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Louis Maimbourg Un Historien Des Religions Du Xviie Siècle

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Louis Maimbourg Un Historien Des Religions Du Xviie Siècle Louis Maimbourg Un historien des religions du XVIIe siècle Louis Maimbourg (1610-1686) On peut lire dans Le grand dictionnaire historique ou le mélange curieux de l’histoire sacrée et profane de Louis Moreri que Louis Maimbourg, né en 1610, à Nancy, « de parens nobles & riches, avoit l’esprit fort vif & fort aisé, & s’est rendu celebre, tant par ses prédications, que par plusieurs livres d’histoires qu’il a donnez au public* ». Il a publié, entre autres titres, une Histoire de l’Arianisme depuis sa naissance jusqu’à sa fin : avec l’origine et le progrès de l’heresie des Sociniens, une Histoire de l’heresie des iconoclastes et de la translation de l’empire aux François, une Histoire de la decadence de l’empire après Charlemagne, et des differends des empereurs avec les papes au sujet des investitures et de l’indépendance, une Histoire du pontificat de saint Leon le Grand et une Histoire du Calvinisme. Ses premières « histoires », écrit Louis Moreri, « furent bien reçues du public ; elles se faisoient lire agreablement, & avoient un certain air de roman qui plaisoit à ceux qui n’étoient pas à portée de connoître les défauts de ces histoires mais peu à peu le monde est revenu de ce goût » (Moreri, tome IV, 1732, p.808). Louis Maimbourg s’explique sur cet « air de roman » dans l’avertissement de l’Histoire de l’heresie des iconoclastes et de la translation de l’empire aux François (1674) : « …si j’ai tâché de faire en sorte que ma manière d’écrire l’Histoire donnât le plaisir du Roman, par la diversité des choses, & des aventures que l’on y lit, & qui tiennent l’esprit en suspens, par l’enchaînement & la liaison que l’on y voit des unes avec les autres ; j’ai pris aussi tres-grand soin de lui donner tout le solide de l’exacte verité, autant qu’un Historien fidelle & laborieux la peut découvrir. » Il ajoute que sans s’arrêter aux « ruisseaux », il va « jusques aux sources, dans lesquelles, en trouvant la verité, [il a] découvert plus d’une fois, ou l’infidélité, ou la negligence de quelques-uns ». Pierre Bayle, tout en pensant qu’« un Historien passionné n’est guere croyable », reconnaîtra que « nous n’avons pas droit de croire que Mr. Maimbourg est un Savant superficiel, sous prétexte que ses Histoires ne traitent pas profondément les questions de Théologie, ou de Critique Ecclésiastique qu’elles rencontrent dans leur chemin ». Il estimera néanmoins qu’« il n’y a point lieu de conclure, qu’il est rempli d’une profonde érudition. » (Critique générale de l’Histoire du Calvinisme de Mr. Maimbourg, 1682). Entré en 1626 dans la Compagnie de Jésus, Louis Maimbourg en sortit en 1682, « par ordre du Pape Innocent XI mécontent de ce qu’il avoit écrit contre la cour de Rome, en faveur des propositions de l’assemblée du Clergé de France tenue l’an 1682 » (Dictionnaire universel, dogmatique, canonique, historique des sciences ecclésiastiques, 1760-1762). Cette décision l’affecta comme on peut en juger en lisant l’avertissement de l’Histoire du Calvinisme (1682): « Voicy le dixième Tome de mes Histoires, qui, comme je l’ose esperer, satisfera mon Lecteur, mesme à Rome, quoy qu’il paroisse assez qu’on n’y est pas trop satisfait de l’Auteur. Car il n’y a presque personne aujourd’huy qui ne sçache que j’ay eû le malheur de tomber dans la disgrace de N. S. Père le Pape, qui a fait mettre dans l’Indice, quelques-unes de mes Histoires, & m’a mis moy-mesme hors de la Compagnie des Jesuites […]. Ce coup m’a esté d’autant plus sensible, qu’il vient d’un Pape dont l’éminente vertu reconnuë & réverée de tout le monde, peut faire croire, particulierement à ceux dont je n’ay pas l’honneur d’estre bien connu, que je suis fort coupable. » Bien qu’assuré d’avoir « toûjours écrit & parlé conformément à la doctrine de l’Eglise, aux maximes & aux lois inviolables du Royaume, & porté hautement l’autorité du Saint-Siege & du Pape aussi loin qu’elle peut s’étendre selon l’Evangile, les Conciles, & les Saints Peres » et « tasché de vivre selon [sa] profession d’une manière qui fait [qu’il a] encore aujourd’huy le bonheur d’estre