DOCSLIB.ORG

Technical Manual for the Production of Specific Herbal Plants in Jamaica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technical Manual for the Production of Specific Herbal Plants in Jamaica CARDI and IICA encourage the fair use of this document. Proper citation is requested. Published by Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago Email: [email protected]; Website: www.cardi.org; Fax: 1.868.645.1208; Tel: 1.868.645.1205/8120 Facebook: CARDIcaribbean YouTube: CARDIcaribbean CARDI PSC number: JA/014/13 This publication is also available in electronic (PDF) format from the Institute’s Web site: http://www.cardi.org and http://www.iica.int Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................................5 1. Nursery operations and plantlet/seedling production ..................................................................................8 1.1 Soil preparation ...................................................................................................................................................8 1.2 Propagation of the five herbal species in the nursery ......................................................................................9 1.2.1 Blackmint ......................................................................................................................................................9 1.2.2 Cerasee ........................................................................................................................................................10 1.2.3 Lemon grass ................................................................................................................................................11 1.2.4 Peppermint .................................................................................................................................................11 1.2.5 Sorrel ...........................................................................................................................................................12 2. BLACKMINT ................................................................................................................................................12 2.1 History ................................................................................................................................................................13 2.2 Origin and geographic distribution .................................................................................................................13 2.3 Botany ................................................................................................................................................................13 2.4 Nutrition content and uses ...............................................................................................................................13 2.5 Agronomy of blackmint ....................................................................................................................................14 2.5.1.......................................................................................................................................................................14 2.5.2 Land preparation .......................................................................................................................................14 2.5.3 In field planting ..........................................................................................................................................15 2.5.4 Growing habit ............................................................................................................................................15 2.5.5 Cultural practices .......................................................................................................................................17 Weed control .........................................................................................................................................................17 Nutrient management ............................................................................................................................................17 Irrigation ...............................................................................................................................................................17 Pest and disease management ...............................................................................................................................18 2.6 Harvesting ..........................................................................................................................................................18 2.7 Postharvest handling ........................................................................................................................................19 3. CERASEE ......................................................................................................................................................20 3.1 History ................................................................................................................................................................20 3.2 Origin and geographic distribution .................................................................................................................20 3.3 Botany ................................................................................................................................................................20 3.4 Nutrition content and uses ...............................................................................................................................20 3.5 Agronomy of cerasee .........................................................................................................................................22 3.5.1 Varieties ......................................................................................................................................................22 3.5.2 Land preparation .......................................................................................................................................23 3.5.3 In field planting ..........................................................................................................................................24 3.5.4 Growth habit ..............................................................................................................................................24 3.5.5 Cultural practices .......................................................................................................................................26 1 Weed control .........................................................................................................................................................26 Nutrient management ............................................................................................................................................26 Irrigation ...............................................................................................................................................................26 Pest and disease management ...............................................................................................................................26 3.6 Harvesting ..........................................................................................................................................................28 3.7 Postharvest handling ........................................................................................................................................28 4. LEMON GRASS ......................................................................................................................................................30 4.1 History ................................................................................................................................................................30 4.2 Origin and geographic distribution .................................................................................................................30 4.3 Botany ................................................................................................................................................................30 4.4 Nutrition content and uses ...............................................................................................................................30 4.5 Agronomy of lemon grass .................................................................................................................................31 4.5.1 Varieties ......................................................................................................................................................31 4.5.2 Land preparation .......................................................................................................................................32 4.5.3 In field planting ..........................................................................................................................................32 4.5.4 Growth habit ..............................................................................................................................................33 4.5.5 Cultural Practices ......................................................................................................................................34
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Entomologische Arbeiten Aus Dem Museum G. Frey Tutzing Bei München
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey Jahr/Year: 1983 Band/Volume: 31-32 Autor(en)/Author(s): Virkki Niilo, Zambrana Iraida Artikel/Article: Life history of Alagoasa bicolor (L.) in indoor rearing conditions (Coleoptera - Chrysomelidae - Alticinae). 131-155 download Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey 31/32, 1983 131 Life history of Alagoasa bicolor (L.) in indoor rearing condi- 1 tions ) (Coleoptera - Chrysomelidae - Alticinae) By Niilo Virkki and Iraida Zambrana Puerto Rico Abstract Alagoasa bicolor (L.) (Alticinae) was successfully reared on its hostplant in outdoor and indoor conditions. Mating, and development from eggs to adults was followed in petri dish cultures. Timing of the stages in these conditions was approximately as follows: Eggs 10 days Larva I 8 days Larva II 7 days Larva III 11 days Prepupa 2 days Pupa 10 days Subterranean adult 2 days TOTAL 50 days The female oviposits on the soil. Larvae spend most of their time in lethargic aggregations on the soil. The pigmentation of prothoracic and anal shields of the larvae serves as a criterion of the instar: in the first instar they are black, in the second, gray, and in the third, they approximate the general body color. A prominent exuvium of oesophageal chitine is drawn out at the larval moltings. This might be a genus specialty, because in Omophoita, an anal exuvium was seen to be more prominent. Introduction Blake (1927) preliminarily published Boving and Craighead's (1931) Illustration of a larva of Omophoita gibbitarsa Say, providing at the same time data on host plants, ovipo- sition, and pupation.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Drying Temperatures on Essential Oil Content in Savory Satureja Montana L
    Influence of drying temperatures on essential oil content in savory Satureja montana L. (Lamiaceae ) Slavica Dudaš Polytechnic of Rijeka, Agricultural Department, Poreč, Croatia, [email protected] Petar Šegon Polytechnic of Rijeka, Agricultural Department, Poreč, Croatia Renata Erhatić College of Agriculture at Križevci, Croatia, [email protected] Vesna Kovačević Polytechnic of Rijeka, Agricultural Department, Poreč, Croatia, [email protected] Abstract Aromatic and medicinal plants like savory which produce essential oil and other active components are used in medicine and food processing industry as flavor, spice etc. On the market savory is present as dried herb, leaf drug, essential oil, extracts etc. Essential oil glands and trichomes of savory are located on the surface of stems, leaves and calyces, accordingly drying and processing of savory have huge influence on essential oil content in savory drugs. A research on wild growing savory from the Istrian peninsula was carried out at Polytechnic of Rijeka, Agricultural Department in Poreč. Drying kinetics and influence of drying temperatures (35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60°C) were investigated on selected parameters of savory collected in winter 2012, in the area of Rovinjsko selo in Istria, Croatia. The percentage of dried leaves in fresh herb, essential oil content and proportion of dried leaves in fresh and dried herb were defined. The average of initial water content was 80,06 %, essential oil content 0,776 ml100g -1 and the proportion of dried leaves was 50,56 % in the dried herb. Higher drying temperatures expectedly reduced the essential oil content. The reduction of essential oil content 425 at 45°C was 14,8 %, while further temperature increase to 50°C resulted with a 59,4 % lower content of essential oil in the drug.
