American Journal of Life Science Researches Original Article Oct2016, Volume 4, Issue 4 The Study of Some Heavy Metals (Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Copper and Iron) in Muscle Tissue of Blue Swim- ming Crab Portunus pelagicus in Some Areas of the , Naser Koosej 1,*, Hojatollah Jafariyan 2, Abdolvahed Rahmani 2, Abdolrahman Patimar 2, Hosna Gholipoor 3 1 PhD Student, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Gonbad-e Qabus, Gonbad-e Qabus, Iran 2 Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Gonbad-e Qabus, Gonbad-e Qabus, Iran 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Gonbad-e Qabus, Gonbad-e Qabus, Iran * Corresponding author: Naser Koosej, PhD Student, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Gonbad-e Qabus, Gonbad-e Qa- DOI: 10.21859/ajlsr-040406 bus, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Submited: 06.18.2016 Abstract Accepted: 08.03.2016 After absorption of heavy metals in the tissues of aquatic organisms in aqueous solution accumulate and enter the human body through the food chain and proportional to the Keywords: concentration of toxic metals absorbed, clinical effects observed. The objective of this Metals, Heavy study was to evaluate and compare the concentration of heavy metals, lead, nickel, iron Food Chain and copper in muscle tissue of blue swimming crab Portunus plagicus in three regions Health (Qeshm, Khamir port and Laft port) was conducted in the Hormozgan Province. Sampling was conducted in summer 2015 and winter 2016. After the captured biometric © 2016. American Journal of Life sample 180, were isolated muscle tissue. The preparation and analysis of samples was Science Researches. performed according to standard methods MOOPAM. The results show that the studied concentration in muscle tissue of blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) at sample locations statistically significant difference shows. Also studied in terms of concentration in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in the study area between summer and winter statistically significant difference was observed (P < 0.05). As both in summer and winter concentrations of lead, nickel, iron and copper in muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in Qeshm is greater than the other two regions. Meanwhile, the results of the study compared concentration in muscle tissue showed blue swimming crab with international standards. The studied concentration in muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in Qeshm, Khamir port and Laft port international standards is less than the limit. Which indicates that the health of aquatic ecosystems contamination is not a problem.

