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Sexual Trafficking in the Canadian Context: Exploring the Political Landscape, Examining Discourse, and Identifying Health Issues Among Women with Lived Experience

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Sexual Trafficking in the Canadian Context: Exploring the Political Landscape, Examining Discourse, and Identifying Health Issues Among Women with Lived Experience Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 11-8-2012 12:00 AM Sexual Trafficking in the Canadian Context: Exploring theolitical P Landscape, Examining Discourse, and Identifying Health Issues among Women with Lived Experience Hoda Malakouti-Nejad The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr Treena Orchard The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © Hoda Malakouti-Nejad 2012 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Malakouti-Nejad, Hoda, "Sexual Trafficking in the Canadian Context: Exploring theolitical P Landscape, Examining Discourse, and Identifying Health Issues among Women with Lived Experience" (2012). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 960. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/960 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEXUAL TRAFFICKING IN THE CANADIAN CONTEXT: EXPLORING THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE, EXAMINING DISCOURSE, AND IDENTIFYING HEALTH ISSUES AMONG WOMEN WITH LIVED EXPERIENCE (Spine title: Sexual Trafficking) (Thesis format: Monograph) by Hoda Malakouti-Nejad Graduate Program in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Hoda Malakouti-Nejad 2012 THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners ______________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Treena Orchard Dr. Debbie Rudman Supervisory Committee ______________________________ Dr. Mary Bunch ______________________________ Dr. Debbie Rudman ______________________________ Dr. Marilyn Evans ______________________________ Dr. Ken Kirkwood The thesis by Hoda Malakouti-Nejad entitled: Sexual Trafficking in the Canadian Context: Exploring the Political Landscape, Examining Discourse, and Identifying Health Issues Among Women With Lived Experience is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science ______________________ _______________________________ Date Chair of the Thesis Examination Board ii Abstract Although human trafficking has a long history, it has more recently become a topic of profound interest in popular culture, in political debates on sex work and immigration, and among law enforcement and social service providers. However, the widespread interest in human trafficking has not translated into a clear or consistent understanding of the phenomenon or the experiences of those who have been trafficked. This study sought to explore the perspectives of women who have been trafficked for sexual exploitation and the professionals who work with them. Specifically, the study examined three key issues in sexual trafficking: the political and legal climate of sex trafficking in Canada, the discourses on sex trafficking and how it is defined, and the physical and mental health experiences of sexually trafficked women. These topics are explored within the Canadian context with an emphasis on experiences in Southwestern Ontario (where eight of the 12 participants were trafficked or work). Using qualitative research methods, namely semi-structured individual interviews, and approaches informed by critical feminist theory, data was gathered from four participant groups: women who have been sexually trafficked (n=3), service providers who work with sexually trafficked women (n=3), members of law enforcement (n=3), and service providers for other forms of labour trafficking (n=3). Given the lack of data and empirical research on sexually trafficked women, these findings are unique and of direct value to local service providers, policy stakeholders, and women with lived experience. Keywords Human trafficking, sex trafficking, sexual exploitation, women’s health, sex work, healthcare, service providers, law enforcement, Canada, feminist critical theory iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor, Treena Orchard, without whose expertise and guidance this study would not have been possible. Thank you for allowing me to pursue my passion and supporting me every step of the way. I would also like to thank my parents, brother, friends, and amazing boyfriend who awes me with his patience. Finally, I must thank the participants without whom this thesis would not exist. Thank you for giving me your trust and sharing your experiences. iv Table of Contents CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION ........................................................................... ii Abstract.............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents................................................................................................................ v List of Appendices ............................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1............................................................................................................................. 1 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 What is Human Trafficking? .................................................................................. 1 1.2.1 Scope of Human Trafficking ...................................................................... 3 1.3 My Study................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.1 Purpose and Importance of this Study ........................................................ 6 1.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2........................................................................................................................... 10 2 Background and Literature Review ............................................................................. 10 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Review Process ..................................................................................................... 11 2.3 History of Prostitution .......................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 From Prostitute to Sex Worker ................................................................. 16 2.3.2 Sex Worker or Victim? ............................................................................. 17 2.4 The Military and Sex Tourism.............................................................................. 19 2.5 Human Trafficking ............................................................................................... 20 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 22 Chapter 3........................................................................................................................... 23 v 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 23 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Methodology......................................................................................................... 23 3.2.1 Feminism .................................................................................................. 25 3.2.2 Critical Theory.......................................................................................... 27 3.2.3 Feminist Critical Theory........................................................................... 29 3.3 Method.................................................................................................................. 30 3.3.1 Research Questions................................................................................... 30 3.3.2 Data Collection ......................................................................................... 32 3.3.3 Recruitment............................................................................................... 36 3.3.4 Barriers to Recruitment............................................................................. 39 3.3.5 Memoing................................................................................................... 40 3.4 Ethics .................................................................................................................... 41 3.4.1 Ethical Principles to Uphold ..................................................................... 42 3.4.2 Research Compensation...........................................................................
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