DOCSLIB.ORG

Time for New Belgian.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Page 2 of 95 METAFORUM POSITION PAPERS The interdisciplinary think-tank Metaforum aims to strengthen the KU Leuven's involvement in societal debate by supporting multidisciplinary working groups in which researchers from different disciplines combine their sci- entific expertise and discuss relevant societal issues from different angles. 1. Increased Use of Psychiatric Medication (2010) 2. Biodiversity: Basic Commodity or Luxury Item? (2010) 3. Socio-Economic Differences in Overweight (2010) 4. Traffic Mobility in Flanders (2011) 5. Conservation and Management of Forests for Sustainable Development: Where Science Meets Policy (2011) 6. Full Sequencing of the Human Genome (2011) 7. Secondary Education Reforms in Flanders (2012) 8. Towards a New Communality for Brussels (2012) 9. Studium Generale: Proposal for an Interdisciplinary Bachelor Course (2013) 10. Public Funding of the Art Sector: The Importance of Investing in Art Production (2013) 11. Euthanasia and Human Frailty (2013) 12. GMOs in Our Food Production: Contribution to a Nuanced Debate (2013) 13. Health and Health Care: Everyone an Expert? (2015) 14. Food Production and Food Security: The Incomplete Truth (2015) 15. Circular Economy (2016) METAFORUM CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNAL DEBATE A university intent on contributing to societal debate must also accept its own responsibilities. For this reason, Metaforum also supports working groups that reflect on the KU Leuven’s own identity and potential for action. 1. University, Church and Society (2010) 2. KU Leuven Climate Neutral 2030 (2013) Metaforum KU Leuven, interdisciplinary think-tank for societal debate Holland College, Damiaanplein 9 bus 5009, 3000 Leuven [email protected], www.kuleuven.be/metaforum TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Cannabis: what is it and how does it work? ................................................................................................... 8 I. Cannabinoid receptors ........................................................................................................................ 10 II. Endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids and their effect on our body .......................................... 11 III. Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters ...................................................................................... 12 IV. The influence of the endocannabinoid system on the development of dependence and abuse ...... 12 V. THC uptake according to use .............................................................................................................. 12 3. The prevalence of cannabis use in Belgium from a European perspective .................................................. 18 4. Belgium’s cannabis policy today: to what extent has it achieved its goals? ................................................ 23 I. Beginnings ........................................................................................................................................... 23 II. Parliamentary working group on drugs ............................................................................................... 23 III. Federal drugs memorandum ............................................................................................................... 24 IV. Legislative reform in 2003 ................................................................................................................... 24 V. Intervention of the constitutional court ............................................................................................. 25 VI. Recent revisions .................................................................................................................................. 25 VII. Current legal situation and criminal prosecution practice .................................................................. 25 VIII. Some statistics on the results of criminal prosecution ....................................................................... 26 I. Trends in the problematic use of cannabis ......................................................................................... 28 II. The paradox of the repressive approach and its consequences ......................................................... 28 5. The evolution of international cannabis policy ............................................................................................ 31 I. The first opium convention of The Hague, 1912 ................................................................................. 31 II. The drugs conventions of the league of nations and the first national legislations ............................ 32 I. The Single Convention of 1961 ............................................................................................................ 33 II. The Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 ........................................................................ 33 III. Convention against Illicit Trafficking of 1988 ...................................................................................... 34 IV. The ‘Vienna Consensus’ and its critics ................................................................................................ 34 V. The UN General Assembly Special Session of 2016 and the ‘flexibility’ of the three UN conventions 35 VI. The potential reform of the international drug control system ......................................................... 36 I. The Schengen agreement of 2000 ........................................................................................................ 37 II. The 2009 convention on the functioning of the European Union and Frame Decision 2004/757/JBZ 38 III. The European Drugs Strategy for 2013-20 ........................................................................................... 39 IV. The studies of Van Kempen and Fedorova .......................................................................................... 39 6. The reform of cannabis policy in various legal domains ............................................................................... 42 I. The evolution of the Dutch policy of tolerance ................................................................................... 44 II. The current debate .............................................................................................................................. 45 7. The experiences with legal psychoactive substances ................................................................................... 56 8. Regulatory options for cannabis: prohibition, commercialization and compromise options ...................... 66 I. The Alaska model: home cultivation for personal use ........................................................................ 69 II. Cannabis social clubs: the cooperative model .................................................................................... 70 III. License system for non-profit organizations ....................................................................................... 70 IV. Government monopoly ....................................................................................................................... 71 V. The coffee shop model (and its variants) ............................................................................................ 72 VI. Competitive, regulated models ........................................................................................................... 72 VII. Medicinal cannabis programmes ........................................................................................................ 73 9. Recommendations for a new Belgian cannabis policy ................................................................................. 75 10. Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................. 80 Appendix 1 – Definitions of juridical concepts ..................................................................................................... 94 Page 5 of 95 1. INTRODUCTION Given the limited scientific knowledge of the day, it is understandable to a degree that the architects of the current international enforcement regime on drugs believed sixty years ago in the concept of total eradication of drug production and use. Nowadays, however, it is impossible to ignore the scientific insights and experiences that have been acquired since then in this regard: it is impossible to reduce production and trafficking in illegal drugs and their consumption on a global scale, and certainly not within the border-free European Union. In other words: the global ‘war on drugs’ launched in the 1980s cannot be won and only serves to create additional problems such as corruption, violence and illegal drug revenue in a number of countries worldwide (e.g. Paoli, Reuter & Greenfield, 2009). For decades, debate surrounding alternative regulatory models has been suppressed with the argument, among others, that international agreements and obligations do not permit it (Van Dijk, 1997). But after years of apparent immobility, several countries are presently engaged in an active search for ways to abandon the ‘war on drugs’ path – especially with respect to cannabis. A significant change of course via established international accords is unlikely in the short term because consensus is necessary in this regard
Recommended publications
  • J. Kohnstamm LL.M

