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The Nexus Between Water Supply Infrastructure and Socio-Economic Developments in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 1941-2005

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The Nexus Between Water Supply Infrastructure and Socio-Economic Developments in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 1941-2005 The Nexus between Water Supply Infrastructure and Socio-economic Developments in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 1941-2005 by Derb Tefera Tassew (Tassew DT) Submitted in Accordance with the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Literature and Philosophy in the Subject History at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: Assefa Balcha (PhD.) 2, May, 2017 Acronyms ADB -African Development Bank CELU -Confederation of Ethiopian Labor Union DTWSSSO -Dessie Town Water Supply and Sewerage Service Office ECA -Economic Commission for Africa EDU -Ethiopian Democratic Union EEC -European Economic Commission EELPA -Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority EPDM -Ethiopian People Democratic Movement EPLF -Eritrean People Liberation Front EPRDF -Ethiopian People Revolutionary Democratic Front EPRP -Ethiopian People Revolutionary Party GTWSSSO -Gonder Town Water Supply and Sewerage Service Office IBT -Imperial Board of Telecommunication IHA -Imperial Highway Authority KTWSSSO -Kombolcha Town Water Supply and Sewerage Service Office Mei’son -Amharic acronym for All Ethiopian Socialist Movement MONRDEP -Ministry of Natural Resource Development and Environmental Protection NALA -National Archive and Library Agency NWRC -National Water Resource Commission OAU -Organization of African Unity OLF -Oromo Liberation Front OPDO -Oromo People’s Democratic Organisation SNNP -Southern Nations Nationalities and People TPLF -Tigray People Liberation Front UN -United Nation UNDP -United Nations Development Program UNICEF -The United Nation International Children’s Emergency Fund US -United States WHO -World Health Organisation WPE -Workers Party of Ethiopia WSSA -Water Supply and Sewerage Authority Glossary of Terms Ato - Mr. Awrajja -Sub-province Berr -Ethiopian paper money Bète -House Derg -Committee E.C. -Ethiopian Calendar Edegäte Bäheberäte Zämächa -Development through Cooperation Campaign Ethiopia Tikdem -Ethiopia first Gäţäre -Rural area Gult -Non-hereditary System of Land Tenure Keflä Hagär - Province Kätäma -Town/ Urban Meketele Woreda -Sub-district Meneče -Spring Qäţana -Region Säfär -Neighborhoods Šolla (Ficus Sycomorus) -An indigenous tree grows around a water point Täkelay Gezat -Governorate-General Ţäräga -Protection Şehefäte Bèt -Office Yä Şehefäte Minister -Ministry of Pen Wäyanè -Tigryans insurgent group Wäyna-Däga -Moderate climatic zone Woreda -District Woyzero (W/o) -Mrs. Wuha -Water Yä Wuha Kefele - Water Unit Key to Transliteration System Vowels symbol example 1st order (ge’ez) ä Kätäma ከተማ 2nd order (Ka’eb) u Wuha ዉሃ 3rd order (Sales) I Giziyawi ጊዚያዊ 4th order (rabe) a Tahesase ታህሳስ 5th order (hames) è Bète ቤት 6th order (Sades) e Fesaše ፍሳሽ 7th order (Sabè) o Ato አቶ Consonants Symbols Examples ሸ Š Šängo ሸንጎ ቸ Ch Kätämoch ከተሞች ፀ∕ጸ Ş Şälote ፀሎት ጀ J Jämärä ጀመረ ጨ Č Čäreqačäreqe ጨርቃጨርቅ ጠ Ţ Ţèna ጤና የ Y Yämäţäţe የመጠጥ ቀ Q Qäţana ቀጣና ኘ Ň Tägäňä ተገኘ ዠ Ž Geže ግⶵ ⷛ Gwa Gwade ጓድ ጰ Ṕ Ṕagumè ጳጉሜ Table of Contents Page Acknowledgement ------------------------------------------------------------------------------I Preface-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------III Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VIII List of Maps and Pictures --------------------------------------------------------------------IX List of Tables-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------X Chapter I: Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework-------------------------------------------------------------------1 Ideology and Development----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 Water Supply Infrastructure Development and its Impacts--------- ----------------------------------23 Construction of Water Supply Infrastructure---------------------------------------------------26 Socio-economic Development-------------------------------------------------------------------44 Water and Culture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 Water Supply and the Environment-------------------------------------------------------------49 Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 Chapter two: Historical and Geographical Setting--------------------------------------------------53 Political and Physical Landscape of the Study Area----------------------------------------------------53 History and Historiography of Water Supply Infrastructure Development--------------------------65 The African Scene--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 History and Historiography of Water Supply Infrastructure Development in Ethiopia-------68 Chapter Three: Water Supply Infrastructure Development, 1941-1974-----------------------79 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79 Institutions, Policies, and Strategies-----------------------------------------------------------------------88 Urban Water Supply-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------92 Rural Water Supply----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------113 Socio-economic Impact------------------------------------------------------------------------------------114 Environmental Impact-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------118 Water Consumption and Conservation Pattern---------------------------------------------------------119 Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------121 Chapter four: Water Supply Infrastructure Development, 1974-1991------------------------122 Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122 Institutions, Policies, and Strategies---------------------------------------------------------------------127 Urban Water Supply---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------135 Rural Water Supply----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------161 Socio-economic Impact------------------------------------------------------------------------------------176 Environmental Impact-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------182 Water Consumption and Conservation Pattern---------------------------------------------------------184 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------186 Chapter Five: Water Supply Infrastructure Development, 1991-2005------------------------188 Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------188 Institutions, Policies, and Strategies---------------------------------------------------------------------192 Urban Water Supply---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------196 Rural Water Supply----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------201 Socio-economic Impact------------------------------------------------------------------------------------206 Environmental Impact-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------208 Water Consumption and Conservation Pattern---------------------------------------------------------209 Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------210 Chapter Six: Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------211 Bibliography-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------222 Appendix-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------237 Acknowledgement Many individuals who have contributed in one way or another for the successful completion of this thesis deserve acknowledgement. The first one for whom I want to forward my special thanks is Dr. Assefa Balcha, my advisor. He helped me much beyond his advisory duty in enriching this thesis. Early on when I began consulting the literature for this research, he provided me with books pertinent to and much related with historical writing and doctoral study. His intellectual advices, during our face to face contact in Addis Ababa and Dessie towns and also over the telephone, were informative and educative. In the processes of writing this thesis, I have benefited a lot from his constructive feedbacks. Thus, without his resourceful and considerate support, the completion of this thesis was unthinkable. I would also thank my wife w∕o Mestawot Masresha and her youngest brother Melaku Masresha. They were almost fully shouldering the arduous task of looking after my children. I am indebted to Ato Tewodros Yosef and Ato Esayas Belay, curators of the archive section in the National Archive and Library Agency. Particularly, I owe a great deal to Ato Tewodros Yosef. His patience in furnishing me with several archival documents time and again was really beyond a resourceful professional duty. My thanks also goes to Ato Dejene Fikremariam, Ato Fekede Bekele, Ato Yeheyis Aregu, Ato Alemu Alene, and Ato Beyene Chekol, staff-members of the Department of History and Heritage Management of
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