Mexican-American War

< Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War

Mark Crawford

David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler Consulting editors

ABC-CLIO Santa-Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Contents

Preface, xiii Acknowledgments, xv Introduction, xvii Maps, xxi Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War

Abolitionists, 1 Arizona, 16 Beaubien, Carlos (1800-1864), Aburto, Juan, 1 Armijo, Manuel (1801-1854), 37 Adams, John Quincy 16 Beauregard, Pierre Gustave (1767-1848), 2 Armistead, Lewis Addison Toutant (1818-1893), 38 African Americans, 3 (1817-1863), 17 Bee, Barnard Elliott Agua Fria, Skirmish of (June Army, Mexico, 17 (1824-1861), 38 4,1848), 3 Army, United States, 21 Belknap, William Goldsmith Agua Nueva, 4 Arroyo Colorado, 28 (d. 1851), 39 Aguascalientes, Plan of, 5 Arroyo Hondo, Skirmish at Bent, Charles (1799-1847), 39 Alaman y Escalada, Lucas Qanuary 1847), 28 Benton, Thomas Hart (1792-1853), 5 Atlixco, Skirmish at (October (1782-1858), 40 Alcorta, Lino Jose (ca. 19,1847), 29 Bent's Old Fort, 41 1794-1854), 6 Atocha, Alexander ]., 29 Biddle, James (1783-1848), 42 Alexander, Edmund Brooke Aztec Club, 30 Billings, Eliza Allen, 42 (1800-1888), 6 Bishop's Palace, Monterrey, 42 "All of Mexico" Movement, 7 Backus, Electus (1804-1862), Bissell, William Henry Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno 31 (1811-1860), 43 (1803-1869), 7 Baker, Edward Dickinson Black, John, 44 Alvarado, 8 (1811-1861), 31 Blake, Jacob E. (1812-1846), 44 Alvarez, Juan (1790-1867), 9 Balbontin, Manuel Blanco, Santiago (1815-1883), Alvarez, Manuel (1794-1856), (1824-1894), 32 45 10 Balderas, Lucas (1797-1847), Bliss, William Wallace Smith Ampudia, Pedro de 32 (1815-1853), 45 (1805-1868), 10 Bancroft, George (1800-1891), Bocachicacampo, Skirmish at Anaya, Pedro Maria 33 (February 13,1848), 46 (1795-1854), 11 Barbour, Philip Norbourne Bonham, Milledge Luke Anderson, Robert (1805-1871), (1813-1846), 33 (1813-1890), 46 12 Bartlett, John Russell Borginnis, Sarah (1812-1866), Andrade, Manuel (1800-ca. (1805-1886), 34 46 I860), 12 Bartlett-Conde Agreement, 34 Borland, Solon (1808-1864), 47 Anglo-American Press in Baz, Juan Jose (1820-1887), 35 Bowles, William Augustus Mexico, 13 Beach, Moses Y. (1800-1868), (1799-1873), 47 Apache Canyon, 13 35 Boyd, Linn (1800-1859), 48 Arab, 14 Beale, Edward Fitzgerald Bragg, Braxton (1817-1876), 48 Archuleta, Diego, 14 (1822-1893), 36 Bravo Rueda, Nicolas Arista, Mariano (1802-1855), Bear Flag Revolt (June-July (1787-1854), 49 15 1846), 37

