Kökenlerinden Günümüze Türk Ve Makedon Düğünlerinde Davul-Zurna

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Kökenlerinden Günümüze Türk Ve Makedon Düğünlerinde Davul-Zurna KÖKENLER İNDEN GÜNÜMÜZE TÜRK VE MAKEDON DÜ ĞÜNLER İNDE DAVUL-ZURNA İLE TAPAN - ZURLA Prof. Dr. Feyzan GÖHER VURAL * ÖZ: Türklerin Balkanlardaki yüzlerce yıllık geçmi şi, Türk ve Ma- kedon kültür ürünlerinde büyük bir benzerli ğe neden olmu ştur. Günümüz Makedoncasında yüzlerce Türkçe kelime ya şamaya devam etmekte; kültü- rel etkilenme hemen her alanda hissedilmektedir. Bu durum, kültürün ya- şayan en canlı ögelerinden olan müzik için de geçerlidir. Dü ğünler, müzik kültürünün çok canlı şekilde ya şatıldı ğı ortamlardır. Dolayısıyla iki toplum arasındaki kültürel yakınlıkların tespiti için dü ğünlerdeki uygulamaları in- celemek önem ta şımaktadır. Bilhassa davul-zurna ikilisi gibi yüzlerce yıllık kültürel tarih içinde geli şmi ş ve varlıkları önemli anlamlar içeren çalgılar söz konusu oldu ğunda, bu önem artmaktadır. Literatür taraması ve alan ara ştırmasına dayalı olan bu çalı şmada, Türk Makedon dü ğünlerindeki da- vul ve zurna çalgılarının kökenleri ve tarihsel zeminlerine de ğinilmi ş; bu çalgıların Makedonya’ya ta şınmalarına ili şkin görü şler tartı şılmı ş; çalgıla- rın yapısal özellikleri, kullanılı ş biçimleri arasında kar şıla ştırmalar yapıl- mı ştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk Halk Müzi ği, Makedon Halk Müzi ği, Davul, Zurna, Dü ğün, Çalgı, Müzikoloji. Davul-zurna (Drum Shawm) and Tapan – Zurla in Turkısh and Macedonian Weddings from Past to Present ABSTRACT: Due to fact that Turks have been in Balkans for hun- dreds of years, Turkish and Macedonian cultures are very similar. There are a lot of Turkish words in Macedonian and cultural influence can be felt in all aspects of life. This situation is also valid for music. Music culture takes place in weddings very effectively. So analysing the wedding tradi- tions is of importance to determine the closeness of the two cultures. Speak- ing of drum and shawm which have developed hundreds of years in cultural * Ömer Halisdemir Üni. Türk Musikisi Devlet Konservatuvarı. [email protected] Gönderim Tarihi: 29.11.2016 Kabul Tarihi: 16.10.2017 274 TÜBAR XLII / 2017-Güz / Prof. Dr. Feyzan GÖHER VURAL history, this importance increases. In this research which is based on liter- ature review and fieldwork, it has been aimed to compare Turkish and Mac- edonian drum and shawn in terms of their features and where they are being played throughout the history. Key Words: Turkish Folk Music, Macedonian Folk Music, Drum, Shawm, Wedding, Musical Instrument, Musicology. Giri ş Türkler binlerce yıldır, gittikleri her yere kültürlerini de ta şımı şlar; tanı ştıkları yeni kültürlerden etkilenmi şler ve onları da derinden etkilemi ş- lerdir. Bu etkilerin en kuvvetli şekilde hissedildi ği yerlerin ba şında Bal- kanlar gelmektedir. Günümüzde Yunanistan’dan Bulgaristan’a, Arnavutluk’tan, Makedonya’ya kadar Balkanların tamamında Türk izleri yo ğun şekilde görülür. Sarmalar, dolmalar, börekler, isim de ğişikli ğine u ğ- ramaksızın mutfakları şenlendirirken; sayısız Türkçe kelime dillerde do- la şmaya devam etmektedir. Yüzlerce yıl aynı havayı solumu ş, aynı çe şmeden su içmi ş, aynı tarihi payla şmı ş