UNIT 5 753 BC–AD 1453 I]ZGdbVc LdgaY
Chapter 10 The Roman Republic Chapter 11 Rome and Christianity
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6-8_SNLAESE485805_U05O.indd 288 5/5/10 10:14:36 AM What You Will Learn…
From a small town in Italy, Rome grew to become the center of one of the world’s greatest empires. Like the Greeks, whom they admired, the Romans had a lasting infl uence on world history. The legacy of Rome was great. The Romans made many huge advances in engineering and architecture, and they developed advanced systems of written laws and government. In the fi rst century AD, a new religion called Christianity appeared and spread throughout the empire. In the next two chapters, you will learn about the rise of Rome, the growth and spread of Christianity, and the ultimate division and decline of one of the world’s greatest empires. Explore the Art In this scene, a Roman tutor teaches two young students how to read. What does this scene suggest about life in ancient Rome?
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6-8_SNLAESE485805_U05O.indd 289 5/5/10 10:19:04 AM CHAPTER 10 753–27 BC I]ZGdbVc GZejWa^X
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753 BC FOCUS ON SPEAKING According to legend, A Legend The ancient Romans created many legends about their early CHAPTER Rome is history. They told of heroes and kings who performed great deeds to EVENTS founded. build and rule their city. As you read this chapter, look for people or 1));< events that could be the subjects of legends. When you finish studying ORLD this chapter, you will create and present a legend about one of the W c. 700 BC EVENTS people or events that you have studied. The Assyrians conquer Israel.
290 CHAPTER 10
6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10O.indd 290 5/20/10 11:54:14 AM The Roman Republic is Born
The Roman Forum, the ruins of which are shown above, was a public meeting place at the heart of Rome.
c. 600 BC 264–146 BC 27 BC The 509 BC Rome and Augustus Etruscans The Roman Carthage becomes take over Republic fight in the Rome’s first Rome. is founded. Punic Wars. emperor. /));< -));< +));< ;<*:= 490 BC 334– c. 221– The 323 BC 206 BC Persians Alexander The Qin invade the Great dynasty Greece. builds his rules China. empire. 291
6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10O.indd 291 6/17/10 7:34:27 AM GZVY^c\HdX^VaHijY^Zh HdX^Zin HX^ZcXZVcY :Xdcdb^Xh GZa^\^dc Focus on Themes Bgmabl\aZim^k%rhnpbee `ho^kgf^gmZ__^\m^]Zeeh_lh\b^mr'?bgZeer%rhnpbee k^Z]Z[hnmma^KhfZgK^in[eb\%Z[hnmahpKhf^Íl k^Z]Z[hnmma^pZklma^KhfZgK^in[eb\_hn`amZl eh\ZmbhgZg]\Zd\gVe]na^ei^]bm[^\hf^ZfZchk bm^qiZg]^]bml[hng]Zkb^l'Rhnpbeel^^ahpmabl ihp^kbgma^Zg\b^gmphke]'RhnpbeeZelhk^Z]Z[hnm `khpmae^]mhikh[e^flmaZmp^k^]b_Ö\nemmhlheo^' ma^\bmrÍleda^i^XhZg]]bl\ho^kahpbmlmak^^&ikhg`^] Outlining and History Focus on Reading How can you make sense of all the facts and ideas in a chapter? One way is to take notes in the form of an outline. Outlining a Chapter Here is an example of a partial outline for Sec- tion 1 of this chapter. Compare the outline to the information on pages 294–297. Notice how the writer looked at the heads in the chapter to determine the main and supporting ideas. The writer picked up the Section 1, Geography and the Rise of Rome fi rst heading in the chap- ter (page 294) as the fi rst I. The Geography of Italy The writer saw two smaller heads under the main idea. She identifi ed A. Physical features—many types of features it with Roman numeral I. bigger head on pages 1. Mountain ranges 294–295 and listed them 2. Hills as A and B. 3. Rivers B. Climate—warm summers, mild winters II. Rome’s Legendary Origins A. Aeneas The writer identifi ed two 1. Trojan hero facts that supported II.A (the head on page 296). 2. Sailed to Italy and became ruler She listed them as num- B. Romulus and Remus bers 1 and 2. The writer decided it was 1. Twin brothers important to note some 2. Decided to build city individual facts under B.2. a. Romulus killed Remus That’s why she added a and b. b. City named for Romulus C. Rome’s Early Kings Outlining a Few Paragraphs When you need to outline only a few paragraphs, you can use the same outline form. Just look for the main idea of each paragraph and give each one a Roman numeral. Support- ing ideas within the paragraph can be listed with A, B, and so forth. You can use Arabic numbers for specifi c details and facts. 