Vll viii Contents

Brevet Rank, 50 Chapultepec, Battle of Davis, John (1787-1854), 94 Brooks, Horace B. (ca. (September 13,1847), 74 Dayton, Wreck of (September 1815-1894), 50 Chase, Anna McClarmonde 13,1845), 95 Brooks, William Thomas (1809-1874), 76 De la Rosa, Luis (1804-1856), Harbaugh (1821-1879), 51 Chaves, Manuel Antonio 95 Brown, Jacob (ca. 1788-1846), (1818-1889), 76 Delaware Indians, 96 51 Chihuahua, 77 Dent, Frederick Tracy Buchanan, James (1791-1868), Childs, Thomas (1796-1852), (1821-1892), 96 52 78 Desertion, 96 Buchanan, Robert Christie China, 78 Diarrhea, 98 (1811-1878), 53 Churubusco, Battle of (August Diaz de la Vega, Romulo (ca. Buena Vista, Battle of 20,1847), 79 1804-1877), 98 (February 23,1847), 53 Citadel, Monterrey, 80 Dimick, Justin (1800-1871), 99 Burnett, Ward B. (1810-1884), Clark, Meriwether Lewis Dominguez, Manuel, 99 56 (1809-1881), 81 Dominguez's Spy Company Bustamante, Anastasio Clay, Cassius Marcellus (Mexican Spy Company), (1780-1853), 56 (1810-1903), 81 100 Butler, Pierce M. (1798-1847), Clay, Henry (1777-1852), 82 Donelson, Andrew Jackson 57 Clay, Henry, Jr. (1811-1847), 82 (1799-1871), 100 Butler, William Orlando Clifford, Nathan (1803-1881), Doniphan, Alexander William (1791-1880), 57 82 (1808-1887), 101 Coahuila y Texas, 83 Doniphan's March Cadwalader, George Cochori, Skirmish at (January (1846-1847), 102 (1806-1879), 59 30,1848), 84 Dos Amades, 104 Cahuenga, Treaty of (1847), 59 Collado Beach, 84 Dragoons, 104 Calhoun, John Caldwell Collins, John L., 84 Drum, Simon H. (1807-1847), (1782-1850), 60 Colorado, 85 104 California, 60 Conner, David (1792-1856), 85 Du Pont, Samuel Francis California Battalion, 61, Contreras, Battle of (August (1803-1865), 104 Californios, 62 20,1847), 85 Duran, Augustin, 105 Camargo, 62 Cooke, Philip St. George Campuzano, Antonio (1809-1895), 86 Echeagaray, Miguel Maria (1810-1866), 63 Cooper, James Fenimore (1816-1891), 107 Canales Rosillo, Antonio (ca. (1789-1851), 87 El Brazito, Battle of (December 1800-1869), 63 Corpus Christi, 87 25,1846), 107 Canalizo, Valentin Corwin, Thomas (1794-1865), El Embudo Pass, Skirmish at (1794-1850), 64 (January 29,1847), 108 88 Carbajal, Jose Maria Jesus (ca. El Molino del Rey, Battle of Cos, Martin Perfecto de 1805-1874), 65 (1800-1854), 88 (September 8,1847), 108 Carmen, 65 El Rincon del Diablo, 110 Couch, Darius (1822-1897), 89 Carrasco, Jose Maria El Tomacito (Tomas Baca), 110 Court of Inquiry, Scott (1847), Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1813-1851), 65 89 Carricitos Ranch, Skirmish at Couto, Jose Bernardo (1803-1882), 110 (April 25,1846), 66 (1803-1862), 90 Emory, William Hemsley Carson, Christopher ("Kit") Cross, Trueman (ca. (1811-1887), 111 (1809-1868), 66 1795-1846), 90 Ewell, Richard Stoddert Casey, Silas (1807-1882), 67 Cuevas, Luis Gonzago (1817-1872), 111 Castro, Jose Maria (ca. (1800-1867), 91 Falcon, Ramon (d. 1847), 113 1810-1860), 67 Cushing, Caleb (1800-1879), Flores, Jose Maria (1818-1866), Casualties, Mexico, 68 91 Casualties, United States, 68 113 Flying Artillery, 114 Catana, Massacre at (February Dallas, George Mifflin Ford, John Salmon 10,1847), 69 (1792-1864), 93 Catholic Church, Mexico, 69 Dalton, Patrick (ca. (1815-1897), 114 Cerro Gordo, Battle of (April 1824-1847), 93 Forrest, French (1796-1866), 115 Fort Brown, 115 17-18,1847), 71 Davis, Jefferson (1808-1889), Fort Jesup, 116 Chapita, 74 94 Fort Marcy, 116 Contents ix

