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Beyond Einstein : New Jersey’S* Contributions to World Science and Technology

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Beyond Einstein : New Jersey’S* Contributions to World Science and Technology Beyond Einstein : New Jersey’s* Contributions to World Science and Technology * also New York City and Philadelphia Michael G. Littman Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Princeton University 1 Since 1664 … • What radical innovations originate and thrive in NJ ? • Who are the key people ? • How has society changed ? 2 For this talk … • List NJ innovators, innovations, and organizations Since 1664 … • Select the most significant • What radical innovations originate and thrive in NJ ? • Group them • Who are the key people ? Common theme emerges – • How has society changed ? NJ contributions to origin and development of electric power and information networks is extensive 3 “ CEE 102 Engineering For this talk … in the Modern World” • List NJ innovators, DESIGN innovations, and organizations Structures Civil Machines Mechanical • Select the most significant Networks Electrical Processes Chemical • Group them DISCOVERY Physics Common theme emerges – Astronomy NJ contributions to origin and Chemistry development of electric power Geology and information networks is extensive No Life Science or Medicine 4 Edward Sorel – “People of Progress” – 20th Century (left to right): Philo T. Farnsworth, George Washington Carver, Jonas Salk, Henry Ford, Orville Wright, Wilbur Wright, Albert Einstein, Charles H. Townes, Charles Steinmetz, J. C. R. Licklider, John Von Neumann, William H. Gates III, Robert Goddard, James Dewey 5 Watson, Wallace Hume Carothers, Rachel Carson, Willis Carrier, Gertrude Elion, Edwin H. Armstrong, Robert Noyce Edward Sorel – “People of Progress” – 20th Century (left to right): Philo T. Farnsworth, George Washington Carver, Jonas Salk, Henry Ford, Orville Wright, Wilbur Wright, Albert Einstein, Charles H. Townes, Charles Steinmetz, J. C. R. Licklider, John Von Neumann, William H. Gates III, Robert Goddard, James Dewey 6 Watson, Wallace Hume Carothers, Rachel Carson, Willis Carrier, Gertrude Elion, Edwin H. Armstrong, Robert Noyce Christian Schussele – “Men of Progress” – 19th Century (left to right): William Thomas Green Morton, James Bogardus, Samuel Colt, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Joseph Saxton, Charles Goodyear, Peter Cooper, Jordan Lawrence Mott, Joseph Henry, Eliphalet Nott, John Ericsson, Frederick Sickels, Samuel Finley Breese 7 Morse, Henry Burden, Richard March Hoe, Erastus Bigelow, Isaiah Jennings, Thomas Blanchard, and Elias Howe. Benjamin Franklin Peter Cooper Alfred Vail’s Samuel F.B. Morse Joseph Henry Telegraph Register Christian Schussele – “Men of Progress” – 19th Century (left to right): William Thomas Green Morton, James Bogardus, Samuel Colt, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Joseph Saxton, Charles Goodyear, Peter Cooper, Jordan Lawrence Mott, Joseph Henry, Eliphalet Nott, John Ericsson, Frederick Sickels, Samuel Finley Breese 8 Morse, Henry Burden, Richard March Hoe, Erastus Bigelow, Isaiah Jennings, Thomas Blanchard, and Elias Howe. Telegraph Register (Printer) by Alfred Vail of Morristown NJ moving tape Morse code Register base-plate signed by Alfred Vail in 9 places – note on bottom …."This lever and roller were invented by me in the sixth story of the New York Observer office, in 1844, before we put up the telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore... I am the sole and only inventor of this mode of telegraph embossing writing. Professor Morse gave me no clue to it... and I have not asserted publicly my right as first and sole inventor, because I wished to preserve the peaceful unity of the invention, and because I could not, according to my contract with Professor Morse, have got a patent for it. " 9 First Grouping • Ideas • Inventions • Industries 10 Ideas First Grouping Joseph Henry strong electromagnet • Ideas Albert Einstein theory of relativity • Inventions • Industries John von Neumann stored-program digital computer 11 Ideas Electric Motor Telegraph POWER INFORMATION Joseph Henry strong electromagnet Albert Einstein theory of relativity NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR WEAPONS John von Neumann stored-program Memory used for digital computer program and data 12 How society changed At the time of … my original experiments on electro-magnetism …, I was urged by a friend to take out a patent, both for its application to machinery and to the telegraph, but this I declined, Electric Motor Telegraph on the ground that I did not then consider it POWER INFORMATION compatible with the dignity of science … In this perhaps I was too fastidious. – J. Henry 1876 The release of atom power has changed everything except our way of thinking...the solution to this problem lies in the heart of mankind. If only I had known, I should have NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR WEAPONS become a