tenu & dedans & dehors la Société pour un homme irreprochable dans sa conduite & dans ses mœurs », Louis Maimbourg se retira à l’abbaye Saint-Victor de Paris où il mourut le 13 août 1686. *L’orthographe et la ponctuation originales ont été conservées. Catherine de Médicis vue par Louis Maimbourg La Reine Catherine de Medicis, qui estoit sans contredit l’une des plus fines & des plus habiles Princesses qui fut jamais, ayant fortement résolu à ce coup d’estre la maistresse, & de se mettre en possession du gouvernement de l’Etat, prit pour venir à ses fins une voye que les Politiques ont extrémement loüée, comme un trait d’une tres- grande adresse. D’une part elle ne voulut pas laisser anéantir, comme elle le pouvoit, le parti des Huguenots soustenu de celuy des deux premiers Princes du Sang, de peur que les Guises, qui avoient pour eux presque tous les Catholiques, n’ayant plus d’ennemis, ne fussent en estat de retenir encore, malgré qu’elle en eust, ce pouvoir absolu qu’ils avoient eû sous le Regne de François II. De l’autre, elle ne vouloit pas aussi que les Guises fussent détruits, de peur que le party des Princes n’ayant plus personne qui pust s’opposer à ce qu’il voudroit entreprendre, le Roy de Navarre qui prétendoit à la Régence, ne l’emportast sur elle. Sur quoy elle résolut de balancer les deux partis, & de les tenir continuellement en jalousie, en Catherine de Médicis François Clouet – Musée Carnavalet panchant, ou faisant semblant de pancher, tantost vers l’un, tantost vers l’autre, selon qu’ils seroient plus forts ou plus foibles, afin que s’estant ainsi renduë necessaire à tous les deux, elle pust se servir de l’un pour s’opposer à l’autre, & pour l’abbaisser quand il voudroit un peu trop s’élever. Louis Maimbourg, Histoire du Calvinisme Pierre Bayle répond à Louis Maimbourg À propos de l’Histoire du Calvinisme (1682) « Tout ce que la rebellion, la perfidie, est demeuré un chagrin plein de fiel & l’avarice, l’ambition, l’impieté, la cruauté, d’amertume, qu’il décharge par tout où il le desespoir, & toutes les autres passions peut ». Mais pour Pierre Bayle, si Louis les plus tumultueuses & les plus farouches Maimbourg, dont « la plume est ont inspiré de fureur & de rage aux plus hypothéquée au Roi par une grosse scelerats des siécles passez, le Calvinisme pension », a entrepris l’Histoire du […] l’a renouvellé de la mémoire de nos Calvinisme, c’est « uniquement afin de Ayeux & de nos Peres en ce Royaume, nous charger de la haine & de l’exécration pour s’y établir par le fer & par le feu, s’il publique, & de justifier, & fomenter le eust pû, sur les ruines de la Religion & de dessein qu’on a inspiré au Roi de nous l’Etat. » Si les « emportemens » de Louis perdre ». Aussi, ajoute-t-il, ne faut-il pas Maimbourg ont parfois fait sortir Pierre s’étonner « qu’il nous ait accomodez Bayle du « sens froid » avec lequel il a lu comme il a fait ». « d’un bout à l’autre » l’Histoire du Calvinisme, c’était par « pitié » ou pour en « rire ». Au début de sa Critique générale de l’Histoire du Calvinisme de Mr. Maimbourg* (1682), derrière laquelle « se donne à lire l’ébauche d’une vaste réflexion sur l’écriture de l’histoire en général et sur la répression des convictions religieuses » (Hubert Bost, Pierre Bayle, Fayard, 2006), Pierre Bayle s’interroge sur les raisons qui ont conduit Louis Maimbourg à écrire « avec des emportemens si outrez ». Personne n’ignorait « son tempérament plein de feu », et les années qu’il avait passées chez les Jésuites lui donnaient comme « une grande avance, pour avoir une merveilleuse facilité d’écrire d’un air fougueux ». Comme, en outre, il a été « employé à prêcher contre Messieurs de Pierre Bayle Louis Ferdinand Elle le Jeune – Château de Versailles Port-Royal » et qu’il a « très-mal réussi dans ce combat », Pierre Bayle en conclut qu’« il est très-naturel de croire qu’il lui en *Œuvres de Mr. Pierre Bayle, professeur en philosophie, et en histoire, à Rotterdam, tome second, La Haye, 1727. Cet article de Dominique Hoizey a été publié précédemment dans un numéro spécial de « Flodoard », bulletin de la bibliothèque Jean Gerson (Reims), édité à l’occasion des Journées Européennes du Patrimoine 2010. © Dominique Hoizey et Le Chat Murr .
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