DOCSLIB.ORG

The Kelabit Language, Austronesian Voice and Syntactic Typology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Kelabit Language, Austronesian Voice and Syntactic Typology The Kelabit Language, Austronesian Voice and Syntactic Typology Charlotte Hemmings Thesis submitted for the Degree of PhD 2016 Department of Linguistics SOAS, University of London Declaration I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of SOAS, University of London, concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in this work which I present for examination. Signed:……………………………………… Date:…………………………………. 1 Abstract Western Austronesian languages are typically defined in contrast to Oceanic languages as possessing a system of ‘symmetrical’ voice alternations (Himmelmann 2005a). These are alternations in the mapping of predicate arguments to grammatical functions but, unlike passives and antipassives, do not involve syntactic detransitivisation. Instead, symmetrical voice systems appear to involve multiple transitive clause-types that are equally morphologically marked and equally syntactically transitive. This has prompted two major debates about Western Austronesian syntax, namely whether or not Western Austronesian languages have a grammatical subject, and the nature of alignment in the languages. Western-Austronesian languages are typically subdivided into Philippine-type languages and Indonesian-type languages on the basis of structural properties. Philippine-type languages are considered more conservative and Indonesian-type languages more innovative. The Apad Uat subgroup of Northern Sarawak, which includes Kelabit, is said to be split between Philippine-type and Indonesian-type languages. Consequently, it presents a unique opportunity to enter into the theoretical debates and also to question whether the existing typology can capture the full extent of variation within Western Austronesian. Using naturalistic and elicited materials gathered over six and a half months of linguistic fieldwork, this thesis presents an analysis of Kelabit grammar alongside 2 three case studies of syntactic phenomena known to differ in Philippine-type and Indonesian-type languages: voice systems; pronominal systems and word order. In each instance, the patterns in Kelabit are neither proto-typically Philippine-type, nor proto-typically Indonesian-type and hence constitute a type of their own. Moreover, they provide support for theories of alignment shift and other syntactic changes that begin with the reanalysis of the actor voice construction. Thus, it becomes apparent that the existing two-way typology is insufficient to model syntactic variation in Western Austronesian and that a more fine-grained approach is needed in order to better understand the synchronic and diachronic landscape. 3 Acknowledgements I am very grateful to the Wolfson Foundation for their generous financial support of the project. I am also grateful for grants from the Linguistics Society of America and from SOAS, University of London, which have allowed me to attend conferences and summer schools and receive feedback on my work. Most of all, I would like to thank the Kelabit community for sharing their language and their homes with me over the last few years. In particular, I would like to thank Florance Lapu Apu @ Ngabi Tepun for kindly assisting me in documenting the Kelabit language and for tireless hours of teaching me Kelabit, answering questions about the language and transcribing and translating recorded texts.1 I would also like to thank Lucy Bulan @ Sineh Raben and Jeffrey Malang @ Tadun Bala for their assistance in Pa’ Umor and Pa’ Dalih and the many people who sat and explained Kelabit grammar to me, including Lucy Bulan @ Sineh Raben Bala, David Labang @ Raben Bala, David Lian Labang, Dr Poline Bala, Julia Raja @ Sineh Raja Tuan, Lynette Smith, Datin Garnette Ridu @ Sineh La’ah Aren, Gerawat Nulun @ Udan Turun, Mary Lian, Jeffrey Malang @ Tadun Bala, Connie Aping Trang, Lucie Palan Trang, John Terawe, Yahya Talla and Kelvin Egay. In addition, I would like to thank everyone who gave up countless hours to record stories, conversations and other texts, including Florance Lapu Apu @ Ngabi Tepun, Lucy Bulan @ Sineh Raben Bala, 1 Kelabit names are introduced by an @ sign. 4 David Labang @ Raben Bala, Gerawat Nulun @ Udan Turun, Connie Aping Trang, Lucie Palan Trang, Sineh Pasang, Sineh Maren Lugun @ Dooq Ileh, Sineh Tingang @ Liat Ayu, Sineh Ngelawan Paren, Henrik Iboh @ Luun Anid, Dara Tigan, Jeffrey Malang @ Tadun Bala, Melamud Tepun, Sineh Belaan Paran, Upai Raja @ Pu’un Maran, Paran Ating, Belaan Paran, Riboh Ayu, Gerawat Riboh @ Paran Bala, Zac Lawai Labang, Jeanette Ulun @ Ratu Aren, Sineh Maran Lugun, Muda Tigan, Sineh Ngalap Ulun, Alaw Tungen @ Kera’i’ Aren, Stanley Isaac