Martin Luther and the Reformation in Historical Thought, 1517-2017
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The Divided Roots of Lutheranism in South Africa
,\ . THE DIVIDED ROOTS OF LUTHERANISM IN SOUTH AFRICA A Critical Overview of the Social History of the German-speaking Lutheran Missions and the Churches Originating from their Work in South Africa Town A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Religious Studies Cape of By: Harald E. Winkler Supervisor: Prof. Charles Villa-Vicencio University - ... ,. Department of Religious Studies University of Cape Town • September 1989 _..... ..........,.,....-.,-..-. __ The University of Cape Town has.be.en !~:i: the right to reproduce this thesis in h l;...------------,t~.~~...,:,~~or in part. Copyrig\1t is held by the ;;iut or. The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derivedTown from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes Capeonly. of Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University · CONTENTS Abbreviations ....................................... iii Acknowledgements ............................. ·...... iv Abstract .............................................v INTRODUCTION Ai.Ins •• e e. • I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 2 Methodolog:y .........................................4 fypes of Church Histoif . ............ 4 The Church as a Site o Stru~gl.e . 7 The Role of Theological Reflection in Church History ......... 8 Limits ............................................. 10 Periodization ....................................... 12 CHAPTER ONE: THE MISSIONARY PERIOD (1834-1889) The Missionary Societies ............................. -
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Page Title & Author 1 Preface Dr. Sam Nafzger, The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod 2 Introduction Rev. Dr. William Mundt, Lutheran Church-Canada 5 The Apostles’ Creed Rev. Daniel Inyang, The Lutheran Church of Nigeria 8 The Nicene Creed Rev. Dr. Masao Shimodate, Japan Lutheran Church 11 The Athanasian Creed Rev. Reg Quirk, The Evangelical Lutheran Church of England 14 The Augsburg Confession of 1530 Rev. Dr. Jose Pfaffenzeller, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Argentina 17 Apology of the Augsburg Confession 1531 Dr. Paulo Buss, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil 20 The Smalcald Articles 1537 Rev. Dr. Dieter Reinstorf, Free Evangelical Lutheran Synod in South Africa 23 Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope Rev. Dr. Jin-Seop Eom, Lutheran Church in Korea 26 The Small Catechism Rev. Dr. Wilbert Kreiss, Evangelical Lutheran Church Synod of France & Belgium 29 The Large Catechism Dr. Werner Klän, Independent Evangelical - Lutheran Church 32 The Formula of Concord Dr. Andrew Pfeiffer, Lutheran Church of Australia 35 A Source of Harmony – Peace and a Sword Dr. Jeffrey Oschwald, The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod International Lutheran Council © 2005 Copyright Preface By Dr. Samuel H. Nafzger Commission on Theology and Church Relations Serves in The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod 2005 marks the 475th anniversary of the presentation of the Augsburg Confession before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V on June 25, 1530 and the 425th anniversary of the publication of the Book of Concord on June 25, 1575. To commemorate these important occasions, 10 essays prepared by seminary professors and theologians from member churches of the International Lutheran Council have been prepared to present an overview of each of the Book of Concord’s component parts. -
Theodicy and Toleration in Bayle's Dictionary
Theodicy and Toleration in Bayle’s Dictionary Michael W. Hickson Journal of the History of Philosophy, Volume 51, Number 1, January 2013, pp. 49-73 (Article) Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: 10.1353/hph.2013.0011 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hph/summary/v051/51.1.hickson.html Access provided by Stony Brook University (SUNY) (20 Apr 2014 03:27 GMT) Theodicy and Toleration in Bayle’s Dictionary MICHAEL W. HICKSON* introduction theodicy and toleration seem at first glance to be an unlikely pair of topics to treat in a single paper. Toleration usually means putting up with beliefs or ac- tions with which one disagrees, and it is practiced because the beliefs or actions in question are not disagreeable enough to justify interference. It is usually taken to be a topic for moral and political philosophy. Theodicy, on the other hand, is the attempt to solve the problem of evil; that is, to explain the origin of suffering and sin in a way that does not make God a moral cause of those evils.1 While theodicy concerns the notions of good and evil, and could therefore be considered a moral topic, historical and contemporary discussions of it have been predominantly meta- physical and epistemological in scope. Toleration and theodicy would therefore seem to belong to entirely different spheres of philosophical inquiry. When the paper in question is about Pierre Bayle, however, as this one is, treating these two topics together should seem more plausible, since the first half of Bayle’s career was spent arguing for toleration, while much of the latter half was devoted to defending his controversial thesis that there could be no purely rational solution to the problem of evil. -
