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Northern Goshawk (Accipiter Gentiles)

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Northern Goshawk (Accipiter Gentiles) Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentiles) Paul Cotter The northern goshawk (goshawk) is a short-winged, highly maneuverable hawk of the accipiter group inhabiting boreal and mountain forests of North American, Europe, and northern Russia. Some goshawks migrate; some are resident; and others are probably nomadic, moving more in years of low prey. The breeding and winter ranges of the goshawk overlap extensively. In Southeastern Alaska (Southeast), the goshawk is a year-round resident and begins to occupy nesting stands in February and March (Iverson et al. 1996) (Fig 1). Relatively large size, a slate gray back, and a fine gray barring on underparts make the adult goshawk difficult to confuse with any other bird of prey in the Tongass National Forest. Under poor light and in the forest, however, the FIG 1. Male northern goshawk at nest in old-growth forest in southeastern Alaska. (Bob Armstrong) goshawk and red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) can be confused, even by experienced birders. Short wings multiyear study to examine the ecology and habitat and a long tail make the goshawk well-suited for associations of Queen Charlotte goshawks in the navigating through its most common habitat of old- Tongass National Forest. growth forest, where it often crashes through dense brush to capture birds and small mammals. In STATUS IN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA Southeast, the primary diet of the goshawk includes Distribution grouse, ptarmigan, red squirrels (Tamiasciurus The goshawk is found across the Tongass National hudsonicus), songbirds, jays, and crows (Lewis 2001). Forest from Dixon Entrance in southern Southeast In the mid-1990s, the conservation status of the (Iverson et al. 1996) to Yakutat (Islieb and Kessel Queen Charlotte goshawk (Accipiter gentiles laingi), 1973). the subspecies most commonly found in Southeast, Abundance was the focus of much public and legal debate. The Northern goshawks are found in low density across issue centered on the vulnerability of this goshawk to the Tongass (Titus 1994). Recent estimates of goshawk large-scale timber harvesting because of its association abundance in the Tongass range from 100–800 with mature and old-growth forests across much of its breeding pairs (Crocker-Bedford 1990, 1994; Iverson range. In 1990, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), Alaska 1990). Although an interagency study of goshawks in Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), and U.S. the Tongass found 61 nesting areas within an Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) embarked on a Southeast Alaska Conservation Assessment - Chapter 7.1 Page 1 approximately 30,000 mi2 (77,000 km2) study area management influences goshawks at the population (Flatten et al. 2001), it must be emphasized that this level might be obtained is difficult to predict. number does not represent a density estimate. No Special Management or Conservation quantitative population estimate exists, and none has Designations been attempted. Goshawks in Southeast have garnered the attention Special Taxonomic Considerations of government agencies, conservation organizations, Generally, 3 subspecies of goshawk are recognized and the environmental community nationwide. During in North America, 2 of which occur in Alaska. In the last decade, conservation designations by agencies southern Southeast, the Queen Charlotte goshawk and organizations have varied; however, the status of predominates, but the northern goshawk is the common the goshawk in Southeast remains a concern. It is a form throughout most of North America, including species of special concern to the State of Alaska. most of Alaska. Intermediate forms of the Queen Stenhouse and Senner (2005) include the Queen Charlotte goshawk (A.g. laingi) and northern goshawk Charlotte goshawk on Audubon’s Alaska WatchList (A.g. atricapillus) occur in northern Southeast. It is because of its limited distribution and potential threats believed by many that Southeast goshawks represent a posed by commercial timber harvesting in breeding north-to-south and east-to-west variation (cline) in and nonbreeding seasons. The USFS considers the physical characteristics between the small, dark Queen Queen Charlotte goshawk a species of special Charlotte goshawk and the larger, lighter-colored management concern in the Tongass National Forest. northern goshawk (Iverson et al. 1996). The special management concern of the goshawk Significance to the Region and Tongass National results from its year-round residency, the likelihood of Forest its habitat being affected by land management The Queen Charlotte goshawk is endemic to coastal activities, its negative response to habitat rainforests from Vancouver Island to northern