292 CHAPTER 10 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10RS.indd 292 5/4/10 9:58:15 AM +EY 4ERMS AND 0EOPLE You Try It! Chapter 10 Section 1 Read the following passage from this chapter. Then fi ll in the blanks Aeneas (p. 296) to complete the outline below. Romulus and Remus (p. 297) republic (p. 298) 'ROWTH OF 4ERRITORY dictators (p. 298) Cincinnatus (p. 298) Roman territory grew mainly in response to From plebeians (p. 299) outside threats. In about 387 BC a people Chapter 10, patricians (p. 299) called the Gauls attacked Rome and took over page 308 the city. The Romans had to give the Gauls a Section 2 magistrates (p. 303) huge amount of gold to leave the city. consuls (p. 303) Inspired by the Gauls’ victory, many of Roman Senate (p. 303) Rome’s neighboring cities also decided to veto (p. 304) attack. With some diffi culty, the Romans Latin (p. 304) fought off these attacks. As Rome’s attack- checks and balances (p. 305) ers were defeated, the Romans took over Forum (p. 305) their lands. As you can see on the map, the Romans soon controlled all of the Italian Section 3 Peninsula except far northern Italy. legions (p. 309) One reason for the Roman success was Punic Wars (p. 309) the organization of the army. Soldiers were Hannibal (p. 310) organized in legions . . . This organization Gaius Marius (p. 312) allowed the army to be very fl exible. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (p. 313) Spartacus (p. 313) Academic Vocabulary Complete this outline based on the passage you just read. Success in school is related to knowing academic vocabulary— I. Roman territory grew in response to outside threats. the words that are frequently used A. Gauls attacked Rome in 387 BC. in school assignments and discus- sions. In this chapter, you will learn 1. Took over the city the following academic words: 2. ______primary (p. 303) B. The Gauls’ victory inspired other people to attack Rome. purpose (p. 312) 1. ______2. Romans took lands of defeated foes. 3. ______ II. ______A. Soldiers were organized in legions. B. ______As you read Chapter 10, identify the main ideas you would use in an outline of this chapter. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 293 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10RS.indd 293 6/23/10 11:48:32 AM SECTION 1 Geography and A L P S the Rise of Rome L. Como L. Garda Gulf of What You Will Learn… Venice C TBOB QEBOB River Po I t Main Ideas RhnZk^ma^kne^kh_Z`khnih_i^hie^ehhdbg`_hkZlbm^mh[nbe]Z a l A 1. The geography of Italy made g^p\bmr':_m^kmZedbg`pbmarhnkZ]oblhkl%rhnaZo^gZkkhp^]rhnk Gulf of i Genoa A a d land travel difficult but helped Arno P r iver \ahb\^mhmphihllb[e^lbm^l';hmaeh\ZmbhglaZo^ie^gmrh_pZm^k N Ligurian R E n i the Romans prosper. a Sea N W t 2. Ancient historians were Zg]`hh]lhbe_hk_Zkfbg`%[nmma^rZk^hma^kpbl^o^kr]b__^k^gm' E P i N c very interested in Rome’s S T I e Hg^blhgmhih_ZmZeekh\drabeeho^kehhdbg`ZlaZeehpkbo^k'Ma^ ib S legendary history. R e N iv r n e e r a 3. Once a monarchy, the hma^kblhgZpb]^hi^gÖ^e]kb`amg^qmmhma^l^Z' E i Romans created a republic. Rome S n EF@E PFQB TFII VLR @ELLPB CLO VLRO @FQV EV s u The Big Idea l Mt. Vesuvius a Sardinia 4,190 ft. Rome’s location and govern- (1,277 m) ment helped it become a major 40N power in the ancient world. ;NBE=BG@;: Aeneas, p. 296 10E and growth. The city’s rise as a military power began when the 15E Ionian Romulus and Remus, p. 297 Romans went to war and conquered neighboring Italian tribes. Sea republic, p. 298 Sicily dictators, p. 298 Cincinnatus, p. 298 plebeians, p. 299 I]Z HRW World History E]nh^XVa;ZVijgZh IDENTIFY wh06as_c11map003aa What mountain ranges are in Italy, Look at the map again to fi nd Italy’s two major mountain ranges. Italy: Physical and where are they located? In the north are the Alps, Europe’s highest mountains. Anoth- APPROVED(2) 11/2/04 er range, the Apennines (A-puh-nynz), runs the length of the Italian Peninsula. This rugged land made it hard for ancient people to cross from one side of the peninsula to the other. In addition, some of Italy’s mountains, such as Mount Vesuvius, are volcanic. Their eruptions could devastate Roman towns. 