Defining Lutheranism from the Margins: Paul Peter Waldenström on Being a ‘Good Lutheran’ in America Mark Safstrom Augustana College, Rock Island Illinois
Augustana College Augustana Digital Commons Scandinavian Studies: Faculty Scholarship & Scandinavian Studies Creative Works 2012 Defining Lutheranism from the Margins: Paul Peter Waldenström on Being a ‘Good Lutheran’ in America Mark Safstrom Augustana College, Rock Island Illinois Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/scanfaculty Part of the History of Christianity Commons, Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons, and the Scandinavian Studies Commons Augustana Digital Commons Citation Safstrom, Mark. "Defining Lutheranism from the Margins: Paul Peter Waldenström on Being a ‘Good Lutheran’ in America" (2012). Scandinavian Studies: Faculty Scholarship & Creative Works. https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/scanfaculty/3 This Published Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Scandinavian Studies at Augustana Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scandinavian Studies: Faculty Scholarship & Creative Works by an authorized administrator of Augustana Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Defining Lutheranism from the Margins: Paul Peter Waldenström on Being a “Good Lutheran” in America MARK SAFSTROM he histories of church institutions may often be written by the orthodox “winners,” but dissenters, protestors, and even her Tetics undoubtedly play important roles in giving direction to the parent institution’s evolving identity. Such voices from the mar- gins often set the agenda at crucial moments, prompting both the dissenters and establishment to engage in a debate to define proper theology and practice. Once a dissenting group has formally sepa- rated from a parent body, there is a risk that teleological hindsight will obscure the nature of these conversations, including the reasons for the ultimate separation and the intentions of both the dissenters and the establishment. -
A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia Christina Han
Consensus Volume 38 Issue 1 Reformation: Then, Now, and Onward. Varied Article 4 Voices, Insightful Interpretations 11-25-2017 A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia Christina Han Follow this and additional works at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/consensus Part of the Chinese Studies Commons, History of Christianity Commons, Japanese Studies Commons, Korean Studies Commons, and the Missions and World Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Han, Christina (2017) "A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia," Consensus: Vol. 38 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. Available at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/consensus/vol38/iss1/4 This Articles is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Consensus by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Han: Reformation in East Asia A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia Christina Han1 The Reformation 500 Jubilee and the Shadow of the Past he celebratory mood is high throughout the world as we approach the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. Themed festivals and tours, special services and T conferences have been organized to commemorate Martin Luther and his legacy. The jubilee Luther 2017, planned and sponsored the federal and municipal governments of Germany and participated by churches and communities in Germany and beyond, lays out the goals of the events as follows: While celebrations in earlier centuries were kept national and confessional, the upcoming anniversary of the Revolution ought to be shaped by openness, freedom and ecumenism. -
500Th Anniversary of the Lutheran Reformation
500TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION L LU ICA TH EL ER G A N N A S V Y E N E O H D T LUTHERAN SYNOD QUARTERLY VOLUME 57 • NUMBERS 2 & 3 JUNE & SEPTEMBER 2017 The journal of Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary ISSN: 0360-9685 LUTHERAN SYNOD QUARTERLY VOLUME 57 • NUMBERS 2 & 3 JUNE & SEPTEMBER 2017 The journal of Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary LUTHERAN SYNOD QUARTERLY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF........................................................... Gaylin R. Schmeling BOOK REVIEW EDITOR ......................................................... Michael K. Smith LAYOUT EDITOR ................................................................. Daniel J. Hartwig PRINTER ......................................................... Books of the Way of the Lord The Lutheran Synod Quarterly (ISSN: 0360-9685) is edited by the faculty of Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary 6 Browns Court Mankato, Minnesota 56001 The Lutheran Synod Quarterly is a continuation of the Clergy Bulletin (1941–1960). The purpose of the Lutheran Synod Quarterly, as was the purpose of the Clergy Bulletin, is to provide a testimony of the theological position of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod and also to promote the academic growth of her clergy roster by providing scholarly articles, rooted in the inerrancy of the Holy Scriptures and the Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Lutheran Synod Quarterly is published in March and December with a combined June and September issue. Subscription rates are $25.00 U.S. per year for domestic subscriptions and $35.00 U.S. per year for international subscriptions. All subscriptions and editorial correspondence should be sent to the following address: Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary Attn: Lutheran Synod Quarterly 6 Browns Ct Mankato MN 56001 Back issues of the Lutheran Synod Quarterly from the past two years are available at a cost of $10.00 per issue. -
