DOCSLIB.ORG

The Perspective of Mosheim and Neander

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Concordia Seminary - Saint Louis Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary Doctor of Theology Dissertation Concordia Seminary Scholarship 5-1-1994 Integrity and Integration in Ecclesiastical Historiography: The eP rspective of Mosheim and Neander Paulo Buss Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.csl.edu/thd Part of the Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Buss, Paulo, "Integrity and Integration in Ecclesiastical Historiography: The eP rspective of Mosheim and Neander" (1994). Doctor of Theology Dissertation. 9. http://scholar.csl.edu/thd/9 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Concordia Seminary Scholarship at Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctor of Theology Dissertation by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Copyright 1994 by Paulo W. Buss CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DEDICATION iii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I. THE BEGINNINGS OF LUTHERAN HISTORIOGRAPHY 11 Luther's view of History Knowledge of history History seen with human eyes God and History The church and its history Philosophy or theology of history? Uses of history Luther from the perspective of integrity and integration Luther's impact on historiography The Magdeburg Centuries Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff II. JOHANN LORENZ MOSHEIM 51 Life and works Writings and influence Mosheim's contribution to historiography Historical Method and Definition Historical causation Pragmatic history Objectivity Style and intended readers Periorii72tion and internal structure of the Institutes Integrity and integration The first three centuries Integrity Integration From Constantine to Charlemagne Integrity Integration From Charlemagne to Luther Integrity Integration From the Reformation to the Eighteenth Century Integrity Integration Mosheim's theological position: a survey Mosheim's concept of the church Divine providence or natural causes Mosheim's relation to the theological parties of his time iii III. JOHANN AUGUST WILHELM NEANDER 124 Life and works Neander's writings Contributions to historiography Neander's view of church history Neander's achievements and limitations as a historian Neander's impact on the church and church historiography Integrity and integration Integrity Neander on the first three centuries Christianity and human nature Doctrine and heresy View on specific doctrines Christianity and culture Loss of integrity From the end of the Diocletian persecution to Gregory the Great From Gregory the Great to Gregory VII (590-1073) From Gregory VII to Boniface VIII (1073-1294) From Boniface VIII to the beginning of the Reformation Some conclusions on Neander's view of integrity Integration The first three centuries From Constantine to the Middle Ages The Middle Ages Highlights in Neander's theology CONCLUSION 203 BIBLIOGRAPHY 213 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DEDICATION The author is indebted to more people than can be named here. I owe gratitude to the Igreja Evangelica Luterana do Brasil and to the theological faculty and board of control of the Institute Concordia de Sao Paulo who granted me leave of absence for my studies. CRISP of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod provided financial assistance. Special thanks to Dr. Robert Rosin who went far beyond his duties of advisor in the many hours he dedicated to the revision and friendly discussion of this dissertation and who also contributed many insightful suggestions, to Dr. Wayne E. Schmidt who always found time and the right words to direct, counsel and encourage, and to Dr. Jacob A. 0. Preus III and Dr. Arthur D. Bacon who managed to create time in their busy schedules to read this study. Finally deep appreciation is due to all professors, students and families of Concordia Seminary who made our family feel at home in Saint Louis. I dedicate this study to the praise of God the giver of all good gifts and to my wife Marli and our children Fabio and Lucas who helped with love, encouragement, patience and in many other ways. Paulo W. Buss March 1994 Concordia Seminary, St. Louis INTRODUCTION Historical studies are too often ignored or at best given a secondary role in the modern world where interest in the latest scientific discoveries and in technological development dominates. Even in broad ecclesiastical circles, excessive concern for immediate relevance sometimes prompts questions about what history can possibly bring to the church, and the place of history as a legitimate, first-rank component of theological studies is often challenged. In contrast the Lutheran church at its inception showed a lively interest in history and a real appreciation for the contributions the discipline can make to the whole area of theological scholarship. Such interest and appreciation continued in subsequent centuries, but in the later part of the modem era and in what many now call the post-modern