fragmentation, and its characteristic role as an Southeast (Iverson et al. 1996, Squires and Reynolds ecological specialist (Iverson and René 1997). Several 1997), where it is a year-round resident and an integral other criteria, including susceptibility to disturbance, part of the biodiversity and natural heritage of the geographic range and distribution, and population size Tongass National Forest. The importance of the and trend, also contribute to its high ranking. Tongass to the Queen Charlotte goshawk is apparent In the mid-1990s, the USFWS was petitioned to list when the amount of suitable habitat in insular (island) the Queen Charlotte goshawk as endangered. After British Columbian forests is considered. Generally, careful review, the USFWS twice found the petition to insular British Columbia forests have been converted be not warranted. Legal challenges against the USFWS to early seral stages (i.e., younger forests) more have continued, and the future conservation status of rapidly, and to a greater extent, than the old-growth the goshawk will be revisited (U.S. District Court, forests of the Tongass (USFWS 1997). The goshawk is District of Columbia, 2004). In the 1997 Tongass an old-growth forest inhabitant and, as a year-round National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan predator of small mammals and birds, likely plays a (TLMP), the USFS included the goshawk as a species pivotal role in the complex predator-prey dynamics of of special management concern. In the final the forest. Because most or all goshawks in the supplemental environmental impact statement for the Tongass are year-round residents and because the Tongass Forest Plan (USFS 2003), the USFS proposed species is associated with old-growth coniferous dropping the goshawk from monitoring, citing the high forests for nesting and hunting, the goshawk is cost and difficulty of monitoring and the low density of particularly vulnerable to widespread conversion of the species in the Tongass. old-growth habitats to clearcuts and younger-aged In 2000, the Canadian government listed the Queen success ional forests (Iverson et al. 1996, USFWS Charlotte goshawk as threatened because of continued 1997, Flatten et al. 2001). A persistent goshawk logging of low-elevation, old-growth coniferous forests population in the Tongass could serve as an indicator within its range and likely population declines of old-growth forest health. Despite 10 years of (Environment Canada 2004). quantitative natural history study of the goshawk in the Tongass and its clear association with old-growth forests, when a detailed understanding of how forest Southeast Alaska Conservation Assessment - Chapter 7.1 Page 2 HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS more often than predictions based on occurrence of Most of what is known about goshawk ecology, those habitats. populations, and habitat associations comes from the Goshawks, especially females, are more likely to be multiyear, cooperative studies of the USFS, ADF&G, found in upland landscapes below 800 ft (244 m) and and USFWS (Iverson et al. 1996, Flatten et al. 2001). on slopes of less than 35 degrees. Level terrain is These studies were in response to mounting concern generally avoided by goshawks, likely because it is over potential impacts of large-scale timber harvest on characterized by poorly drained, deep organic soils Tongass goshawks. Because of the inaccessibility of with low productivity. goshawk nests and difficulty of monitoring, most Goshawks in the Tongass use large tracts of land habitat use data were collected by relocating radio- during the entire year (Iverson et al. 1996, Flatten et al. tagged birds, and identifying the habitat characteristics 2001). A nesting area, defined as the area that includes at these relocation sites with the use of habitat maps all nest sites and alternative nest sites used by a pair or based on a geographic information system (GIS), aerial an individual within its breeding home range, can be as photography, or both. During nearly 1 decade, birds large as 1,987 acres (804 hectares). Nest sites include inhabiting 61 goshawk nesting areas across the prey handling areas and roosts, and are generally much Tongass were studied (Flatten et al. 2001). smaller than nesting areas, 12–37 acres (5–15 According to the USFS, goshawks in Southeast hectares). require “productive old growth,” nest sites below 800- Iverson et al. (1996) conducted detailed analysis on ft (244 m) elevation, and large (10,000–30,000 acres nesting habitat selection of Tongass goshawks. They [4,050–12,150 hectares]) use areas of mixed habitats compared habitat features on 30 acre (12 hectare) and (USFS 2002). This description of habitat use is based 160 acre (65 hectare) plots centered on nests to the on habitat associations derived from overlaying radio- same-size randomly selected plots in old-growth forest. telemetry relocations of goshawks
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