    J. Kohnstamm LL.M

    J. Kohnstamm LL.M. Curriculum vitae Jacob Kohnstamm has served as chairman of the Dutch Data Protection Authority from August 2004 until August 2016. Between 2008 and 2010 he also served as the elected vice chairman of the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party (WP29). He was subsequently elected chairman of that body in 2010, and re-elected for a two-year mandate in 2012. WP29 is an independent advisory body composed of representatives of the various data protection supervisors in the European Union. Between 2011 and 2014 Kohnstamm was chairman of the Executive Committee of the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners. As a preparation for hosting that Conference in Amsterdam in 2015, he initiated the Privacy Bridges project in 2014. The Privacy Bridges project united twenty U.S. and EU privacy specialists to find pragmatic and workable solutions to overcome the differences in privacy legislation in all parts of the world; solutions that have as primary goal to improve the control of users over their data. Since his retirement as chairman of the Dutch DPA in August 2016, Kohnstamm serves as vice-chair of the Royal Commission on Parliamentary Reform and as chairman of the Dutch Euthanasia Review Committee. Between 1999 and 2004, prior to his appointment as chairman of the Dutch DPA, Kohnstamm was a member of the Senate of the States General for D66 [Liberal Democrats]. He also was chairman of a large number of organisations and committees, including the Police IT Control Board. He was state secretary for Home Affairs between 1994 and 1998, in particular responsible for Urban Policy.
  • Drug Law Reform: Moving Beyond Strict Criminal Penalties for Drugs

    Drug Law Reform: Moving Beyond Strict Criminal Penalties for Drugs

    Drug law reform: Moving beyond strict criminal penalties for drugs Professor Simon Lenton Deputy Director, NDRI Introduction The term ‘decriminalisation’ can confuse the discussion about drug policy reform as it means so many different things to different people. Indeed many confuse ‘decriminalisation’ with ‘legalisation’, that is, making some aspect of the drug possession/use no longer an offence. More correctly, the term is used to refer to refer to what is termed prohibition with civil penalties, that is, much like speeding in a motor vehicle – illegal, not condoned, but only attracting civil penalties like a fine, with no further criminal actions taken if the fine is paid by the due date. It is likely that others use it as a generic term meaning reducing penalties in comparison to total prohibition with strict criminal penalties. The confusion about what decriminalisation means is problematic for a number of reasons. Firstly, sensible discussion of drug policy options is impossible when the meanings of terms aren’t shared. Secondly, we tend to be scared of what we don’t understand. Consequently, it is unsurprising that the latest Nielsen poll has found that public support for ‘decriminalisation’ is low, at only 27% (1). Previously it has been found that when the term was explained, support for applying prohibition with civil penalties to cannabis use increased from 64% to 72% (2). According to the National Drug Strategy Survey Australian public support for criminal penalties for possession of cannabis has remained low, ranging from 34% to 39%, in the four surveys conducted between 2001 and 2010. Interestingly, support for legalisation of cannabis use has been even lower declining from 31% in 2001 to 25% in 2010.
  • De Onzichtbare Ziekte Die Tienduizenden Belgen Treft