age, the validity of history's role has come under fire. Twentieth century historians now have to pose anew the question about the relevant contribution that historical studies can render to the church today as it examines itself, considering its essential message and its mission in the world. The present age has not only been called post-modem, it also is sometimes designated as the post-Christian era. Although Christianity has never before seen such world-wide expansion, the church has lost its past influence over human culture in general.' Can the church itself continue to survive intact in the midst of such radical I Although the literature on Christian missions continues to expand rapidly, the basic point of Christianity's dramatic spread is illustrated in detail by the encyclopedic work of Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of the Expansion of Christianity, 7 vols. (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1937- 1945). See also Latourette, Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, 5 vols. (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1958-1962). Latourette states: "To say glibly that the nineteenth and twentieth centuries witnessed early stages of the post-Christian era is a naive and hasty, if understandable generalization... From the standpoint of history it is too soon either to affirm or to deny the accuracy of that affirmation." 1 2 changes in the world around it? Can the church survive if it does not exercise a meaningful impact on the world? The integrity-integration motif used in this investigation is here proposed as an instrument to analyze how the church fared throughout history in its twofold mission of preserving its unique essence and identity on the one hand and of transmitting its message to the world in need of salvation on the other hand. Integrity is understood here as referring to what is essential for defining the church as church, as that which it cannot abandon without losing its own identity.2 The question about the criteria for this integrity has been differently answered by historians/theologians. From a confessional Lutheran point of view it is not enough to insist simply that there necessarily must be some kind of integrity in the church since this would make any subjective view of integrity acceptable. True integrity has to conform to the only source and norm of all legitimate Christian doctrine, the Holy Scriptures. But the church in each period of its history and in every place where it finds itself always envelopes its integrity in a specific form: doctrinal formulations, language, concepts and rituals. This enables it to preserve and transmit the Christian message. Therefore, both the content and the form of the Christian message become important for the definition of the integrity of the church. Consequently, the Ibid., 1: IX. Regarding the loss of influence of Christianity over the political, economical, moral and other areas M a secularized West see James Hastings Nichols, History of Christianity, 1650-1950 (New York: The Ronald Press Co., 1956). 2 The concepts of integrity and integration used here were first encountered in a class taught by Dr. August Suelflow in the 1979/80 academic year where the motif was applied to the history of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod in its process of growth from immigrant groups in the last century in the United States to the great church it is today. In 1984 I was called to teach at the Escola Superior de Teologia do Institute Concordia de Sio Paulo, one of the seminaries of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil. There I have been applying this motif in my classes in the analysis on the history of my own church. Dr. Suelflow used the illustration of a ball to explain his concepts. Integrity is the ball itself, while integration is the ball being used in a game. A proper balance between integrity and integration results in that both the ball is handled carefully and the game is being played. An excessive concern for integrity results in taking the ball out of the field and locking it into a safe lest it become soiled and damaged. The obvious consequence of such action is that it impedes the continuation of the game. An exclusive concern with integration, on the other hand, leads the players to abuse the ball in such a way that pretty soon they will have no ball left to continue the game. 3 integrity of the church is to be found first of all in its loyalty to the teachings of Holy Scripture but also in the acceptance of the authentic expressions of biblical truth as found primarily in symbols, that is, in the ecumenical creeds and the Lutheran Confessions, and found also in other documents which the church accepts as biblically sound and correct such as dogmatic works, hymnals, and liturgies.3 The effort to defend and preserve the integrity of the church involves both a positive and a negative action. Positively, the church sets up safeguards to keep its message pure and intact.
Recommended publications
  • Is There a Judeo-Christian Tradition?