    [Show full text]
  • Salvia Officinalis L.), Petras R
    286 Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 104 (2002) 286–292 Donata Bandoniene· a, Antioxidative activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), Petras R. Venskutonisa, Dainora Gruzdiene· a, savory (Satureja hortensis L.) and borage Michael Murkovicb (Borago officinalis L.) extracts in rapeseed oil The antioxidant activity (AA) of acetone oleoresins (AcO) and deodorised acetone a Department of Food extracts (DAE) of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), savory (Satureja hortensis L.) and borage Technology, Kaunas (Borago officinalis L.) were tested in refined, bleached and deodorised rapeseed oil University of Technology, applying the Schaal Oven Test and weight gain methods at 80 °C and the Rancimat Kaunas, Lithuania method at 120 °C. The additives (0.1 wt-%) of plant extracts stabilised rapeseed oil b Department of Food efficiently against its autoxidation; their effect was higher than that of the synthetic Chemistry and Technology, antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (0.02%). AcO and DAE obtained from the same Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria herbal material extracted a different AA. The activity of sage and borage DAE was lower than that of AcO obtained from the same herb, whereas the AA of savory DAE was higher than that of savory AcO. The effect of the extracts on the oil oxidation rate measured by the Rancimat method was less significant. In that case higher concen- trations (0.5 wt-%) of sage and savory AcO were needed to achieve a more distinct oil stabilisation. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, sage, savory, borage, acetone oleoresin, deodorised acetone extract, rapeseed oil. 1 Introduction foods is a promising alternative to synthetic antioxidants [8]. Natural products isolated from spices and herbs can Lipid oxidation is a major cause for the deterioration of fat- act as antioxidants either solely or synergistically in mix- containing food.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beetle Fauna of Dominica, Lesser Antilles (Insecta: Coleoptera): Diversity and Distribution
    INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 20, No. 3-4, September-December, 2006 165 The beetle fauna of Dominica, Lesser Antilles (Insecta: Coleoptera): Diversity and distribution Stewart B. Peck Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada stewart_peck@carleton. ca Abstract. The beetle fauna of the island of Dominica is summarized. It is presently known to contain 269 genera, and 361 species (in 42 families), of which 347 are named at a species level. Of these, 62 species are endemic to the island. The other naturally occurring species number 262, and another 23 species are of such wide distribution that they have probably been accidentally introduced and distributed, at least in part, by human activities. Undoubtedly, the actual numbers of species on Dominica are many times higher than now reported. This highlights the poor level of knowledge of the beetles of Dominica and the Lesser Antilles in general. Of the species known to occur elsewhere, the largest numbers are shared with neighboring Guadeloupe (201), and then with South America (126), Puerto Rico (113), Cuba (107), and Mexico-Central America (108). The Antillean island chain probably represents the main avenue of natural overwater dispersal via intermediate stepping-stone islands. The distributional patterns of the species shared with Dominica and elsewhere in the Caribbean suggest stages in a dynamic taxon cycle of species origin, range expansion, distribution contraction, and re-speciation. Introduction windward (eastern) side (with an average of 250 mm of rain annually). Rainfall is heavy and varies season- The islands of the West Indies are increasingly ally, with the dry season from mid-January to mid- recognized as a hotspot for species biodiversity June and the rainy season from mid-June to mid- (Myers et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Satureja Montana L. and Satureja Cuneifolia Ten. Essential Oils
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Acta Bot. Croat. 64 (2), 313–322, 2005 CODEN: ABCRA25 ISSN 0365–0588 Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Satureja montana L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten. essential oils NADA BEZI]*, MIRJANA SKO^IBU[I],VALERIJA DUNKI] Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Education, University of Split, Teslina12, 21000 Split, Croatia The phytochemical composition and the antibacterial activity of the essential oils ob- tained from the aerial parts of two Lamiaceae species, winter savory (Satureja montana L.) and wild savory (Satureja cuneifolia Ten.) were evaluated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the isolated oils resulted in the identification of twenty compounds in the oil of S. montana representing 97% of the total oil and 25 compounds of S. cuneifolia, representing 80% of the total oil. Carvacrol was the major constituent of the S. montana oil (45.7%). Other important compounds were the monoterpenic hydrocar- bons p-cymene, g-terpinene and the oxygenated compounds carvacrol methyl ether, borneol and thymol. Conversely, the oil of S. cuneifolia contained a low percentage of carvacrol and thymol. The major constituents of wild savory oil were sesquiterpenes b-cubebene (8.7%), spathulenol, b-caryophyllene, followed by the monoterpenic hydro- carbons limonene and a-pinene. The screening of the antimicrobial activities of essential oils were individually evalated against nine microorganisms, using a disc diffusion metod. The oil of S. montana exhibited greater antimicrobial activity than the oil of wild savory. Maximum activity of winter savory oil was observed against Escherichia coli, the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and against yeast (Candida albicans).