INTRODUCTION as a semi-closed marine environment in addi- concentrated as potential marine pollution and at the same tion to the usual pollution in other rivers, due to extensive time accumulate in aquatic and body tissue and concen- exploitation of huge oil reserves on the continental shelf trated and fish consumption may be toxic to humans and and transfers it has caused a lot of oil and oil tankers, to the severe adverse effects such as disorders of the nervous sys- load imposed on each square kilometer of surface waters is tem, renal, genetic mutations, and so on to be created, It greater than the global average so enjoyed about half of the is of utmost importance. Among the heavy metals Pb, Ni, crude oil and oil products exported by ships from the Gulf Fe, Zn and Cu indices, oil pollution and pollution from in- passes and the pollution from the transportation of oil in dustrial activities in the marine ecosystem, the capacity of the Persian Gulf about 86% of oil pollution in the Gulf is ecosystems to accept the changes in the environment and estimated. As compared to about 2 times that of pollution although, by its nature has the ability to cope with change of marine transportation worldwide [1]. Among the pol- but today it is clear that destruction has been the speed of lutants, non-degradable pollutants (persistent pollutants) natural regeneration. And the process for irreversible envi- such as heavy metals in sediments and mud and sludge ronmental degradation is growing, so measures to protect American Journal of Life Science Researches the environment should ponder [2]. In addition, today one measure the amount of pollution can be traced to the blue of the major concerns in the discharge of heavy metals into swimming crab Portunus plagicus. the marine environment are all over the world. And is well established that heavy metals cause toxicity and accumu- METHODS lation of ecological significance are many, these elements have devastating effects on the marine ecosystem and spe- Heavy metals are hazardous pollutants that waste and sew- cies diversity [3]. Lead one of four metals that have the age into the sea. Aquaculture can act as a measure of pol- most damaging effects on human health. Bio-synthesis of lution in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, measurement and hemoglobin disorders and anemia, high blood pressure, evaluation of a number of toxic elements and heavy metals kidney damage, miscarriage and preterm birth, nervous sys- (lead, nickel, iron, zinc and copper) in the muscle tissue of tem disorders, brain damage, infertility in men, decreased blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus stations (Qeshm, learning ability and behavioral disorders and hyperactivity Khamir port and Laft port) in the Persian Gulf was the basis in children from the negative effects of increasing the con- for this study. After determining the three stations, in ev- centration of lead in body [4]. Nickel toxicity varies widely ery season of every station, 30 type of blue swimming crabs and is affected by salinity and the presence of other ions is were sampled, so that were collected randomly in every placed. Industrial and commercial use of nickel-containing season of collect 90 type and total two season 180 sample. stainless steel, plating, painting and ceramics are. Nickel After the biometrics, autopsy was performed and was iso- also from anthropogenic sources enter the water system. lated muscle tissue.so that for dry crap muscle tissues put in Small amounts of nickel in people who are allergic to this the freeze dryer (VaCo5 model) at 40° C for 8 to 10 hours. heavy metal can cause severe inflammation of the skin [4]. so after running out the time and ensure complete dry of Zinc is one of the natural elements in building the body’s muscle tissue, the samples are removed balloons and in the cells and many enzymes and hormones involved. The met- petri dishes were placed numbered (Moopam, 1999).In al body with many vital macromolecules are irreversibly order to digest the samples were ground with a porcelain linked and threatened to disrupt the biological activity of mortar laboratory. the First, was measured (0.5 gr) amount cells. Zinc also causes gastrointestinal disturbances such as of dried samples tissue by” Sartorius scales”-made in Ger- nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, fever, headache and neuro- many- with accuracy equivalent 0.001grams.The sample is logical disorders and respiratory diseases are also on the poured shed into a microwave vial (ETHOS1, model) and human body in high concentrations in the prostate, bone, after the addition of 7 ml of concentrated nitric acid 65% muscle and liver accumulates [5]. Copper natural entrance (after the using porcelain mortar any time, washed with ni- to the marine environment caused by the erosion of the tric acid 5% and was completely rinse with distilled water) cliffs is mine, is estimated at around 325000 tonnes per so 1 ml hydrogen peroxide (30%), closed the door’s vials year. High levels of sewage into the sea. Copper dissolved and those are placed in a special chamber, next transferred in seawater, mainly in the form of water with low salinity to the microwave (Moopam, 1999) and according to the CaCo3 and is also seen as CuOH +. In addition, the com- order digest the sample. After digestion and cooling time, plex organic molecules are formed. Copper metal originat- the samples were removed from the device and were pure ing from various industries and by phytoplankton enters through Whitman filter paper number 42. The content of the food chain [6]. Iron is an important component of he- the filter was washed with distilled water. So samples liquid moglobin and transfer of blood and oxygen in the human ready discharged into the beakers and were dried in the lab- body. If you do not hit the iron with body tissues or stay oratory’s temperature. After dried, samples mixed through in them, causing conjunctivitis, inflammation problems distilled water and samples deliver to the volume 50 with in the choroid and retina. Normally, the body needs iron pure distilled water.So sample kept in polyethylene contain- to 4 to 5 grams distributed in various tissues. The body’s ers and stored at 4 °C (to avoid any reduction in the vol- ability to excrete iron is not greater than 2 mg per day and ume). Obviously storage time should not be long and after hence excessive intake of iron accumulation in the target digestion of the samples, they injected the atomic absorp- organ and primarily eat more than 30 milligrams per kilo- tion and their actual chemical concentrations were calculat- gram of iron can lead to toxicity and more than 250 to 300 ed. The chemical digestion is based on accepted MOOPAM mg kg leads to death [6]. Today, aquaculture as one of the (Moopam, 1999). Data analysis was performed using SPSS most useful animal protein has been proposed for provid- 19 software and analysis of means to help T- test were com- ing food needs and protect the human health around the pared with the presence or absence of a significant differ- world. Because of the harmful effects of heavy metals that ence at 95% (P < 0.05) was determined. As well as charts are toxic in small amounts in water resources management and tables Excel2007 software was used. with continuous measurement will be necessary [7]. Crabs are omnivorous crustaceans, especially from algae and other foods, including molluscs, worms, other crustaceans RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and fungi, bacteria in foods and feeds that are available to Analysis of variance showed that the concentrations of lead, them. For many crabs a diet containing plant material and nickel, iron, zinc and copper in muscle tissue of blue swim- animal growth is faster and more survive them [8]. The ming crab Portunus pelagicus between island regions, Bn- most important control methods, choice of different fish drkhmyr and Bndrlaft in winter there is a significant differ- species widely to the physiological effects of heavy metals ence (P < 0.05). As the studied concentration in the muscle can be used [9]. Thus, the concentration of heavy metals of blue swimming crab in winter Qeshm higher rates than in the tissues of aquatic can be a prelude to detect the lev- areas (Khamir port and Laft port) and the difference was el of aquatic pollution [10]. Such as indicator species to statistically significant (P < 0.05) (Table 1, Figures 1 and 2). 141 Koosej, et al