Ibuh @ Paren Kera’i’, Lian Terawe, Muring Apu, Frazier Kaya, Daud Ibuh @ Balang Gerau’, David Lian Tadun @ Ribuh Tepun and Bulan Ipang @ Pu’un Maran. Finally, I would like to thank Penghulu Robertsen Bala @ Balang Masiu and the Rurum Kelabit for supporting my research in the Kelabit Highlands. I made so many wonderful friends during my time in the Kelabit Highlands and am very grateful to all of you. Mulaq-mulaq terima kasih ngen muyuh ngabi! There are numerous others who helped me during my time in Malaysia. I would like to express my particular gratitude to Datuk Robert Ridu @ La’ah Aren, Datin Garnette Ridu @ Sineh La’ah Aren, Dr Poline Bala, Marilyn Raja, Lilla Raja, Lucy Bulan @ Sineh Raben Bala, David Labang @ Raben Bala, Dr Philip Raja, Datin Sri Mariam Balan, Dato Gerawat Gala, Datin Esther Balan, Datu Robert Lian @ Balang Ngalibun, Datin Dr Katharine Pearce, Dato Isaac Lugun, Datin Nikki Lugun, Datin Valerie Mashman and Datu Ose Murang for all their help in accommodating me, introducing me to many friends in Malaysia and helping me prepare for my research. Special thanks also go to Julia Raja and Lynette Smith for helping to teach me some useful Kelabit phrases before I arrived in Malaysia and for putting me in touch with family and friends. 5 I am also very grateful to those who helped me with institutional support whilst in Malaysia. Firstly, I thank the Sarawak State Planning Unit for approving my application to conduct research in Sarawak. Secondly, I would like to thank the Miri Resident for approving extended periods of research in the Kelabit Highlands. Thirdly, I am grateful to Ipoi Datan and the staff at the Sarawak Museum, who helped me to obtain a research visa and gave me access to their wonderful archival resources. Fourthly, I would like to thank Dr Norazuna Bt Norahim and colleagues at the UNIMAS Centre for Languages who offered help and advice whilst in Kuching. Particular thanks go to all the participants who recorded pear stories in Kuching Sarawak Malay and to Mohamad Fairuz Ali Ayen for kindly transcribing and translating the texts. Furthermore, I would like to thank Miss Bibi Aminah Abdul Ghani and colleagues at Curtin University, Sarawak Malaysia for their help and guidance whilst in Miri and all the participants who recorded pear stories in Miri Sarawak Malay. Many thanks to Prof. Dr Alvin Yeo, Dr Soubakeavathi Rethinasamy and colleagues at the Institute of Social Informatics and Technological Innovations, UNIMAS, Sarawak, for inviting me to present at the ISITI, and sharing their experiences of working with languages in Sarawak. Finally, thanks go to Dr Roger Harris for inviting me to join the eBario Knowledge Fair in November 2013. Next, I would like to thank the many researchers who have previously worked in Sarawak for their helpful guidance and support throughout the project. Firstly, I would like to thank Monica Janowski, for introducing me to Bario, encouraging me to help document the Kelabit language and readily sharing her expertise along the way. Thanks also go to Borbala Nyiri, Lindsay-Lloyd Smith and Dr Jayl Langub for their willingness to answer practical questions and offer guidance. I would like to thank Matthew Amster for sending me a copy of the Kelabit Dictionary and Professor Robert 6 Blust, Dr Mary Tay and Professor Amsah Haji Omar for sharing their previous knowledge of working with the Kelabit language. I am grateful to Dr Wallace Chafe and Dr Jay Crain for sharing texts in Malay and Lun Bawang and to Colin Davis for making available his map of the Kelabit Highlands. Finally, I would like to give particular thanks to Beatrice Clayre for giving me feedback on my research and for our many fruitful discussions on Sa’ban, Kelabit and Lundayeh. I owe many thanks to the Department of Linguistics at SOAS, University of London. In particular, I would like to acknowledge the support of my Supervisor, Peter Austin, who has given me guidance and feedback throughout my research. In addition, thanks go to my supervisory committee, Friederike Lüpke and Chris Lucas, for advice on preparation for fieldwork and academic writing during the upgrade process and throughout the PhD. Moreover, I would like to especially thank Candide Simard for invaluable advice on prosody and her contribution and guidance in relation to my work on clitic pronouns. Further thanks are due to Mandana Seyfeddinipur for encouraging me to apply to the Linguistics Society of America summer school where I received training in documentation, typology and theory, and to Irina Nikolaeva and Lutz Marten for insightful feedback on presentations at SOAS. I would also like to thank my fellow students at SOAS, particularly those involved in Language Landscape and the SOAS Grammar Group. It has been a great pleasure to know everyone who has made my experience at SOAS so special. Particular thanks go to Eleanor Ridge and Lauren Gawne for feedback on drafts of the thesis. Finally, I would like to thank Pak Sallehuddin bin Abdullah Sani for teaching me Indonesian and checking through the Indonesian examples in the thesis. I am also very grateful to the wider academic community and all of the linguists who have taken time to comment on my research in progress.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Developments of Affectedness Marking
    Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Vol. 31 No. 1, 2013 ISSN: 0023-1959 Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea ISSN: 0023-1959 Vol. 31 No. 1, 2013 0 Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Vol. 31 No. 1, 2013 ISSN: 0023-1959 Towards a Papuan history of languages MARK DONOHUE Department of Linguistics, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University [email protected] 1. Introduction and overview In this paper, I raise one simple point that must be taken into account when considering the history of the ‘Papuan’ languages – namely, the scope of the term ‘Papuan’. I shall argue that ‘Papuan’ is a term that logically should include many languages that have generally been discussed as being ‘Austronesian’. While much detailed work has been carried out on a number of ‘Papuan’ language families, the fact that they are separate families, and are not believed to be related to each other (in the sense of the comparative method) any more than they are to the Austronesian languages which largely surround their region, means that they cannot be considered without reference to those Austronesian languages. I will argue that many of the Austronesian languages which surround the Papuan region (see the appendix) can only be considered to be ‘Austronesian’ in a lexical sense. Since historical linguistics puts little value on simple lexical correspondences in the absence of regular sound correspondences, and regularity of sound correspondence is lacking in the Austronesian languages close to New Guinea, we cannot consider these languages to be ‘fully’ Austronesian. We must therefore consider a Papuan history that is much more widespread than usually conceived.
    [Show full text]
  • Petualangan Unjung Dan Mbui Kuvong
    PETUALANGAN UNJUNG DAN MBUI KUVONG Naskah dan Dokumen Nusantara XXXV PETUALANGAN UNJUNG DAN MBUI KUVONG SASTRA LISAN DAN KAMUS PUNAN TUVU’ DARI Kalimantan dikumpulkan dan disunting oleh Nicolas Césard, Antonio Guerreiro dan Antonia Soriente École française d’Extrême-Orient KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) Jakarta, 2015 Petualangan Unjung dan Mbui Kuvong: Sastra Lisan dan Kamus Punan Tuvu’ dari Kalimantan dikumpulkan dan disunting oleh Nicolas Césard, Antonio Guerreiro dan Antonia Soriente Hak penerbitan pada © École française d’Extrême-Orient Hak cipta dilindungi Undang-undang All rights reserved Diterbitkan oleh KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) bekerja sama dengan École française d’Extrême-Orient Perancang Sampul: Ade Pristie Wahyo Foto sampul depan: Pemandangan sungai di Ulu Tubu (Dominique Wirz, 2004) Ilustrasi sampul belakang: Motif tradisional di balai adat Respen Tubu (Foto A. Soriente, 2011) Penata Letak: Diah Novitasari Cetakan pertama, Desember 2015 382 hlm., 16 x 24 cm ISBN (Indonesia): 978 979 91 0976 7 ISBN (Prancis): 978 2 85539 197 7 KPG: 59 15 01089 Alamat Penerbit: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) Gedung Kompas Gramedia, Blok 1 lt. 3 Jln. Palmerah Barat No. 29-37, JKT 10270 Tlp. 536 50 110, 536 50 111 Email: [email protected] Dicetak oleh PT Gramedia, Jakarta. Isi di luar tanggung jawab percetakan. DAFtaR ISI Daftar Isi — 5 Kata Sambutan — 7 - Robert Sibarani, Ketua Asosiasi Tradisi Lisan (ATL) Wilayah Sumatra Utara — 7 - Amat Kirut, Ketua Adat Suku Punan, Desa Respen Tubu, Kecamatan Malinau Utara,
    [Show full text]
  • Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
    Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2011.02128V1 [Cs.CL] 4 Nov 2020
    Cross-Lingual Machine Speech Chain for Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and Bataks Speech Recognition and Synthesis Sashi Novitasari1, Andros Tjandra1, Sakriani Sakti1;2, Satoshi Nakamura1;2 1Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan 2RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project AIP, Japan fsashi.novitasari.si3, tjandra.ai6, ssakti,[email protected] Abstract Even though over seven hundred ethnic languages are spoken in Indonesia, the available technology remains limited that could support communication within indigenous communities as well as with people outside the villages. As a result, indigenous communities still face isolation due to cultural barriers; languages continue to