Historiography of the Crusades
This is an extract from: The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World edited by Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 2001 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. Printed in the United States of America www.doaks.org/etexts.html The Historiography of the Crusades Giles Constable I. The Development of Crusading Historiography The crusades were from their inception seen from many different points of view, and every account and reference in the sources must be interpreted in the light of where, when, by whom, and in whose interests it was written.1 Each participant made his— and in few cases her—own crusade, and the leaders had their own interests, motives, and objectives, which often put them at odds with one another. They were all distrusted by the Byzantine emperor Alexios Komnenos, whose point of view is presented in the Alexiad written in the middle of the twelfth century by his daughter Anna Komnene. The Turkish sultan Kilij Arslan naturally saw things from another perspective, as did the indigenous Christian populations in the east, especially the Armenians, and the peoples of the Muslim principalities of the eastern Mediterranean. The rulers of Edessa, Antioch, Aleppo, and Damascus, and beyond them Cairo and Baghdad, each had their own atti- tudes toward the crusades, which are reflected in the sources. To these must be added the peoples through whose lands the crusaders passed on their way to the east, and in particular the Jews who suffered at the hands of the followers of Peter the Hermit.2 The historiography of the crusades thus begins with the earliest accounts of their origins and history. -
RETHINKING the CRUSADES University of South Africa PROMOTOR: PROF. E. OLIVER January 2014
RETHINKING THE CRUSADES By JACQUES THERON submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Master of Theology in the subject Church History at the University of South Africa PROMOTOR: PROF. E. OLIVER January 2014 Student number: 31640761 I declare that RETHINKING THE CRUSADES is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. J. Theron Date TABLE OF CONTENTS Page number Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Area of investigation 2 1.2 Justification 2 1.3 Aims and objectives 3 1.4 Research method and procedures 4 1.4.1 Research methodology 4 1.4.2 Research design 5 1.4.3 Research limitations 5 1.4.4 Theoretical framework 6 1.5 Literature review 6 Chapter 2 The rise and spread of Islam 12 2.1 The origin of Islam 12 2.2 The expansion of Islam 14 Chapter 3 3.1 The world of the eleventh century 18 3.2 The Islamic world of the eleventh century 19 3.2.1 The Turks as the eleventh century Muslim power 20 3.3 The Byzantine Empire 22 3.4 Western Europe 23 3.4.1 Pilgrimage 26 3.4.2 Holy War 28 Chapter 4 4.1 The Crusades 31 4.2 The ideology surrounding the First Crusade 31 4.2.1 Violence 32 4.2.2 What Christians thought and knew about Muslims 33 4.2.3 The call to arms 35 4.2.4 On Crusade for Christ 40 4.3 Crusading over the centuries after the First Crusade 45 4.3.1 The Twelfth century aftermath of the First Crusade 46 4.3.2 The Third Crusade 48 4.3.3 Pope Innocent III 50 4.3.4 Crusading: from increasing popularity to eventual decline 55 4.3.4.1 Philip IV -
Historicist Interpretations of the Book of Revelation from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia May 2020 Historicism, a Method of In
Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia May 2020 Historicism, a method of interpretation in Christian eschatology which associates biblical prophecies with actual historical events and identifies symbolic beings with historical persons or societies, has been applied to the Book of Revelation by many writers. The Historicist view follows a straight line of continuous fulfillment of prophecy which starts in Daniel's time and goes through John's writing of the Book of Revelation all the way to the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.[1] One of the most influential aspects of the early Protestant historicist paradigm was the assertion that scriptural identifiers of the Antichrist were matched only by the institution of the Papacy. Particular significance and concern were the Papal claims of authority over both the Church, through Apostolic succession, and the State, through the Divine right of Kings. When the Papacy aspires to exercise authority beyond its religious realm into civil affairs, on account of the Papal claim to be the Vicar of Christ, then the institution was fulfilling the more perilous biblical indicators of the Antichrist. Martin Luther wrote this view, which was not novel, into the Smalcald Articles of 1537. It was then widely popularized in the 16th century, via sermons, drama, books, and broadside publication.[2] The alternate methods of prophetic interpretation, Futurism and Preterism were derived from Jesuit writings, whose counter reformation efforts were aimed at opposing this interpretation[3][4][5][6] that the Antichrist was the Papacy or the power of the Roman Catholic Church.[7] Origins in Judaism and Early Church[edit] The interpreters using the historicist approach for Revelation had their origins in the Jewish apocalyptic writings such as we see in the book of Daniel, which predicted the future the time between their writing and the end of the world. -