Fort Polk, 116 Hays, John Coffee (1817-1883), Kearny, Philip (1814-1862), Fort Teneria, 117 137 153 Foster, John Gray (1823-1874), Hebert, Paul Octave Kearny, Stephen Watts 117 (1818-1880), 137 (1794-1848), 153 Fremont, John C. (1813-1890), Henderson, James Pinckney Kearny's March (1846), 154 117 (1808-1858), 138 Kendall, George Wilkins French, Samuel Gibbs Henrie; Daniel Drake, 138 (1809-1867), 155 (1818-1910), 119 Heredia, Jose Antonio de (ca. Kinney, Henry Lawrence 1800-ca 1870), 138 (1814-1862), 156 Gadsden Treaty (1853), 121 Herrera, Jose Joaquin de Kirker, James (1793-1853), 157 Gaines, John Pollard (1792-1854)^139 Klamath Indians, 157 (1795-1857), 121 Hill, Daniel Harvey Galaxara, Skirmish at La Canada, Battle of (January (1821-1889), 139 (November 24,1847), 122 Hitchcock, Ethan Allen 24,1847), 159 Gaona, Antonio (1793-1848), La Encarnacion, 159 • (1798-1870), 140 122 La Hoya, Skirmish at (June 20, Holzinger, Sebastian, 140 Garcia Conde, Pedro Hooker, Joseph (1814-1879), 1847), 160 (1806-1851), 122 La Mesa, Battle of (January 9, 140 Garrison, William Lloyd Houston, Samuel (1793-1863), 1847), 160 (1805-1879), 123 La Paz, 161 141 Gillespie, Archibald H. (ca. Lamy, Jean Baptiste Huamantla, Battle of (October 1812-1873), 123 9,1847), 141 (1814-1888), 161 Gillespie, Robert Addison Huger, Benjamin (1805-1877), Landero Bauza, Jose Juan (1815-1846), 124 (1802-1869), 162 142 Gomez Farias, Valentin Lane, Joseph (1801-1881), 162 Hughes, John Joseph Larkin, Thomas Oliver (1781-1851), 124 (1797-1864), 142 Graham, Richard H. (ca. Hunt, Henry Jackson (1802-1858), 162 1817-1846), 125 (1819-1889), 143 Lee, Robert Edward Grant, Ulysses S. (1822-1885), Hunter, Charles G. (1807-1870), 163 125 Leon, Antonio (1794-1847), (1813-1873), 143 Gray, Andrew Belcher 164 (1820-1862), 126 Ide, William Brown Lincoln, Abraham Gray, Mabry B. (1817-1848), (1796-1852), 145 (1809-1865), 164 127 Immortal 14,145 Lombardini, Manuel Maria Green, Duff (1791-1875), 127 Indians, 145 (1802-1853), 165 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of Ingraham, Duncan N. Longstreet, James (1821-1904), (1848), 128 (1802-1891), 146 165 Guaymas, Battle of (October Loreto, 166 Jackson, Andrew (1767-1845), 20,1847), 128 Loring, William Wing 147 Guerrilla Warfare, 129 (1818-1886), 166 Jackson, Samuel, 147 Los Angeles, 166 Jackson, Thomas Jonathan Hall,WillardPreble Lowell, James Russell (1820-1882), 133 ("Stonewall") (1824-1863), (1819-1891), 167 Halleck, Henry Wager 148 (1815-1872), 133 Jalapa, 148 Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell Halls of the Montezumas, Jarauta, Celestino Domeco de (1803-1848), 169 Mexico City, 134 (1814-1848), 149 Magoffin, James Wiley Hamer, Thomas Lyon Jarero, Jose Maria (1801-1867), (1799-1868), 169 (1800-1846), 134 150 Magruder, John Bankhead Hannegan, Edward Allen Jesup, Thomas Sidney (1810-1871), 170 (1807-1859), 134 (1788-1860), 150 Manifest Destiny, 170 Hardee, William Joseph Johnston, Albert Sidney Mansfield, Joseph King Fenno (1815-1873), 135 (1803-1862), 150 (1803-1862), 171 Hardin, John J. (1810-1847), Johnston, Joseph Eggleston Marcy, William Learned 135 (1807-1891), 151 (1786-1857), 172 Harney, William Selby Jones, Anson (1798-1858), 151 Marshall, Thomas (1793-1853), (1800-1889), 135 Jornada del Muerta, 152 172 Hawk's Peak, 136 Juvera, Julian (1784-1860), 152 x Contents

