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Using Saccostrea Cucullata As a Biomonitor of Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr) in Water and Sediments of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf

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Using Saccostrea Cucullata As a Biomonitor of Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr) in Water and Sediments of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf Archive of SID ISSN: 2476-6909; ECOPERSIA. 2020;8(3):181-190 Using Saccostrea cucullata as a biomonitor of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr) in water and sediments of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Aim The current study investigated the concentration of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr in shell and Article Type soft tissue of Saccostrea cucullata, water, and sediments of seven stations in Qeshm Island of Original Research Persian Gulf. Materials & Methods The samples were digested by a combination of nitric acid and perchloric Authors acid and the concentration of elements was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Nourozifard P.1 PhD, Findings The results indicated that the concentrations of Cu and Zn in all samples, Ni in the Mortazavi S.*1 PhD, Asad S.2 PhD, higher than those of bio-sediment accumulation factor. Also, these factors in the soft tissue Hassanzadeh N.1 PhD weresediment higher and than Cd in theoyster shell. were Furthermore, the highest the bio-water macro-concentrators accumulation of factor soft tissue were significantlywere Cd, Cu, and Zn, while the macro-concentrator of shell was Cd. Conclusion The shell can be an appropriate monitoring tool for evaluating Cu and Zn in water and Cu in sediments. Also, the soft tissue can be practical for monitoring Cu and Zn in sediments. Keywords Bioaccumulation; Heavy Metals; Qeshm Island; Saccostrea cucullata; Sedi- How to cite this article ment; Water Nourozifard P, Mortazavi S, Asad S, Hassanzadeh N. Using Saccostrea cu- cullata as a biomonitor of heavy me- tals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr) in wat- er and sediments of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf. ECOPERSIA. 2020;8(3) :181-190. C I T A T I O N L I N K S [1] Natural and concentration factor distribution ... [2] Effect of toxic metals on human ... [3] Risk assessment and environmental geochemistry ... [4] Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in oyster ... [5] Heavy metals assessment of surface sediments ... [6] Is there a direct relationship between ... [7] Biological risk assessment of heavy metals ... [8] Assessment of Toxic metals concentration using ... [9] First genotoxicity assessment of marine ... [10] Visitor impact on rocky shore communities of ... [11] Qeshm Island (tentative ... [12] Trace metal fractionation 1 Environmental Department, Facul- in water and sediments ... [13] Correlations between speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb ... [14] ty of Natural Recourses & Environ- mental Science, Malayer University, Biomarkers and heavy metal bioaccumulation ... [15] [16] Standard test Malayer, Iran methods for nickel ... [17] Assessment of Cu, Pb, and Zn contamination ... [18] Bioaccumulation 2 Department of Biotechnology, Col- of heavy metals in oyster ... [19] Heavy metal concentrations Immunity in molluscs in fish ... [20] Accumulation lege of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran and distribution of Cd, Cu ... [21] Partitioning of trace metals between soft ... [22] Spatial distribution, ecological and health risk ... [23] Chemical and biological assessment of sediments ... [24] Ecological risk assessment of coastal ecosystems ... [25] Heavy metal *Correspondence Address: Faculty of Natural Recours- accumulation in tissues ... [26] Telescopium telescopium as potential biomonitors of Cu, Zn es & Environmental Science, Malay- ... [27] A model for bioaccumulation of metals in Crassostrea ... [28] Studies on monitoring er University, Km 4 of Malayer-Arak the heavy metal contents ... [29] Concentrations of heavy metals in water, sediment ... [30] Road, Malayer, Iran. Postal Code: Copper and zinc contamination in oysters ... [31] Seasonal and spatial variations of biomarker 9586365719. ... [32] Investigation of body size effect on bioaccumulation pattern ... [33] Distribution of Phone: +98 (81) 32355330 Fax: +98 (81) 32355330 heavy metals in marine bivalves ... [34] Distribution of Pb in sediment and shell of rocky ... [email protected] [35] Investigation of Saccostrea cucullata oyster ... [36] Availability of Venerid Clam, Amiantis umbonella as ... [37] Copper, zinc and lead enrichments in sediments ... [38] Guidelines for Article History managing water quality impacts within ... [39] National recommended water quality ... [40] Received: October 06, 2019 Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges ... [41] Geochemical speciation and risk Accepted: February 18, 2020 assessment of heavy ... ePublished: September 20, 2020 Copyright© 2020, TMU Press. This open-access article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialwww.SID.ir 