    Is There a Judeo-Christian Tradition?

    Is there a Judeo-Christian Tradition? Perspectives on Jewish Texts and Contexts Edited by Vivian Liska Editorial Board Robert Alter, Steven E. Aschheim, Richard I. Cohen, Mark H. Gelber, Moshe Halbertal, Geoffrey Hartman, Moshe Idel, Samuel Moyn, Ada Rapoport-Albert, Alvin Rosenfeld, David Ruderman, Bernd Witte Volume 4 Is there a Judeo-Christian Tradition? A European Perspective Edited by Emmanuel Nathan Anya Topolski Volume inspired by the international workshop “Is there a Judeo-Christian tradition?” as part of the UCSIA/IJS Chair for Jewish-Christian Relations, organized by the Institute of Jewish Studies of the University of Antwerp and the University Centre Saint Ignatius Antwerp (UCSIA). An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. ISBN 978-3-11-041647-3 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-041659-6 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-041667-1 ISSN 2199-6962 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed
  • Theodicy and Toleration in Bayle's Dictionary

    Theodicy and Toleration in Bayle's Dictionary

    Theodicy and Toleration in Bayle’s Dictionary Michael W. Hickson Journal of the History of Philosophy, Volume 51, Number 1, January 2013, pp. 49-73 (Article) Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: 10.1353/hph.2013.0011 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hph/summary/v051/51.1.hickson.html Access provided by Stony Brook University (SUNY) (20 Apr 2014 03:27 GMT) Theodicy and Toleration in Bayle’s Dictionary MICHAEL W. HICKSON* introduction theodicy and toleration seem at first glance to be an unlikely pair of topics to treat in a single paper. Toleration usually means putting up with beliefs or ac- tions with which one disagrees, and it is practiced because the beliefs or actions in question are not disagreeable enough to justify interference. It is usually taken to be a topic for moral and political philosophy. Theodicy, on the other hand, is the attempt to solve the problem of evil; that is, to explain the origin of suffering and sin in a way that does not make God a moral cause of those evils.1 While theodicy concerns the notions of good and evil, and could therefore be considered a moral topic, historical and contemporary discussions of it have been predominantly meta- physical and epistemological in scope. Toleration and theodicy would therefore seem to belong to entirely different spheres of philosophical inquiry. When the paper in question is about Pierre Bayle, however, as this one is, treating these two topics together should seem more plausible, since the first half of Bayle’s career was spent arguing for toleration, while much of the latter half was devoted to defending his controversial thesis that there could be no purely rational solution to the problem of evil.
  • "Voluntary Martyrdom" and the Martyrs of Lyons

    "Voluntary Martyrdom" and the Martyrs of Lyons

    Abilene Christian University Digital Commons @ ACU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 8-2016 Zealous until Death: "Voluntary Martyrdom" and the Martyrs of Lyons Matthew R. Anderson Abilene Christian University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/etd Part of the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Matthew R., "Zealous until Death: "Voluntary Martyrdom" and the Martyrs of Lyons" (2016). Digital Commons @ ACU, Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 35. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ ACU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ ACU. ABSTRACT For decades, many scholars have been uncomfortable with the idea that some early Christians were eager to die. This led to the creation of the category “voluntary martyrdom” by which modern historians attempted to understand those martyrs who provoked their own arrest and/or death in some fashion. Scholars then connected this form of martyrdom with an early Christian movement called the New Prophecy, which came to be known as Montanism. Thus, scholars have scoured martyr accounts in an attempt to identify volunteers and, in some cases, label them Montanists. The Letter from the Churches of Vienna and Lyons and the martyrs it depicts did not escape such scrutiny. I contend that the martyrs in that account who have been accused of heresy are not only innocent of heresy but also should not be considered volunteers. This study surveys the role of the language of zeal and enthusiasm in the account of the martyrs of Lyons.
  • The Conceit of Norms in the Theology of Ernst Troeltsch

    The Conceit of Norms in the Theology of Ernst Troeltsch

    THE CONCEIT OF NORMS IN THE THEOLOGY OF ERNST TROELTSCH A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Divinity to the Post-Braduate Faculty of Divinity of the University of Edinburgh by Louise S. Eby TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAP. I. Introductory The Place of Troeltsch as a Theological Thinker II. The Necessity for Norms in the Field of Theology III* Troeltsoh*s Determinatam of Norms in the General Field of History IV. The Relation of Historical Norms to Theological Norms V. The IfciEa&inatiori: of the Theological Norms VI. Troeltsch^s Construction of the Normative Essence of Christianity VII. The Normative Significance of Jesus VIII. The Application of the Theological Norms in the General Field of the Religions of the World The Finality of Christianity IX» Conclusion The Value of Troeltsch* s Concept of Norms in Theology CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY THE PLACE OF TROELTSGH AS A THEOLOGICAL THINKER Brnst Troeltsch was born February 17, 1865, in Augsburg, German.. His father was a physicians hence the son had the opportunity to familiar ise himself with science in his parental home, and enjoyed the cultural advantages to which his family background made him heir. The classical culture became known to him in the Gymnasium, where he was prepared for the university. Following his own desire, he began the study of theo­ logy in 1885, and pursued his studies at Erlangen and Gottingen, where he sat at the feet of Frank, Ritschl, and Paul de Lagarde. All three of these great teachers contributed to the theological development of the youthful Troeltsch, as he later acknowledged repeqtedlyj but it was Ritschl who was most influential in the formation of Troeltsch* s own theology, even though the latter was largely a reaction from the 2 Ritschlian School.
  • The Opponents of Paul

