4th International Report CRIME PREVENTION AND COMMUNITY SAFETY: Trends and Perspectives The 4th International Report Crime Prevention and Community Safety: Trends and Perspectives The International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), located Copyright© International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), in Montreal, Canada is the leading crime prevention institution Montreal, 2014 at the international level. It has been promoting international ISBN: standards of crime prevention and criminal justice with the goal Print 978-2-921916-81-3 of advancing community safety and improved quality of life for PDF 978-2-921916-80-6 20 years. ICPC works with member governments, international DVD-ROM 978-2-921916-82-0 institutions, local authorities and organizations in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Oceania, by offering a knowledge base on All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, crime prevention; policies, practices and tools to reduce risk factors stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any associated with crime, violence and insecurity. means, without the prior permission in writing of the International Centre for the Prevention of Crime, or as expressly permitted This publication was funded mainly by Public Safety Canada. by laws, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Communications Editorial and Production Team: Manager, ICPC, at the address below. The 4th International Report was produced under the supervision Published by: of Daniel Cauchy, ICPC Director General. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime Editor in chief: Margaret Shaw 465, rue Saint-Jean, bureau 803 Assistant editor: Vivien Carli Montréal (Québec) Canada H2Y 2R6 Research: Vivien Carli, Yvain Husseini, Juliette Jarvis, Telephone: +1 514 288-6731 Pablo Madriaza, Céline Monnier Email: [email protected] Production Manager: Anamaría Cardona The report is available in English, French, and Spanish Layout and Cover Design: Épicentre on ICPC’s website: www.cipc-icpc.org The Report also beneficiated from the collaboration of ICPC Disclaimer: staff members: Kassa Bourne, Serges Bruneau, Fanny Buttigieg, The editorial content of the 4th International Report on Crime Cvetanka Georgieva, and Roxane Martel-Perron. Prevention and Community Safety represents the views and findings of the authors alone and not necessarily those of sponsors, or supporters, or those consulted in its preparation. Acknowledgements III TS N E M E G ED ACKNOWL The preparation of the International Report is a Peter Homel, Australian Institute of Criminology major undertaking, and is made possible by the (AIC) and Asia Pacific Centre for the Prevention interest and commitment of many people. We would of Crime (APCPC) Australia like to thank very sincerely all of ICPC’s Members, Tim Hope, University of Salford, UK and our Board of Directors 2013-2014 for their support: Azzedine Rakkah, Centre d’études et de recherches internationales (CERI), France Ms Chantal Bernier, President Dennis P. Rosenbaum, University of Illinois at Mr Erich Marks, Vice-President, Chicago, US German Congress on Crime Prevention Elrena van der Spuy, University of Cape Town, Mr Paul Girard, Treasurer South Africa Ms Elizabeth Johnston, Secretary Anne Wyvekens, Centre national de la recherche European Forum for Urban Security scientifique, France Dr Vincenzo Castelli, Administrator Onlus Nova Consorzio nazionale per We have received tremendous support from our l’innovazione sociale contributors and their work greatly enriches the Mr Innocent Chukwuma, Administrator report: Cecila Andersson, Juma Assiago, Elena Azaola, CLEEN Foundation Rosemary Barberet, Nicole Barrett, Olenka Ochoa Berreteaga, Vincenzo Castelli, Rodrigo Elizarraras, Mr Gerard Rolland, Administrator Carmen Gill, Peter Homel, Barbara Holtmann, Observatoire national de la délinquance Emma Holtmann, Jacqui Karn, Rolando Ochoa, dans les transports (ONDT) Harry Patrinos, Dominique Simon Perrano, Dr Adam Tomison, Administrator Allison Reid, Sarah Spencer, Karin Svanberg, Australian Institute of Criminology. The European Union Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA), Kathryn Travers, and Marla Williams. We also owe our sincere thanks to our Members, and to the members of our Scientific Committee who We received very valuable advice and support gave us their advice on the selection of topics for the from other experts including Estela Maris Deon, report, and provided us with valuable information and Johannes De Haan, UNODC, Erling Børstad, and support. Unlike other editions, the timescale for ICPC APC President and Government of Norway, this report did not allow for an in-person Editorial Bilkis Omar, Government of South