294 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10S1.indd 294 5/18/10 8:56:49 AM Italy: Physical A L P S L.L. ComoComo ELEVATIONELEVATION FeetFeet MetersMeters L.L. GardaGarda 6,5606,560 2,0002,000 GulfGulf ooff 1,6401,640 500500 VVeniceenice River 656656 200200 Po HRW World History I (Sea(Sea level)level) 0 0 ((SeaSea level)level) t wh06as_c11loc003ba a 0 7755 Italy:150150 PhysicalMilesMiles Locator l A GGulfulf ooff i 0 7750 5 115050 KKilometersiloAPPROVEDmeters 10/18/04 GGenoaenoa A a d Mountains cover much of the Italian Arno P r iver Peninsula. These mountains are in the N LigurianLigurian R E n i a SeaSea N Alps in northern Italy. W t E P i N c S T I e ib S R e N iv r n e e r a E i RomeRome S n s HRW World History u wh06as_c11map003aa l Italy: Physical Mt.Mt. VesuviusVesuvius a SardiniaSardinia 44,190,190 ft.ft. Legend (1,277(1,277 m)m) APPROVED(2) 11/2/04 4040N TyrrhenianTyrrhenian SeaSea 1010E 1155E IonianIonian SeaSea Italy’s fertile coastal plains have been SicilySicily settled for thousands of years. Å Å Place What mountain range runs down the length of the Italian Peninsula? ELABORATE How did Romans take Not much of Italy is fl at. Most of the 8a^bViZ advantage of land that isn’t mountainous is covered Italy's Most of Italy, including the area around physical with hills. Throughout history, people have Rome, has warm, dry summers and mild, geography? built cities on these hills for defense. As a rainy winters. This climate is similar to that ANIMATED HRW World History result, many of the ancient cities of Italy — of southern California. Italy’s mild climate HISTORY wh06as_c11map003aa including Rome—sat atop hills. Rome was allows people to grow a wide variety of Seven Hills of Italy: Physical Rome APPROVED(2) 11/2/04 built on seven hills. crops. Grains, citrus fruits, grapes, and olives Several rivers fl ow out of Italy’s moun- EXPLAIN all grow well there. A plentiful food supply Why could tains. Because these rivers were a source of was one key factor in Rome’s early growth. Romans grow a fresh water, people also built their cities wide variety of crops? near them. For example, Rome lies on the Å Drawing Conclusions Tiber (TY-buhr) River. How did Rome’s location affect its early history? THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 295 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10S1.indd 295 6/17/10 7:55:33 AM Rome’s Legendary Origins leaders wanted their city to have a glorious past that would make the Roman people Rome’s early history is wrapped in mystery. proud. Imagining that glorious past, they No written records exist, and we have little told legends, or stories, about great heroes evidence of the city’s earliest days. All we and kings who built the city. have found are ancient ruins that suggest people lived in the area of Rome as early as Aeneas the 800s BC. However, we know very little The Romans believed their history could be about how they lived. traced back to a great Trojan hero named Would it surprise you to think that Aeneas (i-NEE-uhs). When the Greeks the ancient Romans were as curious about destroyed Troy in the Trojan War, Aeneas RECALL their early history as we are today? Rome’s What epic fl ed with his followers. After a long and poem tells dangerous journey, he reached Italy. The the story of Aeneas? story of this trip is told in the Aeneid (i-NEE- Legendary Founding of Rome id), an epic poem written by a poet named Virgil (VUHR-juhl) around 20 BC. Roman historians traced their city’s According to the story, history back to when Aeneas reached Italy, he legendary figures found several groups of peo- such as Aeneas, Romulus, and Remus. ple living there. He formed an Aeneas According to the Aeneid, Aeneas carried his father from the burning city of Troy and then searched for a new home for the Trojans. After traveling around the Mediter- ranean, Aeneas finally settled in Italy. 