Table 1: Compares the Results of the Average of the Elements Nickel, Lead, Iron, Zinc and Copper in Muscle Tissue of Blue Swimming Crab in Winter in Qeshm, Khamir Port and Laft Port (n = 30) Qeshm Khamir Port Laft Port Nickel 0.84 ± 0.05 0.64 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.04 Lead 0.031 ± 0.006 0.018 ± 0.003 0.014 ± 0.002 Zink 88.3 ± 1.90 1.11±77.2 55.60 ± 1.20 Iron 19.33 ± 0.16 17.22 ± 0.48 13.75 ± 0.65 Cu 0.801 ± 0.025 0.718 ± 0.031 0.621 ± 0.014 Data in table are presented as Mean ± SD.

0.9 0.84 100 0.801 88.3 0.8 90 0.718 77.2 80 0.7 0.64 0.621 0.6 70 60 55.6 0.5 lead 50 iron 0.4 0.37 nikle 40 zink 0.3 copper 30 Micrograms per gram 0.2 19.33 17.22 Micrograms per gram per Micrograms 20 13.75

0.1 0.031 0.018 0.014 10 0 0 Qeshm Khamir port Laft port Qeshm Khamir port Laft port

Figure 1: Comparison of Nickel, Lead and Copper in Blue Swim- Figure 2: Comparison of Iron and Zinc in Blue Swimming Crab mer Crab Muscle in Qeshm, Khamir Port and Laft Port in Winter Muscle in Qeshm, Khamir Port and Laft Port in Winter

Table 2: Compares the Results of the Average of the Elements Nickel, Lead, Iron, Zinc and Copper in Muscle Tissue of Blue Swimming Crab in the Summer in Qeshm, Khamir Port and Laft Port (n = 30) Laft Port Khamir Port Qeshm Nickel 0.97 ± 0.05 0.75 ± 0.02 0.58 ± 0.03 Lead 0.038 ± 0.005 0.026 ± 0.003 0.021 ± 0.002 Zink 109.4 ± 1.74 81.02 ± 1.32 64.70 ± 1.74 Iron 25.59 ± 0.22 19.93 ± 0.19 16.05 ± 0.42 Cu 0.897 ± 0.018 0.791 ± 0.015 0.733 ± 0.035 Data in table are presented as Mean ± SD.

