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Deep Dehydration As a Plausible Mechanism of the 2013 Mw 8.3 Sea of Okhotsk Deep-Focus Earthquake
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 04 August 2021 doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.521220 Deep Dehydration as a Plausible Mechanism of the 2013 Mw 8.3 Sea of Okhotsk Deep-Focus Earthquake Hao Zhang 1,2*, Suzan van der Lee 2, Craig R. Bina 2 and Zengxi Ge 3 1University of Utah Seismograph Stations, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States, 3School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China The rupture mechanisms of deep-focus (>300 km) earthquakes in subducting slabs of oceanic lithosphere are not well understood and different from brittle failure associated with shallow (<70 km) earthquakes. Here, we argue that dehydration embrittlement, often invoked as a mechanism for intermediate-depth earthquakes, is a plausible alternative model for this deep earthquake. Our argument is based upon the orientation and size of the plane that ruptured during the deep, 2013 Mw 8.3 Sea of Okhotsk earthquake, its rupture velocity and radiation efficiency, as well as diverse evidence of water subducting as deep as the transition zone and below. The rupture process of this earthquake has been inferred from back-projecting dual-band seismograms recorded at hundreds of seismic stations in North America and Europe, as well as by fitting P-wave trains recorded at dozens of Edited by: globally distributed stations. If our inferences are correct, the entirety of the subducting Sebastiano D’Amico, fi University of Malta, Malta Paci c lithosphere cannot be completely dry at deep, transition-zone depths, and other Reviewed by: deep-focus earthquakes may also be associated with deep dehydration reactions. -
Large Intermediate-Depth Earthquakes and the Subduction Process
80 Physics ofthe Earth and Planetary Interiors, 53 (1988) 80—166 Elsevier Science Publishers By., Amsterdam — Printed in The Netherlands Large intermediate-depth earthquakes and the subduction process Luciana Astiz ~, Thorne Lay 2 and Hiroo Kanamori ~ ‘Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA (U.S.A.) 2 Department of Geological Sciences, University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, MI (USA.) (Received September 22, 1987; accepted October 21, 1987) Astiz, L., Lay, T. and Kanamori, H., 1988. Large intermediate-depth earthquakes and the subduction process. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 53: 80—166. This study provides an overview of intermediate-depth earthquake phenomena, placing emphasis on the larger, tectonically significant events, and exploring the relation of intermediate-depth earthquakes to shallower seismicity. Especially, we examine whether intermediate-depth events reflect the state of interplate coupling at subduction zones. and whether this activity exhibits temporal changes associated with the occurrence of large underthrusting earthquakes. Historic record of large intraplate earthquakes (m B 7.0) in this century shows that the New Hebrides and Tonga subduction zones have the largest number of large intraplate events. Regions associated with bends in the subducted lithosphere also have many large events (e.g. Altiplano and New Ireland). We compiled a catalog of focal mechanisms for events that occurred between 1960 and 1984 with M> 6 and depth between 40 and 200 km. The final catalog includes 335 events with 47 new focal mechanisms, and is probably complete for earthquakes with mB 6.5. For events with M 6.5, nearly 48% of the events had no aftershocks and only 15% of the events had more than five aftershocks within one week of the mainshock. -
Phantom Earthquakes
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. ???, XXXX, DOI:10.1029/, Zagros \phantom earthquakes" reassessed | the interplay of seismicity and deep salt flow in the Simply Folded Belt? Edwin Nissen,1 James Jackson,2 Salman Jahani,3 and Mohammad Tatar4 Abstract. Unravelling the contributions of mainshock slip, aftershocks, aseismic after- slip and postseismic relaxation to the deformation observed in earthquake sequences height- ens our understanding of crustal rheology, triggering phenomena and seismic hazard. Here, we revisit two recent earthquakes in the Zagros mountains (Iran) which exhibited un- usual and contentious after-effects. The Mw ∼6 earthquakes at Qeshm (2005) and Fin (2006) are both associated with large InSAR signals, consistent with slip on steep re- verse faults in carbonate rocks of the middle sedimentary cover, but small aftershocks detected with local seismic networks were concentrated at significantly greater depths. This discrepancy can be interpreted in one of two ways: either (1) there is a genuine ver- tical separation between mainshock and aftershocks, reflecting a complex stress state near the basement{cover interface; or (2) the aftershocks delimit the mainshock slip and the InSAR signals were caused by shallow, up-dip afterslip (\phantom earthquakes") with very similar magnitudes, mechanisms and geographical positions as the original earth- quakes. Here, we show that mainshock centroid depths obtained from body-waveform modelling | which in this instance is the only method that can reveal for certain the depth at which seismic slip was centered | strongly support the first interpretation. At Qeshm, microseismic aftershock depths are centered at the level of the Hormuz Forma- tion, an Infracambrian sequence of intercalated evaporitic and non-evaporitic sediments. -