Africa, Meeting, but we hope that our Board, Members and John Graham, Police Foundation UK, Sohail Husain, Scientific Committee will not feel that their views have Analytica Consulting UK, Manon Jendly, University been misinterpreted. Any errors are ours alone. The of Lausanne, Switzerland, Barbara Holtmann and members of the Scientific Committee are: Emma Holtmann, Social Transformation System, Holly Johnson, University of Ottawa, Canada, the Marcelo Aebi, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Government of France, Stephen Waldie, Government Matti Joutsen, HEUNI, Finland of Ontario, Canada, Sarah Spencer, Centre on Elena Azaola, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Migration, Policy & Society (COMPAS), and Superiores en Antropología Social, Mexico Sami Nevala, FRA. There are many other policy makers, practitioners and researchers we cannot Claudio Beato, Universidade Federal de Minas name individually but whose work and advice has Gerais, Brazil inspired us, and to whom we would like to extent Benoit Dupont, University of Montreal, Canada our sincere thanks. Ross Hastings, University of Ottawa, Canada A Message from the V President of ICPC RD WO R FO This year – 2014 – marks the 20th year since ICPC’s creation. It is a time to celebrate the Centre’s many achievements in advancing the agenda of safety from the international to the local level around the world. After two decades, ICPC’s mission and vision, initially inspired by Gilbert Bonnemaison’s politique de la ville, remains extraordinarily relevant. ICPC continues to promote the role of governments and cities in developing integrated policies to promote the safety and quality of life of individuals and their communities. In fact that vision is now being carried forward by many other international organizations which recognize the effectiveness of strategic local action. ICPC upholds its mission to share global knowledge about crime prevention developments and effective strategies and practices in a number of ways, including the production of its bi-annual International Report on Crime Prevention and Community Safety. Since 2008, the report has provided ICPC members, its extensive global network, and the wider public with an overview of crime and prevention-related trends, and in-depth discussion of pertinent topics to inspire policy makers, local governments and practitioners. For the 4th edition of the report, ICPC has chosen the overarching theme of migration – the movement of men and women and children from their places of origin – usually to cities and urban areas. Globalization brings many benefits but also challenges and opportunities, and migration is one of its most visible aspects. It is not always an easy process and has many implications for the safety of individuals and communities and their social cohesion. This report examines the challenges facing migrant women and men and local communities, the movement of indigenous men and women to urban areas, and the local implications of human trafficking. A fourth global topic of concern, and one which appears to be stubbornly resistant to change – intimate partner violence against women – is also examined in this report. All of these topics are strongly gendered: the experiences and involvement of women and men are very different, and this underlines the importance of tailoring prevention strategies to take account of these differences. The 4th edition is the result of a tremendous effort by the ICPC team, the Director General, and ICPC’s former Director of Analysis and Exchange, Margaret Shaw. As always, ICPC’s members and partners have played an important role in providing guidance on the overall choice of topics and in some cases on the content of chapters, which we greatly appreciate. We would also like to express our gratitude to the Government of Canada for its ongoing support, without which this report would not have been made possible. It is hoped that this edition will motivate key actors in countries and cities to recognize the value and effectiveness of prevention in our societies and to take action to ensure a safer and just future for all. Chantal Bernier President, ICPC A Message from the VII Director General of ICPC RD WO R FO It is a great honour to be part of an organization that for 20 years has been dedicated to improving community safety and well-being. Over the last 20 years, ICPC has played a key role in successfully promoting crime prevention and community safety. Today the field has expanded enormously and increasingly international bodies and governments are adopting prevention strategies and policies, and recognizing its long-term benefits. As a centre dedicated to knowledge building and exchange of ideas, ICPC continues to influence