4.0 International License which permits Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and Adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) under the Attribution-NonCommercial terms. Archive of SID Using Saccostrea cucullata as a biomonitor of heavy metals … 182 Introduction Island in the Persian Gulf was studied by Nowadays, increasing presence of various expressing the relationship between the contaminations such as heavy metals in aquatic concentration of elements (Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr) ecosystems is very concerning [1]. There are in the soft tissue and shell of Saccostrea cucullata about 300 chemical elements that play an and the concentrations in environmental essential role in the biochemical and elements as an approach to assessing the physiological mechanisms of living organisms effectiveness of an organism as a biomonitor, as and are recognized as essential elements of life. well as evaluating metal concentrations in Most metals and metalloids are very toxic to water, sediments, and Saccostrea cucullata as a living organisms, and even the essential chemical and biomonitoring approach. elements can be toxic if exceeding a certain limit Furthermore, the concentration of elements in [2]. Today, heavy metals are the most important water was compared against the CMC (Criteria life‐threatening pollutants in the aquatic Maximum Concentration), CCC (Criteria environment [3]. Heavy metals with high stability Continuous Concentration), EQS and non‐degradability have great potential for (Environmental Quality Standards), and USEPA entering the food chains and threatening the (United States Environmental Protection living organisms [4]. Sediments can act as a sink Agency) standards, while in sediments it was and source of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. compared against USEPA, NOAA (National Consequently, the concentration of these Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) elements is far higher compared to the water standards, and Canadian sediment quality column [5]. Since oysters are in close contact with guidelines. sediments and also feed through water filtration, the concentration of heavy metals in their bodies Materials and Methods is really high. Sediments and oysters are often Introducing the study area used to monitor the contamination of metal Qeshm Island is the largest island in the region elements in water [6]. Bivalves, especially with an area of 1491km2 located in the Strait of mussels and oysters, have been identified as Hormuz [10]. The length of this island is about reliable bioindicators for the bioavailability of 130km and the average depth is 11‐35km [11]. heavy metals and used in many studies as Water, sediment, and oyster samples were taken biomonitors [7]. Bivalvia mollusca, in addition to in April 2017 at 7 stations from the northern feeding, due to their immovable nature, ability to part of Qeshm Island with an emphasis on the tolerate environmental changes and pollution, presence of oysters and probably contaminating and easy sampling and identification, are known sources. Figure 1 demonstrates the location of as excellent bioindicators [8]. Bivalvia mollusca seven sampling stations in Qeshm Island. have a high potential for bioaccumulation of heavy metals from their habitat. Measuring the concentration of heavy metals in water and sediments is widely used to evaluate environmental pollutants. Furthermore, the monitoring of contamination using aquatic organisms can provide valuable information regarding the spatial and temporal changes in the bioavailability of existing pollutants and contaminants in the environment. Persian Gulf characteristics such as high evaporation rate and dispersion constraint, and the reduction of pollutant concentrations on the one hand, and environmental accidents, industrial Figure 1) Location of the stations studied in Qeshm Island development and population growth on the of Persian Gulf; 1) Kandalou; 2) Shib deraz; 3) Ramcha; 4) other hand, have led to more severe Hamoon pond; 5) Zakeri Pier; 6) Naz islands; 7) Laft Pier consequences with exertion of marine stresses in this ecosystem compared with open sea Sampling of water, sediment, and oyster systems [9]. In the present study, the Water samples in each station were collected contamination status of ecosystems of Qeshm from a water column and were acidified with ECOPERSIA Summer 2020, Volume 8, Issue 3 www.SID.ir Archive of SID 183 Nourozifard P. et al. concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) at pH less than cadmium, LOD and LOQ are 1.172 and 3.988, 2 [12]. About 2kg of sediment samples were respectively. In quality control (QC) collected with three replications from the measurement, recovery of these elements by surface layer (0‐10cm) by a plastic shovel, and Spike method was calculated from 87 to 105% oysters were separated from the rocks using a and their relative error rate (RSD) from 3.65 to stainless hammer and nail. Oyster samples were 77.8%. collected at the time of low tide. The
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