The Mw 7.0 Haiti Earthquake of January 12, 2010: Report #1
EERI Special Earthquake Report — April 2010 Learning from Earthquakes The Mw 7.0 Haiti Earthquake of January 12, 2010: Report #1 This is the first of multipleNewsletter The EERI contribution was funded Rico to the east and Jamaica and inserts on the Haiti earthquake of by the Learning from Earthquakes Cuba to the west, and has a total January 12, 2010. It summarizes project of the National Science Foun- population of approximately 9 mil- observations from the advance dation under Award #CMMI-0758529. lion. Its largest city, Port-au-Prince, team organized by the U.S. Geo- with an estimated population of be- logical Survey (USGS) and EERI Introduction tween 2.5 and 3 million people, is that traveled to Haiti January 26 to located 25 km ENE of the epicen- The Mw 7.0 earthquake that struck February 3, 2010. The multidiscip- ter. Haiti is the poorest country in the Republic of Haiti on January 12, linary team included Marc Eberhard, the Western Hemisphere, with an 2010, is among the most destructive University of Washington (team estimated 80% of its people living earthquakes in recorded history. As leader); Steve Baldridge, Baldridge under the poverty line, 54% in ab- of March 2010, the death toll report- & Associates Structural Engineer- ject poverty (CIA, 2010). In 2008, ed by the Government of Haiti ex- ing, Inc.; Justin Marshall, Auburn more than 800 people were killed ceeded 233,000, with an additional University; Walter Mooney, USGS; by four hurricanes and tropical 300,000 injuries. More than 5 million and Glenn Rix, Georgia Institute of storms that struck during a two- people live in the area affected by the Technology. -
Hypocenter and Focal Mechanism Determination of the August 23, 2011 Virginia Earthquake Aftershock Sequence: Collaborative Research with VA Tech and Boston College
Final Technical Report Award Numbers G13AP00044, G13AP00043 Hypocenter and Focal Mechanism Determination of the August 23, 2011 Virginia Earthquake Aftershock Sequence: Collaborative Research with VA Tech and Boston College Martin Chapman, John Ebel, Qimin Wu and Stephen Hilfiker Department of Geosciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 4044 Derring Hall Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061 (MC, QW) Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Boston College Devlin Hall 213 140 Commonwealth Avenue Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467 (JE, SH) Phone (Chapman): (540) 231-5036 Fax (Chapman): (540) 231-3386 Phone (Ebel): (617) 552-8300 Fax (Ebel): (617) 552-8388 Email: [email protected] (Chapman), [email protected] (Ebel), [email protected] (Wu), [email protected] (Hilfiker) Project Period: July 2013 - December, 2014 1 Abstract The aftershocks of the Mw 5.7, August 23, 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake were recorded by 36 temporary stations installed by several institutions. We located 3,960 aftershocks from August 25, 2011 through December 31, 2011. A subset of 1,666 aftershocks resolves details of the hypocenter distribution. We determined 393 focal mechanism solutions. Aftershocks near the mainshock define a previously recognized tabular cluster with orientation similar to a mainshock nodal plane; other aftershocks occurred 10-20 kilometers to the northeast. Detailed relocation of events in the main tabular cluster, and hundreds of focal mechanisms, indicate that it is not a single extensive fault, but instead is comprised of at least three and probably many more faults with variable orientation. A large percentage of the aftershocks occurred in regions of positive Coulomb static stress change and approximately 80% of the focal mechanism nodal planes were brought closer to failure. -
Marine and Coastal Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (Iccas) in the South of Iran and a Review of Related Laws
Marine and Coastal Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs) in the South of Iran and a Review of Related Laws Razieh Ghayoumi The United Nations-Nippon Foundation Fellowship Programme 2013 - 2014 DIVISION FOR OCEAN AFFAIRS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA OFFICE OF LEGAL AFFAIRS, THE UNITED NATIONS NEW YORK DISCLAIMER The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, the United Nations, the Nippon Foundation of Japan, or Saint Mary's University. © 2014 Razieh Ghayoumi. All rights reserved. 2 Abstract The new concept and yet the old one about conservation with the contribution of indigenous people and local communities has attracted many scientists’ attention. International conservation policies and programms recognize and support indigenous and community conserved areas and encourage all states to do the same. This thesis aimed to introduce marine and coastal Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas and the related laws, regulations and development plans thoroughly in Iran. The main focus of this thesis is on traditional conservation by local communities in Qeshm Island, located in Hormozgan province in south of Iran along the Persian Gulf. Through this study, it was concluded that indigenous people and local communities have an important role in governing protected areas and it is recommended to include them in conservation programms. 3 SUPERVISORS: Dr. Anthony Charles Dr. Francois Bailet Ms. Valentina Germani 4 Acronyms CBD Convention on Biological -
Complex Rupture During the 12 January 2010 Haiti Earthquake G