disappear. To accelerate communication, speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) technology is one approach that can overcome language barriers. However, S2ST systems require machine translation (MT), speech recognition (ASR), and synthesis (TTS) that rely heavily on supervised training and a broad set of language resources that can be difficult to collect from ethnic communities. Recently, a machine speech chain mechanism was proposed to enable ASR and TTS to assist each other in semi-supervised learning. The framework was initially implemented only for monolingual languages. In this study, we focus on developing speech recognition and synthesis for these Indonesian ethnic languages: Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and Bataks. We first separately train ASR and TTS of standard Indonesian in supervised training. We then develop ASR and TTS of ethnic languages by utilizing Indonesian ASR and TTS in a cross-lingual machine speech chain framework with only text or only speech data removing the need for paired speech-text data of those ethnic languages. Keywords: Indonesian ethnic languages, cross-lingual approach, machine speech chain, speech recognition and synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Describing the Morphology of Amis Kazuhiro Imanishi University of Tokyo, JSPS Research Fellow
    Describing the morphology of Amis Kazuhiro Imanishi University of Tokyo, JSPS Research Fellow Amis is an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan. Typologically, it belongs to the Philippine-type languages and, along with other indigenous languages spoken in Taiwan, shares a number of similarities with Philippine languages. Phonologically, the language is rather simple; it has 21 phonemes, (C)V(C) syllable Figure 1 Map of East Asia structure, and few phonological rules. Morphologically, the language is complex and owns a rich variety of affixes. It has a complex system of voice alternation, which is traditionally called “focus system”. The word order is relatively free except that the predicate basically precedes its arguments. 1. About my research 1.1. Why Amis? As I was studying linguistic in my undergraduate course, I came to know that a lot of minority languages of the world are dying out; I definitely wanted to conduct a field research of any endangered language. Taiwan used to be a colony of Japan until 1945 and Figure 2 Map of Taiwan old people there still speak Japanese (my mother tongue) well. It is geographically very close to Japan, and living expenses there are not high. These all factors led me to choose one of the minority languages spoken in Taiwan. In my undergraduate course, I had not taken any course on field method; there are, in fact, no course on field method at my former university; therefore, I thought I was difficult to conduct a research on a literally “dying” language, such as Kanakanavu or Saaroa. Amis is the largest indigenous language in Taiwan, with approximately 50,000 to 80,000 speakers; there is no reference grammar which is based on adequate knowledge of linguistics.
    [Show full text]
  • School of Psychology and Speech Pathology
    School of Psychology and Speech Pathology Talking about health, wellbeing and disability in young people: an Aboriginal perspective Caris Lae Jalla This thesis is presented for the Degree of Master of Philosophy of Curtin University February 2016 DECLARATION To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature: Caris Jalla Date: ii ABSTRACT In many Indigenous languages globally, there is often no directly translatable word for disability. For Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, the prevalence of disability is greater compared to non-Indigenous populations. Despite the gap in rates, access to disability supports and services are lower and disproportional. One factor impacting low service access may be the differing views of disability between Aboriginal and Torres Strait cultures and mainstream Western perspectives. The objectives of this research were to investigate the meaning of health, wellbeing and disability from the viewpoint of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youths and to describe the facilitators and barriers to health and wellbeing for people with disabilities. These investigations also identified Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young people’s perceptions on the causes of disability and explored concepts associated with living with disability. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youths, both with and without disabilities, residing in Perth, Western Australia (WA) and aged nine to 26 years were invited to participate in qualitative research. Yarning circles were conducted in various home and community settings around the metropolitan area.
