 5.2.2 Rolling Resistance ................................................................................. 5-12 5.2.3 Driveline Efficiency Improvements ....................................................... 5-13 5.2.4 Idle Reduction ........................................................................................ 5-14 5.2.5 Exhaust Aftertreatment .......................................................................... 5-15 5.2.6 Fuel Strategies ........................................................................................ 5-19 5.2.7 Costs, Benefits, and Degree of Utilization for Retrofittable Strategies . 5-21 5.3 Technologies for the OEM Fleet........................................................................ 5-24 5.3.1 Engine Efficiency/Thermal Management .............................................. 5-25 5.3.2 Mass Reduction ...................................................................................... 5-27 5.3.3 Driveline Efficiency ............................................................................... 5-28 5.3.4 Alternative Fuels/Advanced Power Sources .......................................... 5-30 5.3.5 Alternative Refrigerant Systems ............................................................ 5-32 5.3.6 Costs, Benefits, and Degree of Utilization for Non-Retrofittable Strategies ................................................................................................ 5-32 5.4 Operational Strategies ........................................................................................ 5-33 5.4.1 Route Optimization ................................................................................ 5-33 5.4.2 Network Optimization ........................................................................... 5-38 5.4.3 Facility Optimization ............................................................................. 5-39 5.4.4 Packaging Reduction ............................................................................. 5-40 5.4.5 Load Optimization ................................................................................. 5-41 5.4.6 Intermodal Strategies ............................................................................
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