ARTICLES PUBLISHED ONLINE: 10 OCTOBER 2010 | DOI: 10.1038/NGEO977 Complex rupture during the 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake G. P. Hayes1,2*, R. W. Briggs1, A. Sladen3, E. J. Fielding4, C. Prentice5, K. Hudnut6, P. Mann7, F. W. Taylor7, A. J. Crone1, R. Gold1, T. Ito3,8 and M. Simons3 Initially, the devastating Mw 7.0, 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake seemed to involve straightforward accommodation of oblique relative motion between the Caribbean and North American plates along the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone. Here, we combine seismological observations, geologic field data and space geodetic measurements to show that, instead, the rupture process involved slip on multiple faults. Primary surface deformation was driven by rupture on blind thrust faults with only minor, deep, lateral slip along or near the main Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone; thus the event only partially relieved centuries of accumulated left-lateral strain on a small part of the plate-boundary system. Together with the predominance of shallow off-fault thrusting, the lack of surface deformation implies that remaining shallow shear strain will be released in future surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone, as occurred in inferred Holocene and probable historic events. We suggest that the geological signature of this earthquake—broad warping and coastal deformation rather than surface rupture along the main fault zone—will not be easily recognized by standard palaeoseismic studies. We conclude that similarly complex earthquakes in tectonic environments that accommodate both translation and convergence—such as the San Andreas fault through the Transverse Ranges of California—may be missing from the prehistoric earthquake record. -
Improving the Determination of Moment Tensors, Moment Magnitudes and Focal Depths of Earthquakes Below Mw 4.0 Using Regional Broadband Seismic Data
Improving the determination of moment tensors, moment magnitudes and focal depths of earthquakes below Mw 4.0 using regional broadband seismic data: Author: Nawa Dahal Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108624 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2019 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. IMPROVING THE DETERMINATION OF MOMENT TENSORS, MOMENT MAGNITUDES AND FOCAL DEPTHS OF EARTHQUAKES BELOW Mw 4.0 USING REGIONAL BROADBAND SEISMIC DATA NAWA R. DAHAL A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Physics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Boston College Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences Graduate School September 2019 © Copyright 2019 Nawa R. Dahal IMPROVING THE DETERMINATION OF MOMENT TENSORS, MOMENT MAGNITUDES AND FOCAL DEPTHS OF EARTHQUAKES BELOW M4.0 USING REGIONAL BROADBAND SEISMIC DATA Author: Nawa R. Dahal Advisors: Prof. Michael J. Naughton and Prof. John E. Ebel Committee Members: Prof. David Broido Prof. Michael Graf ABSTRACT Determining accurate source parameters of small magnitude earthquakes is important to understand the source physics and tectonic processes that activate a seismic source as well as to make more accurate estimates of the probabilities of the recurrences of large earthquakes based on the statistics of smaller earthquakes. The accurate determination of the focal depths and focal mechanisms of small earthquakes is required to constrain the potential seismic source zones of future large earthquakes, whereas the accurate determination of seismic moment is required to calculate the sizes (best represented by moment magnitudes) of earthquakes. -
Morphology of the Wind Catchers in the Laft Port
Review of European Studies; Vol. 8, No. 3; 2016 ISSN 1918-7173 E-ISSN 1918-7181 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Morphology of the Wind Catchers in the Laft Port Somayeh Noorinejad1, Marzyeh Bagheryannejad2 & Fatemeh Noorinejad3 1 Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 2 Payame Noor University, Bandar Abbas, Iran 3 Art University, Tehran, Iran Correspondence: Somayeh Noorinejad, Faculty Member of Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Tel: 98-917-576-8513. E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 2, 2016 Accepted: May 8, 2016 Online Published: July 19, 2016 doi:10.5539/res.v8n3p244 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n3p244 Abstract Discussing morphology in one of the traditional architectural element of Iran without analyzing its elements and recognizing its components, forms and colors would be an incomplete matter. The geometry of this architecture is the result of its fundamental components and elements not being formed in the designer’s mind all of a sudden in a constructive and unified process; rather it is the result of a gradual practical and constructive method. Its components including physical and geometrical features exert significant effect on the end result of the overall volume. The formation process in nature is often carried out by the help of a structure or some structures. Like nature, formation of volumes in Iran’s traditional architecture follows the same rules. The morphologies of the traditional architecture as well as the modern architecture are fundamentally different with each other from this perspective. This means that the former is accomplished through motion of basic, constructive and standardized elements in space while the latter is realized through a mental and abstract process. -
Investigating the Geotourism Phenomena in Eroded Land of Iran, Qeshm Island Revista Publicando, 5 No 16. (2). 2018, 35-94. ISSN 1390-9304