296 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10S1.indd 296 7/13/10 11:07:20 AM alliance with one of these groups, a After they grew up, Romulus and people called the Latins. Together they Remus decided to build a city to mark the fought the other people of Italy. After spot where the wolf had rescued them. defeating these opponents, Aeneas mar- While they were planning the city, Remus ried the daughter of the Latin king. mocked one of his brother’s ideas. In a fi t Aeneas, his son, and their descen- of anger, Romulus killed Remus. He then dants became prominent rulers in Italy. built the city and named it Rome after himself. EXPLAIN GdbjajhVcYGZbjh What was remarkable Among the descendants of Aeneas were the GdbZ»h:Vgan@^c\h about the founders of Rome. According to Roman According to ancient historians, Romulus childhood of the legendary legends, these founders were twin broth- was the fi rst king of Rome, taking the throne Romulus and ers named Gdbjajh (RAHM-yuh-luhs) and in 753 BC. Modern historians believe that Remus? GZbjh (REE-muhs). In the story, these boys Rome could have been founded within 50 led exciting lives. When they were babies, years before or after that date. they were put in a basket and thrown Roman records list seven kings who into the Tiber River. They didn’t drown, ruled the city. Not all of them were Roman. though, because a wolf rescued them. The Rome’s last three kings were Etruscans wolf cared for the boys for many years. (i-TRUHS-kuhnz), members of a people who Eventually, a shepherd found the boys and lived north of Rome. The Etruscans, who had adopted them. been infl uenced by Greek colonies in Italy, lived in Italy before Rome was founded. The Etruscan kings made great contri- butions to Roman society. They built huge temples and Rome’s fi rst sewer. Many histo- rians think that the Romans learned their alphabet and numbers from the Etruscans. The last Roman king was said to have been a cruel man who had many people killed, including his own advisors. Final- ly, a group of nobles rose up against him. According to tradition, he was overthrown in 509 BC. The nobles, who no longer wanted kings, created a new government. Å Drawing Conclusions Why did early Romans want to get rid of the monarchy? DEVELOP Romulus and Remus The Romans believed that the twins Romulus How might a legendary beginning make a country or and Remus were descendants of Aeneas. In empire more stable? Roman legend, Romulus and Remus were res- cued and raised by a wolf. Romulus later killed Remus and built the city of Rome. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 297 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10S1.indd 297 5/5/10 8:03:37 PM MAKE GENERALIZATIONS What were the first 50 years like for the Roman I]Z:VganGZejWa^X 8]VaaZc\Zh[gdbDjih^YZ Republic? The government the Romans created in 509 Shortly after the Romans created the repub- MA>BFI: Zmabk]m^kfZlik^lb]^gm'Ma^i^hie^h_ma^lmZm^ Å Å h_HabhZelhahghk^] 298 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10S1.indd 298 5/5/10 9:30:27 PM HRW World History wh06as_c11map005ca HRWRome, World c. 500History BC wh06as_c11map005caAPPROVED(2) 11/2/04 Rome, c. 500 BC Legend APPROVED 10/18/04 8]VaaZc\Zhl^i]^cGdbZ Roman Society Enemy armies weren’t the only challenge Patricians Plebeians facing Rome. Within the city, Roman soci- N N ety was divided into two groups. Many of P^Zemar%ihp^k_ne Section 1 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Describe Where is Italy located? 4. Categorizing As you review your notes, separate b. Explain How did mountains affect life in Italy? the legends from the historical events in Rome’s c. Predict How do you think Rome’s location on founding and growth. Then use a diagram like the the Mediterranean affected its history as it began one below to list the key legendary events. to grow into a world power? 