    The Opponents of Paul

    The Opponents of Paul Roy Bowen Ward It was Ferdinand Christian Baur who first decisively pointed to the importance of the opponents of Paul for the understanding of both Paul in particular and early Christianity in general.1 Even if Baur's reconstructions are open to criticism,2 he succeeded in making the question of the character of the opponents an inescapable one. Baur supposed that Paul developed his doctrine in opposition to the primi­ tive Christian community, especially in opposition to a Petrine party. Even if wrong in this particular supposition, Baur drew attention to the fact that there was variety in early Christianity and that Paul was by no means admired by all within the early church. It is not necessary to labor the point that modern New Testament studies are indebted to Baur nor to criticize again the specific theses of Baur. Nevertheless, one legacy from Baur is especially regret­ table. Baur treated the problem of Paul his opponents In a rather simplified way, viz., two parties divided over the judaizing question. Johannes Munck has noted the way in which the literary hypotheses of Baur were soon rejected, but the historical-theological reconstruc­ tion was able to linger on in current scholarship; that is, the leitmotiv in the history of early Christianity continues to be seen by many as the contrast between Gentile and Jewish Christianity.3 Hans Leitz- mann serves as a convenient example of this view. In his popular history of early Christianity Leitzmann speaks of Paul: Wherever he went, the "Judaizers" followed. These emis­ saries were in continual contact with Jerusalem, and they made it seem credible to the churches that James and the original Apostles stood behind them.
  • A Victorian Curate: a Study of the Life and Career of the Rev. Dr John Hunt

    A Victorian Curate: a Study of the Life and Career of the Rev. Dr John Hunt

    D A Victorian Curate A Study of the Life and Career of the Rev. Dr John Hunt DAVID YEANDLE AVID The Rev. Dr John Hunt (1827-1907) was not a typical clergyman in the Victorian Church of England. He was Sco� sh, of lowly birth, and lacking both social Y ICTORIAN URATE EANDLE A V C connec� ons and private means. He was also a wi� y and fl uent intellectual, whose publica� ons stood alongside the most eminent of his peers during a period when theology was being redefi ned in the light of Darwin’s Origin of Species and other radical scien� fi c advances. Hunt a� racted notoriety and confl ict as well as admira� on and respect: he was A V the subject of ar� cles in Punch and in the wider press concerning his clandes� ne dissec� on of a foetus in the crypt of a City church, while his Essay on Pantheism was proscribed by the Roman Catholic Church. He had many skirmishes with incumbents, both evangelical and catholic, and was dismissed from several of his curacies. ICTORIAN This book analyses his career in London and St Ives (Cambs.) through the lens of his autobiographical narra� ve, Clergymen Made Scarce (1867). David Yeandle has examined a li� le-known copy of the text that includes manuscript annota� ons by Eliza Hunt, the wife of the author, which off er unique insight into the many C anonymous and pseudonymous references in the text. URATE A Victorian Curate: A Study of the Life and Career of the Rev.
  • Hegel's Philosophy Of