    [Show full text]
  • Savory Guide
    The Herb Society of America's Essential Guide to Savory 2015 Herb of the Year 1 Introduction As with previous publications of The Herb Society of America's Essential Guides we have developed The Herb Society of America's Essential The Herb Society Guide to Savory in order to promote the knowledge, of America is use, and delight of herbs - the Society's mission. We hope that this guide will be a starting point for studies dedicated to the of savory and that you will develop an understanding and appreciation of what we, the editors, deem to be an knowledge, use underutilized herb in our modern times. and delight of In starting to put this guide together we first had to ask ourselves what it would cover. Unlike dill, herbs through horseradish, or rosemary, savory is not one distinct species. It is a general term that covers mainly the educational genus Satureja, but as time and botanists have fractured the many plants that have been called programs, savories, the title now refers to multiple genera. As research and some of the most important savories still belong to the genus Satureja our main focus will be on those plants, sharing the but we will also include some of their close cousins. The more the merrier! experience of its Savories are very historical plants and have long been utilized in their native regions of southern members with the Europe, western Asia, and parts of North America. It community. is our hope that all members of The Herb Society of America who don't already grow and use savories will grow at least one of them in the year 2015 and try cooking with it.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnoentomological and Distributional Notes on Cerambycidae and Other Coleoptera of Guerrero and Puebla,Mexico
    The Coleopterists Bulletin, 71(2): 301–314. 2017. ETHNOENTOMOLOGICAL AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON CERAMBYCIDAE AND OTHER COLEOPTERA OF GUERRERO AND PUEBLA,MEXICO JONATHAN D. AMITH Research Affiliate, Department of Anthropology, Gettysburg College, Campus Box 2895, Gettysburg, PA 17325, U.S.A. and Research Associate, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. AND STEVEN W. LINGAFELTER Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. Current address: 8920 South Bryerly Ct., Hereford, AZ 85615, U.S.A. ABSTRACT This article presents both ethnoentomological notes on Nahuatl and Mixtec language terms as they are applied to Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) and distributional records for species collected during three projects carried out in the states of Guerrero and Puebla, Mexico. Some comparative data from other Mesoamerican and Native American languages are discussed. Indigenous common names are mapped onto current taxonomic nomenclature, and an analysis is offered of the logical basis for Indigenous classification: the exclusion of some cerambycids and the inclusion of other beetles in the nominal native “cerambycid” category. New state distributional records for the Cerambycidae collected in this study are offered for Guerrero: Bebelis picta Pascoe, Callipogon senex Dupont, Neocompsa macrotricha Martins, Olenosus ser- rimanus Bates, Ornithia mexicana zapotensis Tippmann, Stenygra histrio Audinet-Serville, Strongylaspis championi Bates, Lissonotus flavocinctus puncticollis Bates, and Nothopleurus lobigenis Bates; and Puebla: Juiaparus mexicanus (Thomson), Ptychodes guttulatus Dillon and Dillon, and Steirastoma senex White. Key Words: linguistics, etymology, Nahuatl, Mixtec, longhorned beetle, wood-borer DOI.org/10.1649/0010-065X-71.2.301 The present article emerges from two language shapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Composition and Antifungal Effect of Anise (Pimpinella Anisum L.) Fruit Oil at Ripening Stage