    De Onzichtbare Ziekte Die Tienduizenden Belgen Treft

    Proef ingediend met het oog op het behalen van de graad van Master in de Journalistiek DE ONZICHTBARE ZIEKTE DIE TIENDUIZENDEN BELGEN TREFT De gevolgen van de niet-erkenning van ME/CVS als een neurologische aandoening CHARLOTTE DEPREZ EN TIM KESTEMONT Academiejaar 2019-2020 Promotoren: Jan Jagers en Wilfried Mostinckx Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master in Journalism THE INVISIBLE DISEASE THAT AFFECTS THOUSANDS OF BELGIANS The consequences of the non-recognition of ME/CFS as a neurological disorder CHARLOTTE DEPREZ EN TIM KESTEMONT Academiejaar 2019-2020 Promotoren: Jan Jagers en Wilfried Mostinckx Letteren en Wijsbegeerte VOORWOORD Deze masterproef vormt het sluitstuk van onze masteropleiding journalistiek aan de VUB. We kregen de kans om, in de plaats van een klassieke thesis, een onderzoeksjournalistiek product te maken. Dit leek ons de perfecte gelegenheid om praktijkervaring op te doen. Al vrij snel kwamen we tot ons onderwerp: de onderbelichte ziekte myalgische encefalomyelitis of chronisch vermoeidheidssyndroom. Een volledig academiejaar hebben we dit onderwerp onderzocht om vervolgens een journalistiek eindproduct te maken. Het was een leerrijk proces waarbij we stap voor stap ondersteund werden door onze promotor Jan Jagers en co-promotor Wilfried Mostinckx. We willen hen dan ook bedanken voor de begeleiding en constructieve feedback. Daarnaast willen we iedereen bedanken die een bijdrage leverde aan deze masterproef, zeker de ME/CVS-patiënten die ondanks hun ziekte ons te woord wilden staan. Met deze masterproef willen we de problematiek rond ME/CVS aankaarten. We hopen dat er meer begrip komt voor de ziekte en dat er een verandering komt in het huidige beleid.
  • Benoît Rihoux1, Audrey Vandeleene1, Lieven De Winter1, Pierre

    Benoît Rihoux1, Audrey Vandeleene1, Lieven De Winter1, Pierre

    Belgium (2014 – published 2015) Benoît Rihoux1, Audrey Vandeleene1, Lieven De Winter1, Pierre Baudewyns1, Serge Deruette2 1 Centre de Science Politique et de Politique Comparée (CESPOL), Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium; 2Université de Mons, Belgium INTRODUCTION The year 2014 was particularly dense, with simultaneous regional, parliamentary and European Parliament elections on 25 May. This was followed by a relatively short government formation process towards an unprecedented ‘Swedish’ federal cabinet. The electoral cycle took place in the context of a still quite difficult socioeconomic situation and ethnolinguistic tensions at the elite level. ELECTION REPORT Regional Elections: 25 May 2014 Most parties did not present a separate regional and federal manifesto (De Winter and Van Wynsberghe forthcoming), therefore blurring regional and federal issues. Remarkably, following the electoral results at the regional level (Blaise et al. 2014b), the regional government formations brought regionalist parties in power in three of the five regional/community governments. In Flanders, the N-VA became the predominant party in the Flemish region, replacing the CD&V, and thus legitimately claimed the leadership of the formation of the Flemish executive, which resulted in the formation of the Bourgeois I government with the N-VA, the CD&V and the Open VLD. At the Walloon elections, of the three incumbent coalition parties (PS, CdH and Ecolo) only the latter lost heavily, with the fourth traditional party (MR) regaining some ground, as well as the newcomers PTB and PP. The new Walloon government was formed as a left-centre coalition of the PS and CdH, under the leadership of P. Magnette (PS), while the executive of the Francophone community government was headed by the incumbent R.
  • Appendix 8 Visitors