watchmaker. – A. Einstein 1945 It would appear that we have reached the limits Memory used for of what it is possible to achieve with computer program and data technology, although one should be careful with such statements, as they tend to sound pretty silly in 5 years. – J. von Neumann 1949 13 All residents of Princeton NJ Daniel Chester French Statue of Joseph Henry at Princeton University Horse-shoe Electric Motor Telegraph Electromagnet POWER INFORMATION NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR WEAPONS Memory used for program and data 14 All residents of Princeton NJ Daniel Chester French Statue of Joseph Henry Inventions at Princeton University Horse-shoe Edison Electromagnet Phonograph Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley Transistor Townes, Schawlow Laser 15 Inventions Edison Phonograph Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley Transistor Townes, Schawlow Laser 16 How society changed Archival recordings of voice and music - as significant as photography Miniature electronic devices; portable, rugged, fast, instant on Optical storage of digital data; Optical transmission of data 17 Menlo Park, NJ West Orange, NJ Murray Hill, NJ New York, NY Murray Hill, NJ 18 One invention leads to another – carbon button microphone leads to the phonograph 19 One invention leads to another – carbon button microphone leads to the phonograph 20 One invention leads to another – carbon button microphone leads to the phonograph 21 One invention leads to another – carbon button microphone leads to the phonograph Edison Transmitter – Compressing carbon grains reduces resistance which increase current – transforms sound undulations into current undulations. 22 Diaphragm Pin to compress granules Carbon granules Edison Transmitter – Compressing Edison’s Patent carbon grains reduces resistance which Drawing of Carbon increase current – transforms sound Microphone undulations into current undulations. 23 Rotating Tin Foil Cylinder Diaphragm Pin to compress granules Carbon granules Recorder Reproducer Sharp pin Blunt pin deforms the foil follows deformations Edison’s Patent Edison’s Patent Drawing of Carbon Drawing of Phonograph Microphone 24 Industries Diaphragm Edison Pin to compress Electric Power granules Sarnoff and Armstrong Radio & TV Carbon granules J. P. Morgan and T. N. Vail Telegraph & Telephone L. H. Baekeland Edison’s Patent Bakelite – first plastics Drawing of Carbon Microphone 25 Industries Edison Electric Power Sarnoff and Armstrong Radio & TV J. P. Morgan and T. N. Vail Telegraph & Telephone L. H. Baekeland Bakelite – first plastics 26 Industries Edison Electric Power Sarnoff and Armstrong Radio & TV J. P. Morgan and T. N. Vail Telegraph & Telephone L. H. Baekeland Bakelite – first plastics 27 Industries Edison Electric Power RCA Victor RCA Radio and Phonograph Color Television Sarnoff and Armstrong Radio & TV J. P. Morgan and T. N. Vail Telegraph & Telephone L. H. Baekeland Bakelite – first plastics Alpine NJ – First FM Radio Tower 28 R & D Laboratories Industries Edison Laboratories Edison Menlo Park, NJ Electric Power RCA Laboratories Sarnoff and Armstrong NYC; West Windsor, NJ Radio & TV Bell Laboratories J. P. Morgan and T. N. Vail NYC; Murray Hill, NJ Telegraph & Telephone L. H. Baekeland Bakelite – first plastics 29 R & D Laboratories Manufacturing Edison Laboratories Edison Lamp Works Menlo Park, NJ Harrison, NJ RCA Laboratories RCA Vacuum Tubes NYC; West Windsor, NJ Harrison, NJ Bell Laboratories Western Electric Company NYC; Murray Hill, NJ Kearny, NJ General Bakelite Company Perth Amboy, NJ 30 Manufacturing Second Grouping Edison Lamp Works Harrison, NJ • Capturing RCA Vacuum Tubes Harrison, NJ • Communicating • Computing Western Electric Company Kearny, NJ General Bakelite Company Perth Amboy, NJ 31 Capturing Second Grouping Edison – Phonograph - Sound Kinetoscope - Movies • Capturing Jansky – Radio Astronomy • Communicating Penzias & Wilson – Big Bang • Computing Boyle & Smith – CCD Digital Photography 32 Capturing Edison – Phonograph - Sound Kinetoscope - Movies Jansky – Radio Astronomy Penzias & Wilson – Big Bang Boyle & Smith – CCD Digital Photography 33 34 35 filmed in Milltown NJ 36 filmed in Milltown NJ 37 38 SEM image of iPhone 4 CCD CCD invented at Bell Labs (Murray Hill NJ) by Willard Boyle and George Smith 39 Communicating Telegraph & Telephone Bell Radio & TV RCA Satellites Bell and RCA SEM image of iPhone 4 CCD J. R. Pierce CCD invented at Bell Labs (Murray Hill NJ) by Willard Boyle and George Smith 40 Communicating Telegraph & Telephone Bell Radio & TV RCA TIROS 1 – first weather satellite Satellites RCA Astro Labs in East Windsor, NJ Bell and RCA J. R. Pierce 41 ECHO 1 – first communications relay Bell Labs – Holmdel, NJ TIROS 1 – first weather satellite RCA Astro Labs in East Windsor, NJ TELSTAR – first television pictures and telephone calls Bell Labs – Murray Hill, NJ 42 Computing Computer John von Neumann ECHO 1 – first communications relay Bell Labs – Holmdel, NJ UNIX
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