    Annals of Microbiology, 56 (4) 353-358 (2006) Chemical composition and antifungal effect of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) fruit oil at ripening stage Mehmet Musa ÖZCAN1*, Jean Claude CHALCHAT2 1Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey; 2Laboratoire de Chimie des Huiles Essentielles, Universite Blaise Pascal de Clermont, 63177 Aubiere Cedex, France Received 1 June 2006 / Accepted 25 October 2006 Abstract -The composition of the essential oil of Pimpinella anisum L fruit is determined by GC and GC-MS. The volatile oil content obtained by hydrodistillation was 1.91%. Ten compounds representing 98.3% of the oil was identified. The main constituents of the oil obtained from dried fruits were trans-anethole (93.9%) and estragole (2.4%). The olfactorially valuable constituents that were found with concentration higher than 0.06% were (E)-methyeugenol, α-cuparene, α-himachalene, β-bisabolene, p-anisaldehyde and cis-anet- hole. Also, the different concentrations of anise oil exerted varying levels of inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of Alternaria alter- nata, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus parasiticus used in experimental. The results showed that the most effected fungus from anise oil was A. parasiticus, which is followed by A. niger and A. alternata. Individual of this plant oil may provide a useful to achive adequate shelf-life of foods. Key words: anise, Pimpinella anisum, essential oil, composition, trans-anethole, fungi, inhibitory effect. INTRODUCTION Spices, herbs and their derivatives are used in foods for their flavours and aroma (Dorman and Deans, 2000). The Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), belonging to the Umbelliferae chemical composition of essential oil of several Pimpinella family is an annual herbaceous and a typical aromatic plant, species has been studied (Embong et al., 1977; Ashraf et al., which grows in several regions all over the world (Omidbai- 1980; Ivanic et al., 1983; Lawrence, 1984; Bas,er and Özek, gi et al., 2003; Rodrigues et al., 2003; Askari et al., 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • 20 Pest Management in Organic Cacao
    20 Pest Management in Organic Cacao Régis Babin* International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya Introduction Americas produced around 14% of total world production of cocoa (FAOSTAT, 2014). General information on cacao Cacao crop expansion in Africa and Asia came with the emergence of major pests Cacao, Theobroma cacao, is a small tree and diseases, which have adapted to the from the family Malvaceae, and originated crop from their local host plants. The most in different forest areas of South and Central infamous examples are the cocoa mirids America (Wood, 1985). During the 20th cen- Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and Distantiel- tury, the cacao-growing belt spread consid- la theobroma Dist. (Hemiptera: Miridae), and erably over tropical areas of America, Africa the black pod disease due to Phytophthora and Asia, and is around 10 million ha today palmivora Butler and Phytophthora mega- (FAOSTAT, 2014). Cocoa beans are pro- karya, which became major threats for West duced for butter and powder that are used African-producing countries in the 1960s mainly in chocolate manufacture. In 2014, and 1970s, respectively (Entwistle, 1985; chocolate confectionery produced revenues Lass, 1985). In Latin America, witches’ of around US$120 bn, and these are ex- broom disease due to the basidiomycete fun- pected to grow with the developing markets gus Moniliophthora perniciosa highly im- in countries with rising middle classes pacted production of cocoa in Brazil in the (Hawkins and Chen, 2014). At the same time, 1990s (Meinhardt et al., 2008), while the cocoa world production rose constantly for frosty pod rot, due to Moniliophthora roreri, decades and reached 5 million t in 2012 that is widely spread in Latin America, cur- (FAOSTAT, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals As Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity
    pathogens Article Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals as Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity Chrysa Androutsopoulou 1, Spyridoula D. Christopoulou 2, Panagiotis Hahalis 3, Chrysoula Kotsalou 1, Fotini N. Lamari 2 and Apostolos Vantarakis 1,* 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; [email protected] (C.A.); [email protected] (C.K.) 2 Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; [email protected] (S.D.C.); [email protected] (F.N.L.) 3 Tentoura Castro-G.P. Hahalis Distillery, 26225 Patras, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Essential oils (EOs) and extracts of rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and petals of rose (Rosa damascena) have been fully characterized in terms of composition, safety, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. They were analyzed against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Adenovirus 35. Their toxicity