Investigating the Geotourism phenomena in eroded land of Iran, Qeshm Island Revista Publicando, 5 No 16. (2). 2018, 35-94. ISSN 1390-9304 Investigating the Geotourism phenomena in eroded land of Iran, Qeshm Island Abdollah Yazdi 1* , Rahim Dabiri 2 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Kahnooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kahnooj, Iran 2 Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran. [email protected] ABSTRACT Qeshm Island is one of the most beautiful Islands in Iran which has gathered a worldly unique and precious collection due to its eroded phenomena (i.e. Chahkooh canyon, Stars Valley and Tang-e Ali Strait); valuable geological heritage (i.e. Namakdan Salt Dome the world's largest salt cave and etc.) and cultural and historical diversities. This Island is of particular importance in national and international fora due to the aggregation of these attractions, being located in the strategic region of Persian Gulf, being the first geopark of Iran and the Middle East and being known as the eroded land, it also can be called the geotourism gateway of Iran. In this paper along with introducing the theoretical concepts, geographical and geological features; ecotourism and geotourism potentials of Island, the impact of erosion on the creation of amazing geosites were also studied in this Island and solutions were offered for the development of geotourism. The research method in this paper was descriptive - analytical and data collection was done through library research, field studies and satellite images. Keywords: Erosion, Geotourism, Geopark, Qeshm Island 35 Received 23/08/2018 Approved 21/09/2018 Investigating the Geotourism phenomena in eroded land of Iran, Qeshm Island Revista Publicando, 5 No 16. -
“Eco-Island” in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Qeshm Free Zone Organization Japan International Cooperation Agency (QFZO) (JICA) THE PROJECT FOR COMMUNITY-BASED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN OF QESHM ISLAND TOWARD “ECO-ISLAND” IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FINAL REPORT Volume 5: Appendices January 2019 RECS International Inc. PADECO Co., Ltd. Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. Currency Equivalents (as of November 30, 2015) US$1.00=IRR 29,885 US$1.00=JPY 122.70 JPY 1=IRR 243.258 Source: OANDA.COM, http://www.oanda.com. The Project for Community-based Sustainable Development Master Plan of Qeshm Island toward “Eco-Island” Final Report List of Appendixes APPENDIX 1 BASELINE SURVEY .............................................................................................. A1-I A1.1 Socio-economic Baseline Survey....................................................................................... A1-1 A1.2 Environmental Baseline Survey ....................................................................................... A1-19 A1.3 Baseline Survey for Tourism ............................................................................................ A1-25 APPENDIX 2 DETAIL TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF ECO-QESHM MASTER PLAN .............. A2-I A2.1 Discrepancies between Prevision and Realization of SWECO Master Plan on Qeshm Land Use and Population ............................................................................................................ A2-1 A2.2 Date of Inland Ecosystem Management .......................................................................... A2-10 A2.3 Environmental -
Three-Dimensional Simulation of Qeshm Channel Currents
Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science)/Vol. 2/No. 3/March 2011/8/9-16 Three-Dimensional Simulation of Qeshm Channel Currents Mahmoudov, Masoud1*; Chegini, Vahid1; Montazeri Namin, Masoud2 1- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography, Tehran, IR Iran 2- Tehran University, Tehran, IR Iran Received: April 2010 Accepted: December 2010 © 2011 Journal of the Persian Gulf. All rights reserved. Abstract Qeshm Channel is a shallow and narrow waterway located between Qeshm Island and the mainland in the vicinity of Hormuzgan Province, Islamic Republic of Iran. This channel is important because of its economic, industrial, fisheries and navigation role it plays as well as environmental issues it presents in the region. A prognostic study was performed to simulate currents in this channel, using COHERENS model. This model is a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Simulation of currents was carried out in 20 sigma levels from the seabed to the water surface during one month. It was assumed that the variations of seawater temperature and salinity, four main tidal constituents and the regional wind were the most effective factors in the numerical simulation. Finally, sensitivity analysis was carried out for each factor and the outputs of simulation were verified using the field data recorded by the experts from Iranian National Center for Oceanography. Very good agreements were found between the numerical results and the field data. Keywords: Tide, Physical parameters, Currents, Qeshm channel Downloaded from jpg.inio.ac.ir at 5:28 IRST on Monday September 27th 2021 1. Introduction example, modeling of North Sea (Patrick and Luyten, et.al, 1999), modeling the impact of the In the past decades, a variety of mathematical and Scheldt and Rhine/Meuse plumes on the salinity hydrodynamic models were developed as demands distribution in Belgian waters (Lacroix and Ruddick, from scientists and researchers increased.