Concou()Io Theological Monthly
Concou()io Theological Monthly J U N E • 195 6 "A Basic History of Lutheranism in America"* By 1. W. SPITZ A bdel Ross Wentz, the author of this book, may be regarded as the n dean of historians of the Lutheran Church in America. Among the significant contributions to the history of Lutheranism in this country is his Lutheran Church in American History, the precursor of the present volume. His History of the Evangelical Lutheran SY1wd of Maryland and The Beginnings of the German Element in York County, Pennsylvania, have set a pattern for other historians, demonstrating the kind of work that must be done elsewhere before a final and comprehen sive history of Lutheranism can be written. The same may be said for his interesting History of the Gettysburg Theological Seminary, parts of which every Lutheran school boy should know. How many pupils know that the famous Seminary Ridge in the Battle of Gettysburg is named after a Lutheran seminary and that the seminary was used for a hospital by the Confederate army? The marks are still there. Blood stains on books used for pillows may help one to understand why a God.fearing surgeon wrote a prayer for peace on one of the flyleaves. But to return to the author of A Basic History, Dr. Wentz writes with a deep love of the Lutheran Church; but he does not permit his heart to prejudice his judgment. He is a historian, aiming to maintain the objectivity of his guild as far as that is humanly possible. Every historian knows, of course, that his objectivity is conditioned to some extent by his own past and present environment. -
Mission As Nota Ecclesiae?: Testing the Scope of Augsburg Confession 7 and 8
Is mission a sign of the church? The Rev. Dr. Klaus Detlev Schulz’s presentation from the Mission as Nota Ecclesiae?: Concordia University Irvine Joint Professors’ Conference Testing the Scope of explains. Augsburg Confession 7 and 8 by Klaus Detlev Schulz n our discussion of AC VII and AC VIII, a few the mission discussions orbited around these articles fundamental questions have to be answered if we gradually illuminated their missiological potential.2 bring systematics and missiology together, as I’m told I. Stage 1: Mission marginalized Ito do. How do the two articles in the Augsburg Confession relate to missions? How does ecclesiology inform mission The ecclesiology of the Augsburg Confession as and how does mission inform ecclesiology? Is, as my title defined in AC VII did not go unnoticed by mission schol- indicates, mission a sign of the church? Here we touch on ars. For example, in an essay, Theological Education in a sensitive topic. In terms of becoming Missionary Perspective, David Bosch involved in mission both theologically Mission is not takes a stab at the Protestant defini- tions of the church, of which AC VII and in practice, Lutheranism is a the possession of Johnny-come-lately. It took time to was the first: develop a missiology that would clarify a few committed Another factor responsible for the issues related to foreign missions. Of Christians more present embarrassment in the field course, as rightly pointed out, Luther’s pious than others of mission is that the modern mis- theology and Lutheran theology is a seed . but rather it sionary enterprise was born and 1 bed for missions, yet the seed still had belongs to the bred outside the church. -
Essays on Modern Religious Thought, Chicago and London: the University of Chicago Press, 1993
The Lutheran Reformation Then and Now The 500th anniversary of the Reformation isn't important just for confessional Lutherans. Lutheranism in general is celebrating its 500th birthday. Other denominations are also participating. Even the Roman Catholic Church is joining the jubilee (albeit with some reservations). In Germany the anniversary was ceremonially started on October 31st, 2016 in Berlin by ecclesiastical and political representatives. Federal President Joachim Gauck expressed appreciation for the changes which have arisen from the Reformation. In many respects even the state was shaped by the Reformation.1 But is this birthday party — organized in a way that is very effective from a PR perspective —at all legitimate? Luther's posting of the Theses is often portrayed by the media as a legend.2 Even the Evangelical Church of Germany (EKD) speaks of the important event as a "protestant founding myth."3 But the posting of the Theses isn't a legend. Historical evidence for example can be found in a letter of Luther to Archbishop Albrecht dating October 31st, 1517. In it Luther mentions the 95 Theses. Obviously the theses were originally attached to the letter, although they weren't discovered in the archives.4 But is it enough to commemorate an event which happened 500 years ago like we otherwise observe anniversaries or birthdays — by having a nice celebration? Luther himself probably would protest the loudest, if we celebrate this anniversary elaborately without asking what Luther and the Reformation were all about. If we really want to celebrate the anniversary in accordance with the wishes of Luther and our Lutheran fathers, we need to ask about their actual concerns and motives.