2. a. Identify What brothers supposedly founded the city of Rome? b. Summarize What role did Aeneas play in the FOCUS ON SPEAKING founding of Rome? 3. a. Describe What type of government did the 5. Gathering Background Ideas In this section you Romans create in 509 BC? read about several legends the Romans told about b. Contrast How were patricians and plebeians their own history. Look back at the text to get different? some ideas about what you might include in your own legend. Write some ideas in your notebook. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 299 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10S1.indd 299 5/6/10 11:30:12 AM ?J;H7JKH;Æ?DÆ?IJEHO ÅÅ Try to identify each group’s goals and desires. & Both “Teucrians” and Latinus “sons of Dardanus” are ways Called the Teucrians before him, saying of referring to Trojans. Tranquilly as they entered: “Sons of Dardanus— ' Ilioneus says that the You see, we know your city and your nation, Trojans are not lost. A sea- mark is similar to a landmark, As all had heard you laid a westward course— Aeneas, from an a feature sailors use to fi nd Tell me your purpose. & What design or need Italian painting of the 1700s their way. Has brought you through the dark blue sea so far How does Ilioneus To our Ausonian coast? Either astray address the king? Why do Or driven by rough weather, such as sailors you think he does so? Often endure at sea, you’ve broached the river, Moored ship there. Now do not turn away From hospitality here. Know that our Latins Come of Saturn’s race, that we are just— Not by constraint or laws, but by our choice And habit of our ancient god . . .” Latinus then fell silent, and in turn Ilioneus began: “Your majesty, Most noble son of Faunus, no rough seas Or black gale swept us to your coast, no star Or clouded seamark put us off our course. ' 300 CHAPTER 10 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10S1.indd 300 5/5/10 9:39:14 PM We journey to your city by design Å And general consent, driven as we are From realms in other days greatest by far Å The Sun looked down on, passing on his way progeny offspring From heaven’s far eastern height. (Our line’s from Jove, threshold door oracle person who gives In his paternity the sons of Dardanus advice Exult, and highest progeny of Jove averted turned away Include our king himself—Trojan Aeneas, immobile unmoving Who sent us to your threshold . . . ) So long on the vast waters, now we ask ( Ilioneus explains that A modest settlement of the gods of home, the Trojans have come to A strip of coast that will bring harm to no one, Italy “by design”—both on Air and water, open and free to all . . . purpose and with help from the gods. Our quest was for your country. Dardanus Had birth here, and Apollo calls us back, ) Aeneas and Dardanus, Directing us by solemn oracles the founder of Troy, were both To Tuscan Tiber . . . * Here besides believed to be descendants of Aeneus gives you from his richer years Jove, the king of the gods. These modest gifts, relics caught up and saved From burning Troy . . .” * The Romans believed that Latinus heard Troy’s founder Dardanus was born in Italy. Ilioneus out, his countenance averted, What does Ilioneus ask the Sitting immobile, all attention, eyes king to give the Trojans? Downcast but turning here and there. The embroidered Purple and the scepter of King Priam + Virgil included this Moved him less in his own kingliness vision of Rome’s great future Than long thoughts on the marriage of his daughter, to point out the city’s great- As he turned over in his inmost mind ness to his readers. Old Faunus’ prophecy. “This is the man,” he thought, “foretold as coming from abroad To be my son-in-law, by fate appointed, Called to reign here with equal authority— The man whose heirs will be brilliant in valor And win the mastery of the world.” + 1. Analyzing Rome’s leaders wanted their 2. Drawing Conclusions When Aeneas city to have a glorious past that would reached Italy, he formed an alliance with make the Roman people proud. What the Latins. Think about how Virgil portrays details in this passage would make Roman the Latins in this passage. What words or readers proud of their past? phrases would you use to describe them? Why might such people make good allies? 301 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C10S1.indd 301 5/5/10 9:49:52 PM