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Documento (1) Provisório Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia 2012 Industrial NEDA TORABI O TURISMO SUSTENTÁVEL NOS GEOPARQUES FARSANI ATRAV ÉS DO GEOTURISMO E DO TRABALHO EM REDE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN GEOPARKS THROUGH GEOTOURISM AND NETWORKING DOCUMENTO (1) PROVISÓRIO Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia 2012 Industrial NEDA TORABI O TURISMO SUSTENTÁVEL NOS GEOPARQUES FARSANI ATRAV ÉS DO GEOTURISMO E DO TRABALHO EM REDE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN GEOPARKS THROUGH GEOTOURISM AND NETWORKING tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Turismo, realizada sob a orientação científica da Professora Doutora Celeste Coelho, Professora catedrático do Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento da Universidade de Aveiro, e Co-orientação científica do Professor Doutor Carlos Costa Associado com Agregação do Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia Industrial da Universidade de Aveiro Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. I dedicate this thesis to Rasool, my parents, my brother and sister and my baby who is coming soon for their support, love and encouragement. o júri presidente Reitor da Universidade de Aveiro vogais Doutora Celeste de Oliveira Alves Coelho Professora Catedrática do Departamento de Ambiente da Universidade de Aveiro (orientador) Doutor Carlos Manuel Martins da Costa Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia Industrial da Universidade de Aveiro (Co-orientador) Doutor Luís Manuel Ferreira Gomes Professor Associado da Universidade da Beira Interior Doutor Artur Agostinho de Abreu e Sá Professor Auxiliar da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Doutor Carlos de Oliveira Fernandes Professor Adjunto do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo acknowledgments Firstly, my appreciation goes to FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) for supporting this thesis. In addition, I owe gratitude to many people for their support and encouragement as I have been completing this PhD thesis. First of all, I would like to thank my advisors, Professor Celeste Coelho and Professor Carlos Costa, who have provided me with this wonderful opportunity to study at the University of Aveiro and I appreciate their help and guidance in this way. It has been a great pleasure working with them! Thanks to the juries who kindly accepted to review my thesis! Secondly, many thanks go to my husband for sharing all those days with me surveying the local communities of Qeshm and others geoparks. I love you Rasool! Particular thanks go to my kind parents for always supporting my crazy pursuits with their prayers, finances, encouragement and time. I love you both! Reza and Negar thanks for your kinds. I am thankful for all my friends (Fillipa, Joana, Susana, Zelia, Marília, etc.)! This geotourism study could not have been implemented without the help of Margarete Patzak – the Programme Specialist from Global Earth Observation Section, Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences UNESCO – special thanks for her contribution in collecting questionnaires. I also appreciate the help of managers and officials of the Global Geoparks Network for providing the requested information. Next I would like to thank Carlos Neto de Carvalho and Joana Rodrigues (officials of Naturtejo Geopark), who opened my vision about geopark activities. I also want to thank Qeshm Geopark authorities and I am truly grateful for their help. Finally, thank you to everyone who helped me on the way, including those that I may have forgotten to mention here. palavras-chave Geoparque, Geoturismo, Inovação, Rede, Desenvolvimento Rural, Sustentabilidade resumo Esta tese analisa o papel desempenhado pelos geoparques e pelo geoturismo para a sustentabilidade socio-económica e sociocultural das áreas rurais e de que forma estes contribuem para o turismo sustentável. Para esse efeito, o estudo é baseado numa extensa revisão da literatura sobre geoparques, geoturismo e turismo sustentável, bem como a atividade em rede e inovação aplicada aos geoparques registados na Rede Global de Geoparques. Com base na revisão da literatura, uma série de hipóteses são formuladas para serem depois testadas na parte empírica da tese. A população estudada constou dos geoparques registados na Rede Global de Geoparques (N = 64), em 2009, a nível internacional. O primeiro questionário investigou o papel dos geoparques no desenvolvimento rural e O segundo questionário analisou a atividade em rede entre geoparques e avaliar a taxa de conectividade da Rede Global de Geoparques e da Rede Europeia de Geoparques. A realização de entrevistas a nível local permitiram revelar os efeitos significativos e tangíveis da criação de geoparques no desenvolvimento local. Assim, foi selecionado o Qeshm Geopark (Irão) como estudo de caso, e as comunidades locais que vivem nas aldeias vizinhas do geoparque foram entrevistados. Os dados foram analisados através de softwares de apoio à análise quantitativa, qualitativa e de redes, tais como o SPSS, NVivo e Pajek, respetivamente. Este último foi utilizado para produzir uma imagem da rede de relacionamento social entre os geoparques entrevistados. Com base nesses resultados uma série de implicações são sugeridas, bem como algumas recomendações para futuras pesquisas. Para além disso, a fim de investigar o papel do estabelecimento do Qeshm Geopark para o desenvolvimento rural, o trabalho de campo envolveu ainda entrevistas face a face com as comunidades locais e três matrizes SWOT foram projetadas para uma melhor gestão dos geoparques. Utilizando ambas as abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa, esta tese visa contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do novo nicho de mercado que constitui o geoturismo, bem como dos novos destinos desenvolvidos em torno dos geoparque. Table of contents Table of contents .................................................................................................................................. i List of tables ........................................................................................................................................ vi List of figures ..................................................................................................................................... viii Appendices ......................................................................................................................................... x List of abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1- Introduction 1.1. General Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objectives and Methodology ........................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Interest and Scope of the Thesis .................................................................................................. 6 1.4. Organization of the Thesis ........................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2- Literature Review of Concepts related to Geoparks and Geotourism 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Methodology for Literature Review ............................................................................................... 9 2.3. Sustainable Tourism Concept .................................................................................................... 12 2.4. The Emergence of Geotourism .................................................................................................. 21 2.5. Geoparks: Concepts, Theories and Paradigms .......................................................................... 31 2.6. Comparison between Geoparks and Protected Natural Areas ................................................... 38 2.7. Steps and Guidelines for Becoming a Global Geopark Network Member .................................. 41 2.8. Geo-products in Geotourism Destinations such as Geoparks .................................................... 44 2.9. Socio- Cultural Sustainability in Geoparks ................................................................................. 50 2.10. Socioeconomical Impacts of the Establishment of Geoparks ................................................... 58 2.11. Socio- Environmental Impacts of the Establishment of Geoparks ............................................ 62 2.11.1. Geo-Conservation in Geoparks ....................................................................................... 62 2.11.1.1. Involving Local Communities in Geopark Activities ............................................. 66 2.11.1.2. Educational Activities in Geoparks ...................................................................... 68 2.12. Innovation in Geoparks ............................................................................................................ 74 2.13. Geopark Networks: An Innovative Approach ............................................................................ 80 2.14. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 3 - Methodology of Empirical Study 3.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................
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