and life span were also determined. EO of P. graveolens (5%) did not retain any antibacterial activity (whereas at Citation: Androutsopoulou, C.; 100% it was greatly effective against E. coli), had antifungal activity against A. niger, and significant Christopoulou, S.D.; Hahalis, P.; antiviral activity. Rose geranium extract (dilutions 25−90%) (v/v) had antifungal and antibacterial Kotsalou, C.; Lamari, F.N.; Vantarakis, activity, especially against E. coli, and dose-dependent antiviral activity. Rose petals EO (5%) retains A. Evaluation of Essential Oils and low inhibitory activity against S. aureus and S. Typhimurium growth (about 20−30%), antifungal Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose activity, and antiviral activity for medium to low virus concentrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Del Cañón De La Peregrina, Victoria, Tamaulipas, México
    GALERUCINAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) DEL CAÑÓN DE LA PEREGRINA, VICTORIA, TAMAULIPAS, MÉXICO Uriel Jeshua Sánchez-Reyes1, Santiago Niño-Maldonado2, Ludivina Barrientos-Lozano1, Jonathan Edgardo Banda- Hernández1 y Arturo Medina-Puente2. 1Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria, Blvd. Emilio Portes Gil No.1301, C.P. 87010. Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. 2Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro Universitario Victoria, C.P. 87149. Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] RESUMEN. El presente estudio se desarrolló en el Cañón de la Peregrina, municipio de Victoria, Tamaulipas. El objetivo fue determinar la fauna de Galerucinae presente en la zona, además de analizar la variación altitudinal y estacional del grupo. Se realizaron 240 muestreos, donde se registraron 1,828 ejemplares distribuidos en 76 especies y 38 géneros. Se encontró que la abundancia disminuye y la diversidad aumenta conforme se incrementa el gradiente elevacional. La mayor riqueza se presentó en el matorral espinoso tamaulipeco. Invierno es la estación con mayor número de ejemplares; primavera registró el mayor número de especies, mientras que la diversidad fue mayor en verano. La escasa similitud existente entre sitios y estaciones sugiere un elevado recambio de especies. Palabras clave: Galerucinae, riqueza de especies, abundancia, diversidad Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Peregrina Canyon, Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico ABSTRACT. The present study was conducted in the Peregrina Canyon, municipality of Victoria, Tamaulipas. The objectives were to determine the Galerucinae fauna present in the area, and analyze the altitudinal and seasonal variation of the group. A total of 1,828 specimens were collected.
    [Show full text]
  • Cerambycid Beetle Species with Similar Pheromones Are Segregated by Phenology and Minor Pheromone Components
    J Chem Ecol (2015) 41:431–440 DOI 10.1007/s10886-015-0571-0 Cerambycid Beetle Species with Similar Pheromones are Segregated by Phenology and Minor Pheromone Components Robert F. Mitchell1,4 & Peter F. Reagel 1,5 & Joseph C. H. Wong1 & Linnea R. Meier1 & Weliton Dias Silva3 & Judith Mongold-Diers1 & Jocelyn G. Millar2 & Lawrence M. Hanks1 Received: 1 December 2014 /Revised: 11 February 2015 /Accepted: 27 February 2015 /Published online: 16 April 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Abstract Recent research has shown that volatile sex and periods of adults, and/or by minor pheromone components that aggregation-sex pheromones of many species of cerambycid act as synergists for conspecifics and antagonists for beetles are highly conserved, with sympatric and synchronic heterospecifics. species that are closely related (i.e., congeners), and even more distantly related (different subfamilies), using the Keywords Reproductive isolation . Sex pheromone . same or similar pheromones. Here, we investigated mecha- Aggregation pheromone . Cerambycidae . Longhorned nisms by which cross attraction is averted among seven beetle . Anelaphus pumilus . Cyrtophorus verrucosus . cerambycid species that are native to eastern North America Euderces pini . Neoclytus caprea . Phymatodes aereus . and active as adults in spring: Anelaphus pumilus (Newman), Phymatodes amoenus . Phymatodes varius Cyrtophorus verrucosus (Olivier), Euderces pini (Olivier), Neoclytus caprea (Say), and the congeners Phymatodes aereus (Newman), P. amoenus (Say), and P.
    [Show full text]