    Hegel's Philosophy Of

    L- ,o C| L> t ty- NUI MAYNOOTH Ollacali •• atiraann Wt Huad BOHM E AND HEGEL: A STUDY OF THEIR INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT AND SHARED READINGS OF TWO CHRISTIAN THEOLOGOUMENA NEIL O’DONNELL SUBMITTED WITH A VIEW TO OBTAIN THE DEGREE OF M.LITT. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND, MAYNOOTH DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY, FACULTY OF ARTS, CELTIC STUDIES, AND PHILOSOPHY OCTOBER 2008 ACTING HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DR MICHAEL DUNNE SUPERVISED BY DR CYRIL MCDONNELL CONTENTS Preface IV Abstract v Abbreviations and Conventions vii INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I THE DEVELOPMENT OF BÖHME AND HEGEL’S PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION Section One Reaction Against Christian Orthodoxy 6 § 1. 1. The Development o f Böhme ’s Theological Vision in the Face o f Protestant Orthodoxy 7 § 1. 2. Hegel, Tübingen, and Protestant Orthodoxy 16 Section Two Heterodox Leanings 27 § 2. 1. Böhme ’s Period o f Silence and the Failure o f Hermeticism 28 § 2. 2. Hegel's Swabian Heritage 38 Section Three The Return to the Reformation 53 § 3. 1. Böhme ’s Return to the Reformation 54 § 3. 2. Hegel the Reformer? 68 § 3. 3. 1. Liberating Religion from Representation 76 CHAPTER II THE CONCEPT OF GOD 86 Section One The Father 91 § 1. 1. Böhme 's Conception o f the Deus Absconditus 96 § 1. 2. Hegel’s Treatment o f Böhme 's Trinitarian Dynamic 107 § 1. 3. H eg e l’s G od and its H istorical Traces 112 Section Two The Son 119 § 2. 1. The Personhood o f the Trinity 120 §2. 2. The Incarnation 130 Section Three The Holy Spirit 144 § 3.
  • Current Theology

    Current Theology

    CURRENT THEOLOGY CHANGES IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF LUTHER: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG LUTHER Is Luther a Lutheran? Is there such a thing as a Lutheran theology or a Lutheran interpretation of Luther? The evaluation and re-evaluation of Martin Luther is an old yet current and urgent problem. It has always been urgent for Protestants to know the Reformers in order to know their tradition. Today it is especially important for both Protes­ tants and Roman Catholics to understand the Reformation. On the Protes­ tant side, contemporary theology has been influenced extensively by the Reformers. Thus one must be sure historically that the sixteenth century has not been distorted by contemporary interests, and systematically that the riches and relevance of Reformation theology have been fully realized. Traditionally, Roman Catholics have been interested in the Reformation more to attack it than to understand it. This is changing. Today Roman Catholics seek to understand the Reformation in order to achieve a theologi­ cal rapprochement with its heirs. Christian theologians of all traditions must understand the Reformation in order to understand theology. Theology as the many-splendored experience of the Church must appropriate the decisive product and critique of the Middle Ages. Actually, the task of understanding the Reformers is very complex. The search for the historical Luther has never yielded many permanent conclu­ sions. The interpretation of the "real'* Luther has changed from generation to generation. Today there is a re-evaluation of Luther going on—but historically this has always been the case, in varying degrees. One of the critical questions of modern Luther studies is the development of the young Luther.
  • Historiography of the Crusades

    Historiography of the Crusades

    This is an extract from: The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World edited by Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 2001 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. Printed in the United States of America www.doaks.org/etexts.html The Historiography of the Crusades Giles Constable I. The Development of Crusading Historiography The crusades were from their inception seen from many different points of view, and every account and reference in the sources must be interpreted in the light of where, when, by whom, and in whose interests it was written.1 Each participant made his— and in few cases her—own crusade, and the leaders had their own interests, motives, and objectives, which often put them at odds with one another. They were all distrusted by the Byzantine emperor Alexios Komnenos, whose point of view is presented in the Alexiad written in the middle of the twelfth century by his daughter Anna Komnene. The Turkish sultan Kilij Arslan naturally saw things from another perspective, as did the indigenous Christian populations in the east, especially the Armenians, and the peoples of the Muslim principalities of the eastern Mediterranean. The rulers of Edessa, Antioch, Aleppo, and Damascus, and beyond them Cairo and Baghdad, each had their own atti- tudes toward the crusades, which are reflected in the sources. To these must be added the peoples through whose lands the crusaders passed on their way to the east, and in particular the Jews who suffered at the hands of the followers of Peter the Hermit.2 The historiography of the crusades thus begins with the earliest accounts of their origins and history.
  • Introduction