    [Show full text]
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES to the TEXT 1 H. LING ROTH, the Natives
    BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES TO THE TEXT 1 H. LING ROTH, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo. London 18%. Vol. I, XXXII + 464 pp. + map; Vol. II, IV + 302 pp. + 240 pp. Appendices. In vol. II Chapter XXI: Mengap, the Song of the Sea Dyak Head Feast, by J. PERHAM, p. 174-183. Chapter XXVII: Languages, Names, Colours, p.267-278. Appendices I, Vocabularies p. 1-160: Sea Dyak, Malay, by H. BROOKE Low; Rejang River Dialect, by H. BROOKE Low; Malay, Kanowit, Kyan, Bintulu, Punan, Matu, by H. BROOKE Low; Malay, Brunei, Bisaya, Murut Padas, Murut Trusan, Dali Dusun, Malanau, by C. DE CRESPIGNY; A collection of 43 words in use in different Districts, by HUPE; Collection of nine words in eight dialects, by CH. HOSE; Kayan, by R. BURNS; Sadong, Lara, Sibuyau, by SP. ST. JOHN; Sabuyau, Lara, Salakau, Lundu, by W. GoMEZ; Sea Dayak (and Bugau), Malau, by MR. BRERETON; Milanau, Kayan, Pakatan, by SP. ST. JOHN; Ida'an, Bisaya, Adang (Murut), by SP. ST. JOlIN; Lanun, by SP. ST. JOHN; Sarawak Dayak, by W. CHALMERS; Iranun, Dusun, Bulud Opie, Sulu, Kian, Punan, Melano, Bukutan, Land Dyak, Balau, published by F. A. SWETTENHAM, collected by TREACHER, COWIE, HOLLAND and ZAENDER. 2 SIDNEY H. RAY, The languages of Borneo. SMJ 1. 4 (1913) p.1-1%. Review by N. ADRIANI, Indische Gids 36 (1914) p. 766-767. 3 Uit de verslagen van Dr. W. KERN, taalambtenaar op Borneo 1938-1941. TBG 82 (1948) p. 538---559. 4 E. R. LEACH, Social Science Research in Sarawak. A Report on the Possibilities of a Social Economic Survey of Sarawak pre­ sented to the Colonial Social Science Research Council.
    [Show full text]
  • FORUM MASYARAKAT ADAT DATARAN TINGGI BORNEO (FORMADAT) Borneo (Indonesia & Malaysia)
    Empowered lives. Resilient nations. FORUM MASYARAKAT ADAT DATARAN TINGGI BORNEO (FORMADAT) Borneo (Indonesia & Malaysia) Equator Initiative Case Studies Local sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES Local and indigenous communities across the world are 126 countries, the winners were recognized for their advancing innovative sustainable development solutions achievements at a prize ceremony held in conjunction that work for people and for nature. Few publications with the United Nations Convention on Climate Change or case studies tell the full story of how such initiatives (COP21) in Paris. Special emphasis was placed on the evolve, the breadth of their impacts, or how they change protection, restoration, and sustainable management over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories of forests; securing and protecting rights to communal with community practitioners themselves guiding the lands, territories, and natural resources; community- narrative. The Equator Initiative aims to fill that gap. based adaptation to climate change; and activism for The Equator Initiative, supported by generous funding environmental justice. The following case study is one in from the Government of Norway, awarded the Equator a growing series that describes vetted and peer-reviewed Prize 2015 to 21 outstanding local community and best practices intended to inspire the policy dialogue indigenous peoples initiatives to reduce poverty, protect needed to take local success to scale, to improve the global nature, and strengthen resilience in the face of climate knowledge base on local environment and development change. Selected from 1,461 nominations from across solutions, and to serve as models for replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Use and Attitudes As Indicators of Subjective Vitality: the Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia
    Vol. 15 (2021), pp. 190–218 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24973 Revised Version Received: 1 Dec 2020 Language use and attitudes as indicators of subjective vitality: The Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia Su-Hie Ting Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Andyson Tinggang Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Lilly Metom Universiti Teknologi of MARA The study examined the subjective ethnolinguistic vitality of an Iban community in Sarawak, Malaysia based on their language use and attitudes. A survey of 200 respondents in the Song district was conducted. To determine the objective eth- nolinguistic vitality, a structural analysis was performed on their sociolinguistic backgrounds. The results show the Iban language dominates in family, friend- ship, transactions, religious, employment, and education domains. The language use patterns show functional differentiation into the Iban language as the “low language” and Malay as the “high language”. The respondents have positive at- titudes towards the Iban language. The dimensions of language attitudes that are strongly positive are use of the Iban language, Iban identity, and intergenera- tional transmission of the Iban language. The marginally positive dimensions are instrumental use of the Iban language, social status of Iban speakers, and prestige value of the Iban language. Inferential statistical tests show that language atti- tudes are influenced by education level. However, language attitudes and useof the Iban language are not significantly correlated. By viewing language use and attitudes from the perspective of ethnolinguistic vitality, this study has revealed that a numerically dominant group assumed to be safe from language shift has only medium vitality, based on both objective and subjective evaluation.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Material Culture Distributions in the Upper Sepik and Central New Guinea