Martinez, Antonio Jose Ojo Oso, 203 Quijano, Benito (1800-1865), (1793-1867), 173 Olompali, Skirmish at (June 226 Mason, Richard Barnes 23,1846), 204 Quirman, John Anthony (1797-1850), 173 Ortega, Jose Maria (1799-1858), 226 Matamoros, 174 (1793-1871), 205 Mazatlan, 174 Ortiz, Tomas, 205 Ramos, 229 McClellan, George Brinton Rancho Dominguez, Skirmish Palo Alto, Battle of (May 8, (1826-1885), 175 at (October 8,1846), 229 1846), 207 McCulloch, Ben (1811-1862), Rangel, Joaquin (1803-1874), Panuco, 208 175 230 Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano McElroy, John (1782-1877), 176 Rea, Joaquin (ca. 1791-1850), Meade, George Gordon (1797-1849), 209 230 Parras, 210 (1815-1872), 176 Reily (Reilly, Riley, O'Reilly), Parrodi, Anastasio Medical Practices, Mexico, 177 John, 231 Medical Practices, United (1805-1867), 210 Rejon, Manuel Crecencio Parrott, William S. States, 178 (1799-1849), 231 (1798-1863), 210 Mejia, Francisco (1822-1901), Reno, Jesse L. (1823-1862), 232 Patterson, Robert (1792-1881), 180 Repatriation, 232 Mervine, William (1791-1868), 211 Resaca de la Palma, Battle of Pedregal, 211 180 (May 9,1846), 232 Pemberton, John Clifford Mexico, 181 Rey, Antony (d. 1847), 234 Mexico City, 182 (1814-1881), 212 Reynolds, John Fulton Mexico City, Battle of Pena y Barragan, Matias de la (1820-1863), 234 (September 13-14,1847), (ca. 1798-1850), 212 Reynosa, 234 183 Pena y Pena, Manuel de la Richey, John A. (1825-1847), Mier Expedition (1842), 184 (1789-1850), 212 235 Minon, Jose Vicente Perez, Francisco (ca. Ridgely, Randolph 1810-1864), 213 (1802-1878), 185 (1814-1846), 235 Perote Castle, 213 Moderacbs, 185 Riley, Bennet (1787-1853), 236 Perry, Matthew Calbraith Monclova, 186 Rincon, Manuel E. Monroe Doctrine (1823), 186 (1794-1858), 214 (1784-1849), 236 Monterey, 186 Petrita, USS, 214 Ringgold, Samuel (1800-1846), Monterrey, Armistice of Pico, Andres (1810-1876), 215 236 Pico, Pio de Jesus (1801-1894), (1846), 187 Rio Calaboso, Skirmish at 215 Monterrey, Battle of (July 12,1847), 237 Pierce, Franklin (1804-1869), (September 21-23,1846), Rio Colorado, 237 187 216 Rio Grande, 238 Mora, Skirmish at (January 25, Pike, Albert (1809-1891), 216 Rio Sacramento, Battle of 1847), 191 Pillow, Gideon Johnson (February 28,1847), 238 Mora y Villamil, Ignacio (1806-1878), 217 Roberts, William (d. 1847)/, Point Isabel, 217 (1791-1870), 191 239 Polk, James Knox (1795-1849), Mormon Battalion, 191 Robidoux, Antoine Mule Hill, 192 218 (1794-1860), 239 Muleje, Skirmish at (October Polkos Revolt (1847), 219 Rockets, 240 Porter, Caroline, 220 1,1846), 192 Rogers, R. Clay, 240 Posada y Garduno, Manuel, Munroe, John (ca. 1795-1861), 193 220 Saint Joseph's Island, 241 Price, Sterling (1809-1867), 221 Salas, Jose Mariano National Road, 195 Puebla, 221 (1797-1867), 241 Navy, Mexico, 195 Puebla, Siege of Saltillo, 241 Navy, United States, 196 (September-October 1847), San Antonio, Skirmish at Nevada, 200 222 (March 25,1848), 243 New Mexico, 200 Pueblo de Taos, Skirmish at San Francisco, 243 Ninos Heroes, 201 (February 4,1847), 222 San Gabriel River (Bartolo Nueces River, 201 Puros, 223 Ford), Battle of (January 8, 1847), 243 O'Brien, John Paul Jones (ca. Quartermaster Departments, San Jose del Cabo, 244 1818-1850), 203 225 Contents xi