1.2 120 109.4 0.97 1 0.897 100 0.791 81.02 0.8 0.75 0.733 80 64.7 0.58 iron 0.6 lead 60 nikle zink 40 0.4 25.59

Micrograms per gram Micrograms 19.93 Micrograms per gram 16.05 0.2 20 0.038 0.026 0.021 0 0 Qeshm Khamir port Laft port Qeshm Khamir port Laft port

Figure 3: Comparison of Nickel, Lead and Copper in Blue Swim- Figure 4: Comparison of Iron and Zinc in Blue Swimming Crab mer Crab Muscle in Qeshm, Khamir Port and Laft Port in Summer Muscle in Qeshm, Khamir Port and Laft Port in Summer

Table 3: results of the Comparison of the Average Values of Nickel, Lead, Iron, Zinc and Copper in Blue Swimmer Crab Muscle in Qeshm, Khamir port and Laft Port in Summer and (n = 30) Qeshm Khamir Port Laft Port Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Ni 0.84 ± 0.05 0.97 ± 0.05 0.64 ± 0.02 0.75 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.04 0.58 ± 0.03 Pb 0.031 ± 0.006 0.038 ± 0.005 0.018 ± 0.003 0.026 ± 0.003 0.014 ± 0.002 0.021± 0.002 Zn 88.3 ± 1.90 109.4 ± 1.74 77.2 ±1.11 81.02 ± 1.32 55.60 ± 1.20 64.70 ± 1.74 Fe 19.33 ± 0.16 25.59 ± 0.22 17.22 ± 0.48 19.93 ± 0.19 13.75 ± 0.65 16.05 ± 0.42 Cu 0.801 ± 0.025 0.897 ± 0.018 0.718 ± 0.031 0.791 ± 0.015 0.621 ± 0.014 0.733 ± 0.035 Data in table are presented as Mean ± SD. 142 American Journal of Life Science Researches

