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English Translation of the Same (London, 1879) REVISED TRANSLATION OF THE CHAHAR MAQALA ("FOUR DISCOURSES") OF OF SAMARQAND, FOLLOWED BY AN ABRIDGED TRANSLATION OF M1RZA MUHAMMAD'S NOTES TO THE PERSIAN TEXT BY EDWARD G. BROWNE, M.A., M.B., F.B.A., F.R.C.P. PRINTED BY THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS FOR THE TRUSTEES OF THE "E. J. W. GIBB MEMORIAL" AND PUBLISHED BY MESSRS LUZAC & CO., 46, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, W.C 1921 E. J. W. GIBB MEMORIAL" PUBLICATIONS. OLD SERIES. (25 works, 37 published volumes.) I. B&bur-nama (Turk! text, fac-simile), ed. Beveridge, 1905. Out offrint. II. History of Tabaristan of Ibn Isfandiyar, abridged transl. Browne, 1905, &s. III, i-5. History of Rasulf dynasty of Yaman by al-Khaz- raji; I, 2 transl. of Sir James Redhouse, 1907-8, 7 jr. each; the text ed. 3, Annotations by same, 1908, 55. ; 4, 5, Arabic Muliammad 'Asal, 1908-1913, 8*. each. IV. Omayyads and 'Abbasids, transl. Margoliouth from the of G. Arabic Zaidan, 1907, 5J>. V. Travels of Ibn Jubayr, Arabic text, ed. de Goeje, 1907, i os. VI, i, 2, 3, 5, 6. Yaqut's Diet, of learned men (Jrshddu- 'A.-//-//'), Arabic text, ed. Margoliouth, njb8- 1913; 205., its., IOJT., 155., 15.?. respectively. VII, i, 5, 6. Tajribu'l-Umam of Miskawayhi (Arabic text, fac-simile), ed. le Strange ami others, 1909- 1917, 7*. each vol. VIII. Marzuban-nama (Persian text), ed. Mind Muhammad, 1909, 12S. IX. Textes Houroufis (French and Persian), by Iluart and Ri/a Tevfiq, 1909, los. X. Mu*jam, an old Persian system of prosody, by Shams-i-Qays, ed. Mind Muhammad, 1909, 155. 2. 1'ersian ed. XI, i, Chahar Maqala ; i, text, and annotated i2jr. transl. and hy Mind Muhammad, 1910, ; 2, English notes by Browne, 1921, 15*. XII. Introduction & 1'Histoire des Mongols, by Blochtt, 1910, ioj. XIII. Dfwan of Hassan b. Thabit (Arabic text), ed. Hirsch- 6</. feld, 1910, 7.$. XIV, i, 2. Ta'rfkh-i-Guzfda of liamdu'llah Mustawfi; i, Persian text, fac-simile, 1911, 155.; 2, Abridged translation and Indices by Browne, 1914, io.r. XV. Nuqtatu'1-Kaf (History of the Babis) by Mfrxa Jani (Persian text), ed. Browne, 1911, 125. XVI, i, 2, 3. Ta'rfkh-i-Jah&n-gush&y of Juwayni, Persian ed. Mirza text, Muhammad; i, Mongols, 1913, 15^.; 2, Khwdrazmshdhs, 1917, 15^.; 3 Assassins, in preparation. XVII. Kashfu'l-Mahjub (Siifi doctrine), transl. Nicholson, 1911, 15*- XVIII, 2 (all hitherto published), JAmi'u't-TawArikh of Rashf- du'd-Din Fadlu'llih (Persian text), ed. and annotated by Blochet, 1912, 155. XIX. Kit&bu'l-Wulat of al-Kindi (Arabic text), ed. Guest, 1912, 15* XX. Kitabu'l-Ansab of as-Sam'ani (Arabic text, fac-simile), 1913, 205. XXI. Dfwans of 'Amir b. af-Tufayl and 'Abfd b. al-Abra (Arabic text and transl. by Sir Charles J. Lyall), 1914, 125. XXII. Kit&bu'l-Lum'a (Arabic text), ed. Nicholson, 1915, 15;. XXIII, i, 2. Nuzhatu-'l-Qulub of Hamdu'llah Mustawfi; i, Persian text, ed. le Strange, 1915, 85.; 2, English transl. le Strange, 1918, Ss. XXIV. Shamsu'l-'Ulum of Nashwan al-ftimyari, extracts from the Arabic text with German Introduction and Notes by 'Azimu'd- Dfn Ahmad, 1917, 55. [XXV. Dfw&ns of at-Tufayl b. 'Awf and at-Tft-immdh b.^ Hakfm (Arabic text), ed. Krenkow, in preparation.] NEW SERIES. Rahatu's-udur (History of Saljiiqs) of ar-Rawandi, Persian text, ed. Muhammad Iqbdl (in the Press). Fars-n&ma of Ibnul-Balkhi, Persian text, ed. le Strange and Nicholson (in the Press). Letters of Rashfdu'd-Dfn Fadlu'llah, abridged English transl. by Muhammad Shaff, followed by transl. of Tansuq-nama (on Precious stones) by the late Sir A. Houtum-Schindler (in preparation). Mazandaran, topography of, and travels in, by H. L. Kabino, with Map. This Volume is one of a Series published by the Trustees of the ". J. W. GIBB MEMORIAL." The Funds of this Memorial are derived from the Interest accruing from a Sum of money given by the late MRS GIBB of Glasgow^ to perpetuate the Memory of her beloved son ELIAS JOHN WILKINSON GIBB, and to promote those researches into the History^ Literature, Philo- sophy and Religion of the Turks^ Persians and Arabs> to which^ from his Youth upwards^ until his premature and deeply lamented Death in his devoted. his forty-fifth year, on December jr, ipoi, life was " These are our works> these works our souls display; Behold our works when we have passed away." ". J. W. GIBB MEMORIAL": ORIGINAL TRUSTEES. [JANE GIBB, died November 26, 1904.