insanların, benzer kültürel ürün- lere sahip olmaları, beklenen bir durumdur. Bu durum, kültürün en canlı ögelerinden olan müzik için de geçerlidir. Türk ve Makedon halk çalgıları arasındaki benzerlikler üst düzey- dedir. Çalgıların nitelikleri bir yana, isimleri arasındaki paralellikler de dikkat çekicidir. Kavalın kaval, darbukanın tarabuka, dairenin dayre olarak adlandırıldı ğı Makedonya’da, çalgı kelimesinin kar şılı ğı da çalgıdır. Ku ş- kusuz söz konusu müzikal köprü, iki ülke arasındaki kültürel ba ğları net şekilde vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalı şmada ise Türk ve Makedon dü ğünlerinde kullanılan davul zurna ikilisi ele alınmı ştır. Metodoloji Ara ştırmanın Amacı: Türkiye’de yaygın kullanıma sahip olan da- vul –zurna çalgıları ile Makedonya’da kullanılan tapan – zurla çalgılarını kar şıla ştırmak; kullanım alanlarını, çalgıların biçimlerini ortaya koymak; sözü edilen iki çalgı grubu ve müzik kültürü arasındaki büyük benzerli ği vurgulamak bu çalı şmanın amaçları arasındadır. Çalı şmada, Make- donya’da kullanılan davul – zurna çalgılarının, Türk etkileri neticesinde yayıldı ğı hipotezinden hareket edilmi ştir. Dolayısıyla bu savın tartı şılması da çalı şma amaçları arasında yer almı ştır. Ara ştırmanın Yöntemi: Betimsel karakterli bu çalı şmada, temelde literatür taraması yöntemi kullanılmı ş; Makedonya’da gerçekle ştirilen gö- rü şmelerle de veriler desteklenmi ştir. Makedonya İş tip Goce Dolcev Üni- versitesi ve Makedonya İş tip ve Üsküp’te gerçekle ştirilen ara ştırma 275 TÜBAR XLII / 2017-Güz / Türk ve Makedon Dü ğünlerinde Davul-Zurna ile Tapan-Zurla sürecinde yarı yapılandırılmı ş görü şme tekni ği ile katılımsız gözlem tek- nikleri uygulanmı ştır. Çalı şma, Türk ve Makedon davul, zurna çalgıları ör- nekleminde şekillendirilmi ştir. Bulgular ve Sunu ş Türklerde davul –zurna; Makedonlarda tapan – zurla çalgılarına ili ş- kin bulgulara geçmeden önce, söz konusu benzerlikleri ortaya çıkaran ta- rihten söz etmek faydalı olacaktır. Türkler ve Makedon Toprakları Balkan Yarımadası, IV. yüzyılda Avrupa Hunları ile Türklerle tanı ş- mı ş; VI. yüzyılda Asya’dan ve Karadeniz’in kuzeyinden gelen Türk ka- vimlerinin etkisine girmi ştir. Bu etki öylesine kuvvetlidir ki “Balkan” kelimesi bile Türkçedir ve “sıra da ğ”, “da ğlık” anlamlarına gelmektedir. Anadolu Türklerinin bölgeye geli şleri ise 1260’lara kadar dayanır ( İnalcık 2006: 20). Osmanlı hâkimiyeti ile bölgedeki etki, çok daha kuvvetlenir. Balkanların önemli bir kısmı olan Yugoslavya-Mekedonya toprak- larında hüküm süren topluluklara göz atıldı ğında ise bölgede ilk olarak İlir- yalılar, Traklar, Daçlar’ın oldu ğu görülür. Geli şen süreçte bölgede Antik Makedonlardan Bizanslılara, Hunlardan Avarlara, Bulgarlardan Peçenek- lere uzanan çe şitli medeniyetler yer almı ş; Slavlar, Yunanlar ve Osmanlılar döneminde iskân edilen çe şitli Türk toplulukları etkili olmu ştur. Günü- müzde ise bölgedeki ba şlıca etnik gruplar içinde, Sırplar, Arnavutlar, Ma- kedonlar, Bo şnaklar ve Romlar ile birlikte Türklerin özel bir yeri vardır. Antik Makedonlara uzanan aidiyet bilinçlerinin derinli ği hariç, Makedon- lardan ve muhtemelen Arnavutlardan sonra, bu bölgede en uzun biyolojik ve kültürel varlı ğa sahip olanlar Türklerdir (Çavu şoğlu 2007: 124). Osmanlı Devleti’nin Balkanlarda toprak kaybetmesiyle ba şlayan sü- reçte, bölgedeki Müslüman Türkler büyük eziyetlere maruz kalmı şlar; çe- şitli göç dalgalarıyla Anadolu’ya gelmeye ba şlamı şlardır. Bölgede ya şayan Türklerin Anadolu’ya göçleri, bilindi ği üzere Cumhuriyet döneminde de devam etmi ştir. Osmanlı döneminde Anadolu’ya kaçmak zorunda kalan Müslüman Türkler bir yana, Geray, 1923-1960 döneminde Türkiye’ye mübadil olarak gelenlerin sayısını 1. 