    Appendix 8 Visitors

    Appendix 8 Visitors 5 October 2000 19 October 2000 Mr Vladimir M Platonov Mr Walter Noel, Mr Hans Olav Ostgaard, Mr Leonid I Kovalskiy Minister for Assistant Secretary General, Mr Vladimir M Azbukin Intergovernmental Affairs Ministry of Justice, Norway Mr Anatoliy S Voronin for the District of Virginia Waters, Canada 23 October 2000 26 October 2000 HE Heraldo Munoz Mr Yuan Yin, 17 October 2000 Valenzuela, Chief Director, Secretariat of Mr Marc Vandenborre, Chilean Vice Minister of the General Office of The Director-General, Customs Foreign Affairs State Council, People’s and Excise Administration, Republic of China Ministry of Finance, 24 October 2000 Belgium Mr Wang Julu, 26 October 2000 Deputy Secretary-General, Ms Gabriele Tsürtz, 17 October 2000 National Committee, Head of Division, External Senator the Hon Peter Cook, Chinese People’s Political Economic Relations, Deputy Leader of the Consultative Conference, Federal Ministry for Opposition in the Senate, People’s Republic of China Economic Affairs, Austria and Shadow Minister for Trade, Australia 25 October 2000 27 October 2000 Delegation led by Delegation of the Economic 18 October 2000 Mr Wu Anfu, Crime Investigation Delegation of the People’s Director of the Economic Department of the Ministry Government of Inner Crime Investigation of Public Security, People’s Mongolia Autonomous Department of the Ministry Republic of China: Region to Hong Kong: of Public Security, People’s Republic of China: Mr Liu Dong Mr Liu Xingzhu Mr Tong Dejun Mr Liu Jun Mr Liu Dong Mr Cao Haibo Mr Wang
  • Montesquieu Paper6.Pdf

    Montesquieu Paper6.Pdf

    The Quest for a Vision for Europe: Lessons to be learned from Dutch and German Debates on the Future Democracy of European Union Hanco Jürgens, Amsterdam Institute for German Studies (DIA)/ Montesquieu Institute In November 2012, a day before Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte went to Brussels to join the EU summit, he apologized in Parliament for being not very specific about his efforts in the negotiations. He said he has to speak “with his mouth full of meal”, meaning that he could not answer the questions of the Members of Parliament in detail.1 After arriving in Brussels, he confirmed his position by stating that he had come to the EU summit with a loaded gun in his pocket and that it would not be in the Dutch interest to lay down his pistol on the table immediately. In its vagueness, Rutte’s stance is in line with the Dutch EU policy, which is traditionally seen as part of the foreign policy domain. Seen from this perspective, Dutch politicians should not be too open in public about their strategy, since this could harm their position at the EU negotiation table. For several reasons, one may ask whether this position is still accurate. Since the Treaty of Maastricht, the EU has become a policy domain far beyond the field of foreign affairs, concerning not only all ministries, but above all, the peoples of the member states. Therefore, democratic legitimacy and parliamentary control has become an important issue. One might ask why Dutch parliament allows its Prime Minister to keep his gun in his pocket.
  • Drugs, Crime and Statistics a Hangover for Life Prison Needle Exchange Controversy Quit Or Die, You Have Another Choice Contents

    Drugs, Crime and Statistics a Hangover for Life Prison Needle Exchange Controversy Quit Or Die, You Have Another Choice Contents

    Drugs, crime and statistics A hangover for life Prison needle exchange controversy Quit or die, you have another choice Contents matters of substance November 2007 Features Vol 17 No 4 ISSN 1177-200X 02 Cover Story Is alcohol-related brain Mike Webb of the matters of substance is published by the Let’s talk about pot impairment a silent New Zealand Police writes NZ Drug Foundation. All rights reserved. but growing epidemic about a major review of Neither this publication nor any part amongst heavy drinking the Police Act, which is of it may be reproduced without prior permission of the NZ Drug Foundation. New Zealanders? New currently underway, and the research suggests our opportunities this might bring matters of substance invites feedback culture of drunkenness about for harm minimisation and contributions. If you’re interested in may be putting our brains at the frontline of policing. contributing a guest editorial or article, at risk, and most won’t please first contact us: know until it’s too late. [email protected] Marijuana. It’s the most 29 Mythbusters p +64 4 801 6303 widely used and least talked Hard time and about (illicit) recreational Regulars hard numbers Brand development/graphic design drug in New Zealand. In this Origin Design +64 4 801 6644 [email protected] special edition of Matters of 01 The Director’s Cut Substance, we’ve asked Drug Foundation Director interested and interesting NZ Drug Foundation Ross Bell writes about 3rd Floor, 111 Dixon Street people from across the current drug law review in PO Box 3082, Wellington, New Zealand cannabis spectrum to share New Zealand.
  • The University of Miami National Security & Armed