    Introduction

    Introduction This book was started with the average theology student in mind. In my fifteen years of teaching theology at undergraduate and postgraduate level, I have come to understand that, within most student quarters, the dominant image of Ferdinand Christian Baur is that of a theologian associated with a nontraditional perspective on the Bible—generally dubbed “liberal”—so his name is primarily connected with biblical studies. It has become evident to me that a significant number of students do not even realize that Baur was more than just a biblical theologian, let alone ask why he believed what he wrote in his numerous academic productions. His interest in philosophy and religion escapes most students interested in theology, so questions related to his understanding of these issues rarely surface during courses and seminars. Consequently, I began to write this book hoping that theology students would understand not only what lies beneath Baur’s “liberal” (in the sense of nontra- ditional, because he did precede German theological liberalism) perspective on the Bible, but also get a sense of how his perspective on theology was shaped by a couple of his famous predecessors, most notably Jakob Böhme and G.W.F. Hegel, to whom Baur is greatly indebted for his intellectual development. It should be said here that Böhme and Hegel are not the only figures who moulded Baur’s understanding of religion in general and of Christian theol- ogy in particular. Friedrich Schelling and Friedrich Schleiermacher were also mentioned alongside Böhme
  • RETHINKING the CRUSADES University of South Africa PROMOTOR: PROF. E. OLIVER January 2014

    RETHINKING the CRUSADES University of South Africa PROMOTOR: PROF. E. OLIVER January 2014

    RETHINKING THE CRUSADES By JACQUES THERON submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Master of Theology in the subject Church History at the University of South Africa PROMOTOR: PROF. E. OLIVER January 2014 Student number: 31640761 I declare that RETHINKING THE CRUSADES is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. J. Theron Date TABLE OF CONTENTS Page number Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Area of investigation 2 1.2 Justification 2 1.3 Aims and objectives 3 1.4 Research method and procedures 4 1.4.1 Research methodology 4 1.4.2 Research design 5 1.4.3 Research limitations 5 1.4.4 Theoretical framework 6 1.5 Literature review 6 Chapter 2 The rise and spread of Islam 12 2.1 The origin of Islam 12 2.2 The expansion of Islam 14 Chapter 3 3.1 The world of the eleventh century 18 3.2 The Islamic world of the eleventh century 19 3.2.1 The Turks as the eleventh century Muslim power 20 3.3 The Byzantine Empire 22 3.4 Western Europe 23 3.4.1 Pilgrimage 26 3.4.2 Holy War 28 Chapter 4 4.1 The Crusades 31 4.2 The ideology surrounding the First Crusade 31 4.2.1 Violence 32 4.2.2 What Christians thought and knew about Muslims 33 4.2.3 The call to arms 35 4.2.4 On Crusade for Christ 40 4.3 Crusading over the centuries after the First Crusade 45 4.3.1 The Twelfth century aftermath of the First Crusade 46 4.3.2 The Third Crusade 48 4.3.3 Pope Innocent III 50 4.3.4 Crusading: from increasing popularity to eventual decline 55 4.3.4.1 Philip IV
  • Political Theology and Secularization Theory in Germany, 1918-1939: Emanuel Hirsch As a Phenomenon of His Time

    Political Theology and Secularization Theory in Germany, 1918-1939: Emanuel Hirsch As a Phenomenon of His Time

    Harvard Divinity School Political Theology and Secularization Theory in Germany, 1918-1939: Emanuel Hirsch as a Phenomenon of His Time Author(s): John Stroup Source: The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 80, No. 3 (Jul., 1987), pp. 321-368 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Harvard Divinity School Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1509576 . Accessed: 18/11/2013 17:40 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press and Harvard Divinity School are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Harvard Theological Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.42.202.150 on Mon, 18 Nov 2013 17:40:09 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions HTR80:3 (1987) 321 -68 POLITICAL THEOLOGY AND SECULARIZATION THEORY IN GERMANY, 1918-1939: EMANUEL HIRSCH AS A PHENOMENON OF HIS TIME * John Stroup Yale Divinity School According to Goethe, "writing history is a way of getting the past off your back." In the twentieth century, Protestant theology has a heavy burden on its back-the readiness of some of its most distinguished representatives to embrace totalitarian regimes, notably Adolf Hitler's "Third Reich." In this matter the historian's task is not to jettison but to ensure that the burden on Prot- estants is not too lightly cast aside-an easy temptation if we imagine that the theologians who turned to Hitler did so with the express desire of embracing a monster.