} E. G. BROWNE, G. LE STR4NGE, [H. R AMEDROZ, died March 17, 1917.] A. G. ELLIS, R. A. NICHOLSON, SIR E. DENISON ROSS, ADDITIONAL TRUSTEE. IDA W. E. OGILVY GREGORY, appointed 1905. CLERK OF THE TRUST. W. L. RAYNES, 75-, Sidney Street, CAMBRIDGE. PUBLISHER FOR THE TRUSTEES. MESSRS LUZAC 6- Co., 46, Great Russell Street, LONDON, W.C. PREFACE reasons have led me to publish this revised translation " TWOof the Chahdr Maqdla^ or Four Discourses," of Nizamf-i- 'Anidf of Samarqand. The first is that the translation which I originally published in the July and October numbers of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for 1899, and which also appeared al a separate reprint, is exhausted, and is now hardly ^>tainable. The second is that that translation contains many defects and errors which it is now possible to amend and correct, partly through the learning and critical acumen brought to bear on the text by Mirzd Muhammad of Qazwfn, whose admirable edition, accompanied by copious critical and historical notes in Persian, was published in this Series (xi, i) in 1910; and partly from the fact that the most ancient and correct MS. of the work at discovered 1 that in of 'Ashir present , preserved the Library Efendi at Constantinople (No. 285), was not available when I made my original translation, while it has served as -the basis for Mi'rza Muhammad's text. Hence my old translation is not only practically unobtainable, but, apart from the defects inherent in a first attempt of this sort, no longer entirely corresponds with what is now the accepted Persian text, so that it is at times liable to confuse and puzzle, rather than to help, the student. The old translation has been carefully revised throughout, and the proofs have all been read by Mfrzd Muhammad, who supplied many valuable criticisms, together with a good deal of new material in the notes. They have also been diligently read by Muhammad Iqbal, one of the Government of India Research Students at Cambridge, who has made many useful suggestions and saved me from numerous small errors. To these and to other friends who have helped me in a lesser degree I am deeply in- debted, but special thanks are due to Mr Ralph Shirley, editor 1 It was copied in Herat in 835/1431-2. x PREFACE of the Occult Review, and to Mr W. Gornold for the valuable astrological notes with which they have been kind enough to 1 supply me . To facilitate comparison, the points in the translation corresponding with the beginning of each page of the Persian text are indicated by the appropriate Arabic numbers. Mfrza Muhammad's notes, which in the original partake of the nature of a running commentary on the text, though materially sepa- rated from it, and occupy 200 pages (\ *A*), I have, from considerations of space, rearranged and greatly compressed. The shorter ones appear as foot-notes on the pages to which thf^ refer, while the substance of the longer ones, reduced to a mini- mum, and shorn of many of the pieces justificatives which" serve to illustrate them in the original, has been divided according to subject-matter under thirty-two headings, fully enumerated in the following Table of Contents. But although the English notes embody the more important results of Mirza Muhammad's re- searches, it has been necessary, in order to effect the required condensation, to omit many interesting details and quotations of texts accessible only in rare manuscripts, so that those who read Persian with any facility are strongly recommended to study the original commentary. A full account of this work and its author is given both in the Persian and English Prefaces to the companion volume containing the text, and it will be sufficient here to summarize the facts set forth more fully in that place. The Aut/tor. Ahmad ibn 'Umar ibn 'All of Samarqand, poetically named " NizAmf and further entitled 'Arudf (the Prosodist ") flourished in the first half of the sixth century of the hijra (twelfth of the Christian era), and seems to have spent most of his life in Khu- rsn and Transoxiana. What we know of him is chiefly derived * See Notes xxiv and xxxn, pp. 130-4 and 164-7. PREFACE xi from this book, which contains a good deal of autobiographical material. The events in his life to which he refers lie between the years 504/1110-1111 and 547/1152-3, and we find him suc- cessively at Samarqand, Balkh, Herat, Tus and Nfshapur. He was primarily a poet and courtier, but, as we learn from Anecdotes XXXI (p. 74) and XLIII (p. 96), he also practised Astrology and Medicine when occasion arose. His poetry, in spite of the complacency displayed by him in Anecdote XXI (pp. 59-61), was not, if vfe may judge by the comparatively scanty fragments v^ich have survived, of the highest order, and is far inferior to his prose, which is admirable, and, in my opinion, almost un- equalled in Persian.
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