    The University of Miami National Security & Armed

    THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI NATIONAL SECURITY & ARMED CONFLICT LAW REVIEW Volume 2 Summer 2012 THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI NATIONAL SECURITY & ARMED CONFLICT LAW REVIEW Volume 2 Summer 2012 Copyright © 2013, National Security and Armed Conflict Law Review All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted by any meanswhether auditory, graphic, mechanical, or electronic without written permission of both publisher and author, except in the case of brief excerpts used in critical articles and reviews. Unauthorized reproduction of any part of this work is illegal and is punishable by law. ISBN 978-1-300-44648-4 V THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI NATIONAL SECURITY & ARMED CONFLICT LAW REVIEW ________________________________________________ Executive Board Justin Levine Paul Jezierny Editor-in-Chief Staff Managing Editor Joel Feigenbaum Jillianne Pierce Executive Managing Editor External Marketing Editor Editorial Board Greg Widmer Alexander Roth Chief Article Editor Chief Notes & Comments Editor Tricia Robinson Justin Ortiz Symposium Editor Website Articles Editor Senior Article Editors Shawn Brooks Kate Lotz Corey Gray Cole Timonere Members Gretchen Cothron Krysta Markus Jared Dallue Paige Reese Matthew Davis David Roller Mark DeSanto Claire Rumler Timothy J. Green James Slater Alejandra Guarneros Jonathan Stamm Brian Heit Josh Stern Dan Kinney Zachary Ward James Lechter Michael Weiss Grant Lyons Aric Williams VI Article Requirements: The Executive Board of the University of Miami National Security & Armed Conflict Law Review welcomes the submission of articles written by professors, practitioners, and other scholars. The National Security & Armed Conflict Law Review accepts articles written on national security, law of war, and armed conflict-related areas of the law.
  • Le Feu Passe Au Bleu Pour Le Changement

    Le Feu Passe Au Bleu Pour Le Changement

    RAPPORT ANNUEL 2014 DU GBS Dr Marc Moens Secrétaire général Le feu passe au bleu pour le changement Bruxelles 07.02.2015 Table des matières 1 Rapport d'activités ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Réunions internes .................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Assemblée générale extraordinaire du 11 octobre 2014 ........................................................ 6 1.3 Publications ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Symposiums du GBS............................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Le site Internet du GBS ......................................................................................................... 8 1.5.1 Quelques statistiques ...................................................................................................... 9 1.5.2 Le site Internet du GBS, un outil de communication et de gestion pour les unions professionnelles ............................................................................................................................ 9 2 Représentations du GBS ............................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Représentations en Belgique ..............................................................................................
  • Rapport Annuel 2011 Du GBS Dr Marc Moens, Secrétaire Général

    Rapport Annuel 2011 Du GBS Dr Marc Moens, Secrétaire Général

    Rapport annuel 2011 du GBS Dr Marc Moens, Secrétaire général EU: to live and let die Bruxelles 04.02.2012 TABLE DES MATIERES 1. RAPPORT D'ACTIVITES......................................................................................1 1.1. Interne ...................................................................................................................1 1.2. Symposiums ..........................................................................................................1 1.3. Enquête sur les médecins spécialistes..................................................................3 1.4. Consentement éclairé ...........................................................................................4 1.5. Neuropsychiatrie....................................................................................................4 1.6. Tenacs...................................................................................................................5 1.7. Adieu .....................................................................................................................5 2. REPRESENTATION .............................................................................................5 2.1. Mdeon....................................................................................................................5 2.2. Médicaments .........................................................................................................6 2.3. FEMS ....................................................................................................................8
  • Publicatielijst Patrick Van Schie