The results of ANOVA showed that the concentrations operations are heavily polluted with heavy metals and hy- of lead, nickel, iron, zinc and copper in muscle tissue of drocarbons is [18]. More pollutants into aquatic systems are blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus between regions eventually are deposited in the sediment. Sediments, aquatic (Qeshm, Khamir port and Laft port) there was no statistical- environments are a critical component for performance and ly significant difference in summer (P < 0.05). So in terms of nutrition provide habitat for many organisms and in many concentration in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in cases the accumulation of metals in sediments than in the wa- the summer Qeshm higher rates than areas (Bndrkhmyr and ter [19]. And semi-benthic benthic species vulnerable to con- Bndrlaft), and the difference was statistically significant (P < taminants in sediments and contaminants are water-soluble, 0.05) (Table 2, Figures 3 and 4). this species also play a constructive role in this environment The results indicate that in all regions of concentration of and therefore their demographic shifts affect all societies and heavy metals (lead, nickel, iron, zinc and copper) in summer threatens the balance of ecosystems [20]. than in winter (Table 3). Generally, the most important reasons for the high concen- Exploration, extraction and transportation of oil in the Per- tration of lead, nickel, zinc, copper and iron in muscle tis- sian Gulf, in addition to direct contamination, due to large sue in the blue swimming crab in compared amounts of heavy metals, chemical pollution of the Gulf ma- to Khamir port and Laft port in various industries along rine and aquatic life is. [11], Fabris and colleagues (2006) the coast, discharge of industrial effluents and urban coastal showed that the concentration of heavy metals such as ar- waters is that their wastewater in a variety of heavy metals, senic, cadmium, iron, zinc and mercury in fish and lobster and this increases the concentration of these metals. On the J. edwardsis P. bassenis ground now and abalone H. rubra to other hand there dhow building yards along the waterfront the location where the fish live in it. Depends on the concen- of the island and the use of color and anti-corrosion material tration of the species in different parts of the coastal waters (which contains zinc chromate and lead oxides area and final- of Victoria in Australia there is a significant difference, but a ly moved to the coastal waters and adjacent areas and water pattern and there was no consistent trend across regions at pollution in this area are), too Boat traffic (tourism and fish- a concentration of heavy metals. There are significant differ- ing activities) and the presence of lead and nickel in gasoline ences between the concentrations of heavy metals in different and publish it in the air, then lead and nickel from combus- areas can be discussed and not because of different manage- tion and quickly deposited on the soil, The nickel-containing ment application, environmental conditions, evacuation of sediments by rivers to the Persian Gulf could also be other wastewater, the presence of industrial plants and aquaculture reasons for this increase. Fifteen mine soils are red, white, activities in the areas [12]. Chen (2002), showed significant chalk, yellow sulfur, iron, stones Gvart and within 11 km of differences in the concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, the island. The most active are red mineral containing abun- silver, copper and iron Chi-Ku Lagoon was found in samples dant iron as well as a micronized powder production plant from different regions. He also said that in areas where the of red soil cited Island. On the other hand pollution caused origin of pollutants from sewage or fresh water input. Cad- by vessels traffic, repairs them (given that most people trade mium, mercury and copper were present in the environment, jobs and trade, fishing, boat-building and agriculture) should while the entrance to the remote areas of the mouth and go also be considered. The results of this study showed that the wetland reduced concentrations of these elements [13]. Du- concentrations of the studied regions (Qeshm, Khamir port ral and colleagues (2007), with several experiments showed and Laft port) in summer than in winter blue crab floats sta- that the concentration of heavy metals in aquatic organisms tistically significant difference. in different regions (the Persian Gulf, Gulf Egypt, the Gulf The concentration of heavy metals in the summer of aquatic Askndryvn, in the South Atlantic salt marshes and wetlands organisms in the body often in locations in areas with indus- Spain California) due to different environmental conditions trial activities are free of contaminants and more [21]. Wong such as: temperature, salinity, pH and light industrial activi- et al. (2000), with the amount of lead, cadmium, copper and ties and there is a significant difference [14]. Turkmen and zinc on the species Perna viridis in Hong Kong showed that colleagues (2005) reported that concentrations of heavy the concentration of cadmium and copper all areas other metals in fish muscle, according to the area where the fish is than the significant difference in summer and winter there caught. And according to the species of fish can be very di- is significant [22]. Dural and colleagues (2007), experi- verse and vary, also showed. Although not different between menting with a variety of fish Sparus aurata showed that the the concentrations of heavy metals in different parts of sam- concentration of cadmium, lead, zinc and arsenic in different pling fish there are significant differences [15]. Meador et al. seasons and also heavy metals in different organs is different (2005), the concentration of three cadmium, mercury and [23]. Hajihasani and Ghasemi (1380) examined the emis- lead in sediments and fish in several areas in Alaska and Cal- sions of nickel, chromium, cadmium, lead, copper and iron ifornia have measured the results showed concentrations of is paid crap. The results of data analysis showed a significant lead and cadmium in sediments rural areas of California due difference in the amount of heavy metals in between there, to human activity is the because gasoline is increasing [16]. the average concentration of all parameters in the months A significant impact on aquatic habitats so that the concen- of February, March, April and May, and in other months tration of heavy metals, heavy metals in organisms that live in less than the standard limit is exceeded. Another important the Gulf are less than the amount of heavy metals in the body factor of increasing concentrations of heavy metals, salinity, of organisms in coastal waters and estuaries, bays and inlets which is more subject to climate change sea water in winter are present [17]. Unfortunately, in the discharge of sewage as in summer minimum and maximum amount of salt in sea and solid waste and industrial development and dredging water. There is a direct relationship between temperature operations off the coast and ports, unloading of agricultural and salinity suggests that with increasing temperature, salin- pesticides and fertilizers, as well as Persian Gulf oil extraction ity rises [24]. Given that the air temperature in the hottest 143 Koosej, et al days of summer in August to 45 degrees Celsius, thereby also Sicilian Sea by derivative stripping potentiometry. Food Control. increasing the amount of evaporation and salinity. Because 2006;17(2):146-52. 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