    Gender, mobility and population history: exploring material culture distributions in the Upper Sepik and Central New Guinea by Andrew Fyfe, BA (Hons) Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Discipline of Geographical and Environmental Studies The University of Adelaide November 2008 …..These practices, then, and others which I will speak of later, were borrowed by the Greeks from Egypt. This is not the case, however, with the Greek custom of making images of Hermes with the phallus erect; it was the Athenians who took this from the Pelasgians, and from the Athenians the custom spread to the rest of Greece. For just at the time when the Athenians were assuming Hellenic nationality, the Pelasgians joined them, and thus first came to be regarded as Greeks. Anyone will know what I mean if he is familiar with the mysteries of the Cabiri-rites which the men of Samothrace learned from the Pelasgians, who lived in that island before they moved to Attica, and communicated the mysteries to the Athenians. This will show that the Athenians were the first Greeks to make statues of Hermes with the erect phallus, and that they learned the practice from the Pelasgians…… Herodotus c.430 BC ii Table of contents Acknowledgements vii List of figures viii List of tables xi List of Appendices xii Abstract xiv Declaration xvi Section One 1. Introduction 2 1.1 The Upper Sepik-Central New Guinea Project 2 1.2 Lapita and the exploration of relationships between language and culture in Melanesia 3 1.3 The quantification of relationships between material culture and language on New Guinea’s north coast 6 1.4 Thesis objectives 9 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bungku-Tolaki Languages of South-Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia
    The Bungku-Tolaki languages of South-Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia Mead, D.E. The Bungku-Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. D-91, xi + 188 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1999. DOI:10.15144/PL-D91.cover ©1999 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), John Bowden, Thomas E. Dutton, Andrew K. Pawley Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other material on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Pacific Linguistics is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics was established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. It is a non-profit-making body financed largely from the sales of its books to libraries and individuals throughout the world, with some assistance from the School. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The Board also appoints a body of editorial advisors drawn from the international community of linguists. Publications in Series A, B and C and textbooks in Series D are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise who are normally not members of the editorial board.
    [Show full text]
  • The Malayic-Speaking Orang Laut Dialects and Directions for Research
    KARLWacana ANDERBECK Vol. 14 No., The 2 Malayic-speaking(October 2012): 265–312Orang Laut 265 The Malayic-speaking Orang Laut Dialects and directions for research KARL ANDERBECK Abstract Southeast Asia is home to many distinct groups of sea nomads, some of which are known collectively as Orang (Suku) Laut. Those located between Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula are all Malayic-speaking. Information about their speech is paltry and scattered; while starting points are provided in publications such as Skeat and Blagden (1906), Kähler (1946a, b, 1960), Sopher (1977: 178–180), Kadir et al. (1986), Stokhof (1987), and Collins (1988, 1995), a comprehensive account and description of Malayic Sea Tribe lects has not been provided to date. This study brings together disparate sources, including a bit of original research, to sketch a unified linguistic picture and point the way for further investigation. While much is still unknown, this paper demonstrates relationships within and between individual Sea Tribe varieties and neighbouring canonical Malay lects. It is proposed that Sea Tribe lects can be assigned to four groupings: Kedah, Riau Islands, Duano, and Sekak. Keywords Malay, Malayic, Orang Laut, Suku Laut, Sea Tribes, sea nomads, dialectology, historical linguistics, language vitality, endangerment, Skeat and Blagden, Holle. 1 Introduction Sometime in the tenth century AD, a pair of ships follows the monsoons to the southeast coast of Sumatra. Their desire: to trade for its famed aromatic resins and gold. Threading their way through the numerous straits, the ships’ path is a dangerous one, filled with rocky shoals and lurking raiders. Only one vessel reaches its destination.
    [Show full text]