    Publicatielijst Patrick Van Schie

    PUBLICATIELIJST PATRICK VAN SCHIE Boeken De liberale strijd voor vrouwenkiesrecht (Amsterdam, 2019) 270 pp. [met Fleur de Beaufort]; Burgers behoren bepalend te zijn (Den Haag, 2018) 101 pp.; Tussen geschiktheid en grondrecht. De ontwikkeling van het Nederlandse kiesrecht vanaf 1795 (Amsterdam, 2018) 418 pp [met Fleur de Beaufort, Peter van den Berg, Ron de Jong en Henk van der Kolk]; Passie voor individuele vrijheid (Den Haag, 2016) 179 pp.; Eigenzinnige liberalen. Onafhankelijk denkende politici in Nederland (Amsterdam, 2014) 267 pp. [met Fleur de Beaufort en Joop van den Berg]; Sociaal-liberalisme (Amsterdam, 2014) 198 pp. [met Fleur de Beaufort]; Neoliberalisme: een politieke fictie (Amsterdam, 2014) 79 pp. [met Martin van Hees en Mark van de Velde] Liberale spiegel. Reflecties op zestien veelgehoorde vooroordelen over het liberalisme en de VVD (Den Haag, 2013) 51 pp. [met Heleen Dupuis]; Het Liberalen Boek (Zwolle, 2011) 448 pp. [rijk geïllustreerde geschiedenis van de liberale theorie, de politieke praktijk en de maatschappelijke inbedding in Nederland alsmede van de Europese context en de ons omringende landen; samengesteld en geschreven met Fleur de Beaufort]; Vrijheidsstreven in verdrukking. Liberale partijpolitiek in Nederland 1901-1940 (Amsterdam, 2005) 503 pp. [dissertatie universiteit Leiden, tevens in handelseditie verschenen]; Aurea Libertas. Impressies van vijftig jaar Teldersstichting (Den Haag, 2004) 138 pp. [met Sabine Bierens]; Krijgsgerommel achter de kim. Analyse van de veiligheidsrisico's voor Nederland (TS-geschrift 89; Den Haag, 1999) 102 pp.; Nationaal belang. Over de bruikbaarheid van het begrip voor een liberaal buitenlands beleid (TS-geschrift 84; Den Haag, 1996) 60 pp.; Europa: een volgende akte. Een verkenning van de grondslagen en de toekomst van de Gemeenschap en de positie van Nederland daarin (TS-geschrift 76; Den Haag, 1992) 225 pp.
  • “BELGIUM” New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues

    “BELGIUM” New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues

    BELGIAN MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION Scientific Institute of Public Health OD Public health and Surveillance 2012 NATIONAL REPORT (2011 DATA ) TO THE EMCDDA BY THE REITOX NATIONAL FOCAL POINT “BELGIUM” New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues REITOX Belgian national report on drugs 2012 OD Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health, October 2011, Brussels, Belgium WIV-ISP/EPI REPORTS Belgian national report on drugs 2012 Els Plettinckx Jerome Antoine Kaatje Bollaerts Peter Blanckaert Johan C.H. van Bussel EMCDDA Management Board Mr. Claude GILLARD , Legal adviser, Head of the Department of criminal law, Direction Générale de la législation du Service Public Fédéral Justice Dr. Philippe DEMOULIN , Deputy Director General f.f., Administration de la Communauté française de Belgique EMCDDA Scientific Committee Prof. Dr. Brice DE RUYVER , Full Professor, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), University of Ghent Ministers involved in the global and integrated drug policy in Belgium 2012 For the Federal State: Mr. Elio DI RUPO , Prime Minister. Mrs. Laurette ONKELINX , Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Public Health and Social Affairs, in charge of Beleris and the Federal Cultural Institutions. Mme. Joelle MILQUET, Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of the interior and Equal Opportunities. Mr. Didier REYNDERS, Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and European Affairs. Mr. Steven VANACKERE , Vice-Prime Minister, and Minister of Finance and sustainable development, in charge of official affairs. Mr. Vincent VAN QUICKENBORNE , Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of Pensions. Mr. Johan VANDE LANOTTE , Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of Economy, Consumers and North Sea.