San Jose del Pozo, Skirmish at Sutter, John Augustus Valencia, Gabriel (1799-1848), (May 13,1847), 245 (1803-1880), 261 283 San Juan, Skirmish at (July 30, Vallejo, Mariano Guadalupe 1847), 245 Tabasco, Battles of (October (1808-1890), 284 San Juan de Ulua, 245 25,1846; July 16,1847), 263 Van Dorn, Earl (1820-1863), San Luis Potosi, 246 Tacubaya, 265 284 San Pascual, Battle of Tacubaya, Armistice of (1847), Vazquez, Ciriaco (1794-1847), (December 6,1846), 246 265 285 San Patricio Battalion, 246 Tampico, 266 Veracruz, 285 Sands, Joshua Ratoon Taos Rebellion Veracruz, Battle of (March (1795-1883), 247 (January-February 1847), 9-29,1847), 285 266 Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de Walker, Robert John Tattnall, Josiah (1795-1871), (1794-1876), 248 (1801-1869), 289 Santa Clara, Battle of (January 267 Walker, Samuel H. 2,1847), 249 Taylor, Zachary (1784-1850), (1817-1847), 289 Santa Cruz de Rosales, Battle 268 Walnut Springs, 290 of (March 16,1848), 250 Tellez, Rafael, 270 War Address, James K. Polk, Santa Fe, 251 Terres, Andres (1777-1850), 290 Scott, Winfield (1786-1866), 270 War Message, Mariano 251 Texas, 271 Paredes y Arrillaga, 292 Semmes, Raphael (1809-1877), Texas Rangers, 271 Washington, John Macrea 253 Thoreau, Henry David (1797-1853), 293 Sequalteplan, Skirmish at (1817-1862), 273 Weapons, Mexico, 294 (February 25,1848), 254 Thornton, Seth B. (d. 1847), Weapons, United States, 294 Sevier, Ambrose Hundley 274 Webster, Daniel (1782-1852), (1801-1848), 254 Tilghman, Lloyd (1816-1863), 295 Sherman, Thomas West 274 Whitman, Walt (1819-1892), (1813-1879), 254 Todos Santos, Skirmish at 295 Shields, James (1806-1879), (March 28,1848), 275 Wickliffe, Charles Anderson 255 Tornel y Mendivil, Jose Maria (1788-1869), 296 Shubrick, William Branford (1789-1853), 275 Wilmot, David (1814-1868), (1790-1874), 255 Torrejon, Anastasio (ca. 296 Slavery, 256 1802-ca. 1861), 275 Women, Mexico, 297 Slidell, John (1793-1871), 256 Tower, Zealous Bates Women, United States, 299 Sloat, John Drake (1781-1867), (1819-1900), 276 Wool, John Ellis (1784-1869), 257 Transcontinental Treaty (1819), 299 Smallpox, 258 276 Wool's Chihuahua Expedition Smith, Persifor Frazer Trias Alvarez, Angel (1846), 301 (1798-1858), 258 (1809-1867), 277 Worth, William Jenkins Soldado River, Skirmish at Trist, Nicholas Philip (1794-1849), 301 (April 9,1848), 258 (1800-1874), 277 Wright, George (1803-1865), Somers, USS, 259 Truxtun, USS, 278 302 Stevens, Isaac Ingalls Tuxpan, 279 Yell, Archibald (1797-1847), (1818-1862), 259 Twiggs, David Emanuel 303 Stockton, Robert Field (1790-1862), 279 Yellow Fever, 303 (1795-1866), 259 Tyler, John (1790-1862), 280 Yucatan, 304 Storms, Jane McManus (1807-1878), 260 Urrea, Jose (1797-1849), 281 Zozaya, Maria Josefa (d. 1846), Surfboats, 261 Utah, 281 305 Chronology, 307 Selected References, 313 Index, 339