204. 205 olarak vermektedir. Bunlar arasında Yugos- lavya-Makedonya göçmenlerinin sayısı 269 bin 101 (%22, 4)’dir (Çavu- şoğlu 2007: 133). Yüzbinlerce Türk, evlerini bırakarak giderlerken, artlarında kalan yüzlerce yıllık kültürel doku, di ğer Balkan ülkeleri gibi, Makedon topraklarına da sinmi ştir. Gerek bu topraklarda kalan Türkler, gerekse di ğer etnik kökene sahip ki şiler, Türk kültürünü ya şatmaya devam 276 TÜBAR XLII / 2017-Güz / Prof. Dr. Feyzan GÖHER VURAL etmektedir. Binlerce yıldır Türk müzik kültürünün simgelerinden olan da- vul-zurna ikilisinin Balkanlardaki yaygın varlı ğı da, bu kültürün yansıma- larındandır. Davul-zurna İkilisinin Makedonya’ya Geli şine İli şkin Davul-zurna gelene ğinin en yo ğun ya şadı ğı yer şüphesiz Ana- dolu’dur (Picken 1984: 197). Bununla birlikte davul-zurna ikilisi, Balkan- larda Makedonya, Güney Sırbistan, Kosova, Arnavutluk, Bulgaristan ve Yunanistan’da da görülmektedir (Juhasz 2002: 1). Mehter müzi ğinden esintiler ta şıyan ve açık hava e ğlencelerinin önemli bir parçası olan davul- zurna müzi ği, Türk halk kültürünün bir ürünüdür. Picken, davul-zurna iki- lisinin enstrümantal Türk Halk Müzi ğinin en tipik örne ği oldu ğundan söz eder (Picken 1984: 197). Buchanan da Balkanlarda Osmanlının mirasının hem kırsal hem de kentsel müzikal pratiklerde kendisini göstermeye devam etti ğini; bunların içinde en göze çarpanın ise davul-zurna gelene ği oldu- ğunu belirtir (Buchanan 2007: 368). Bununla birlikte, Alman müzikolog F. Hoerburger gibi kimi ara ştır- macılar, Balkanlardaki davul-zurna gelene ğinin çingeneler tarafından, Orta Do ğu, İran, Pakistan ve Hindistan’dan ta şındı ğını iddia ederler. Buna delil olarak da Pakistan’da davula “dohol” / “dhol”; zurnaya da “sorna” / “surnai” isimlerinin verilmi ş olmasını ve davul-zurnanın Osmanlı Dev- leti’nden önce Balkanlardaki varlı ğını göstermektedirler (Hoerburger’den akt. Juhasz 2002: 3). Elbette dünyadaki pek çok medeniyette vurmalı çal- gılar ile yüksek ses çıkaran üflemeliler yer almı ştır. Sümerler, Hititler ve Antik Mısır’da bu tip çalgıların varlı ğı rölyef ve duvar resimleri ile sabittir. Roma dönemi M. Ö. IV. yüzyıla ait bir heykelin elindeki zurnaya benzer tipteki üflemeli çalgı (Vural 2013: 17), Makedon kültürüne olan yakınlı ğı nedeniyle bazı Helenistik dönem heykellerinin ellerindeki üflemeli çalgılar da dikkate de ğerdir. Bunlarla birlikte Anadolu ve Makedonya’da şu an gö- rüldü ğü şekilde davul-zurna ikilisinin çe şitli tören ve e ğlencelerde yer alı- şının, Orta Asya Türk kültürüne dayanması ve buradan Türk devletleri vasıtasıyla yayılı şına ili şkin pek çok tarihi delil sunulabilir. Ana konudan uzakla şmamak adına burada bazı örnekler verilerek, sözü edilen bu sava kar şı dü şünceler ortaya konulacaktır: Davul-zurna çalgılarının Türk tarihindeki konumu, çevre me-
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