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Clonal Oak Propagation: Almost a Reality

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Clonal Oak Propagation: Almost a Reality Table of Con The Name Game. • • • 3 Clonal Oak Propogation: Almost a Reality. 36 Homonyms, Synonyms, and Frustrations: An Introduction Garry Oak Communities in to the Name Problems of Oaks . • 6 Canada: Classification, Characterization and Nomenclature Problems in Oak Conservation . 40 Propogation • • • • • • • • . 13 Among the Oak Forests of Oak Barrels: Where They Come Borneo and Java. • • • • 55 from and How They Are Mad~ . • 19 Author's Guidelines . • • • • 65 A New Species of Red Oak (Quercus sec. lobatae) from International Oaks is edited and Central Mexico . 30 designed by Russell K. Stare, Auburn, lllinois About the Cover _____________ The new logo for the International Oak Society, unveiled this issue, was designed by Niki Simpson, a freelance botanical artist. Several ideas were suggested to show joining and unity. Simpson responded with this idea. The oak-leaf continents are based on a specimen of Quercus xbimundorum, a hybrid between 0. roburand 0. alba, thus linking both the New and Old Worlds. Anyone interested in joining the International Oak benefits include publications, conferences, and ex­ Society or ordering information should contact changes of seeds and information among men1- Peter van der Linden at the membership office. bers fron1 30 nations on six continents. Membership dues are U.S. $15 per year, and ntact the Inter tional 0 Soci Business office: Editorial office: Membership payments: Guy Sternberg, President Doug McCreary International Oak Society Starhill Forest Integrated Hardwood c/o Richard Jensen Route 1, Box 272 R ange Mgt. Program Department of Biology Petersburg, Illinois 6267 5 University of California Saint Mary's College USA 8279 Scott Forbes Road Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 e-tnail: Browns Valley, California USA strhlfrst@ aol.com 95918 e-mail: USA rjensen@sai ntmarys.edu e-n1ail: [email protected] International Oaks by Guy Sternberg Starhill Forest Arboretum NAPPC Oak Reference Collection Petersburg, Illinois USA n this issue of International Oaks we attempt to relieve, or at least explain, some of the confusion surrounding oak nomenclature. The following brief guideline is in­ tended primarily for authors and reviewers working with papers for publication in International Oaks. It also tnay be very helpful for the majority of readers, who probably are not specialists in taxonomy and not completely familiar with current nomenclature of the genus Quercus. Beginning in the broadest sense, and continuing through levels of in­ creasingly fine detail, oaks may be described as follows: Family= Fagaceae (Pronounced "fah-GAY -see-ee" or "fay­ Gay-see''.) This family includes oaks and their closest relatives, such as beeches (Fagus), chestnuts (Castanea), chinkapins ( Castanopsis), lithocarps (Lithocarpus, including Pasania), tan oaks ( Chrysolepis), and some obscure genera (Trigonobalanus, Colontbobalanus, F orntanodendron). Another genus, the southern beeches (Nothofagus), some­ times is included, but sometimes placed in its own family, the Nothofagaceae. Genus = Oak (In English) = Quercus (In Latin: written in italic and capitalized.) Subgenera are: • Scale-cup oaks = Subgenus Quercus contd. on pg. 4 ' No.1 0 I Spring 2000 Page ·3 International Oaks ameGame • • • contd. from pg. 3 , • Ring-cup oaks - Subgenus talized, and the entire name down Cyclobalanopsis through species level is written in ital­ (Note that some authorities dispute the ics.) recognition of only two subgenera, sepa­ rating the red oaks from Subgenus Several Botanical Names in the same Quercus and giving them subgeneric genus written in a single paper = rank as Subgenus Erythrobalanus; oth­ Quercus alba, Q. velutina, Q. rubra (Af­ ers still consider Cyclobalanopsis a dis­ ter naming the genus, subsequent us­ tinct genus, like Lithocarpus.) age may be abbreviated Q.) Sections within the scale-cup oaks are: Variety Name = Quercus alba var. pinnatifida (The abbreviation "var." • White oaks= Section Quercus (Note: stands for variety, and is neither capital­ also called Lepidobalanus, ized nor italicized. A variety is a sub­ Leucobalanus, Euquercus) classification within a species.) • Red oaks = Section Lobatae (Note: also called Erythrobalanus, Rubrae) Cultivar Name = Quercus frainetto • Golden oaks = Section Protobalanus 'Schmidt' (formerly Q. frainetto cv. (Sometimes called "Intermediate Oaks") Schmidt) (A cultivar is literally a "culti­ (Sections can be further divided into vated variety"; published cultivar names Series, such as Series Virentes, the east­ are capitalized as proper nouns and en­ ern live oaks of North and Central closed by single quotes.) America.) Registered Trademark Name for the Subspecies are recognized within many same oak =Forest Green ® Oak. A trade­ species (e.g. Quercus petraea subsp. mark name is used in the United States huguetiana.) to protect the marketing rights for a cul­ tivar, because plant patents eventually • Vernacular (common) Name of a spe­ expire but trademarks in continuous use cies = white oak. do not. (The trademark is not the official name of the cultivar, but is used in the • Botanical (Latin) Name of the same spe­ nursery trade. The full citation would cies = Quercus alba (The genus is capi- include the cultivar name followed by International Oaks the trademark name.) brid epithet, and spoken "Quercus macdanielii" or sometimes, for clarity, Author Attributions: "Quercus cross macdanielii". • Species with attribution = Quercus Formula name for the same cross = alba L. ("L." is short for Linnaeus, who Quercus robur x Q. macrocarpa (Note first named and described this species.) spaces surrounding the cross sign on • Variety with attribution = Quercus both sides in a formula name. In this ex­ ample, Q. robur is placed first because it shumardii B uckl. var. acerifolia Palmer is the known pistillate parent for the type; (Buckley first named and described the when the parents' respective genders are species, and Palmer defined the variety.) unknown, the parent species usually are • Corrected name = Quercus placed in alphabetical order.) shangxiensis Z.K.Zhou nom. nov. Q. lanceolata S.Z.Qu et W.H.Zhang. non Vernacular (common) Name for the same Q. lanceolata Bonpl. (Note that the plant cross = English oak x bur oak (Also: names are shown in italics, but not the McDaniel oak.) authors' names; authors' names which include initials are written without inter­ Hopefully, this simplified summary of nal spaces. In this example, Dr. Zhekun some of the confusing format conven­ Zhou corrected the name of a Chinese tions we use to describe oaks will make oak found in Shangxi. The name Q. International Oaks more user friendly lanceolata is a later homonym because for all members. If you plan to submit a it was assigned by S.Z. Qu and W.H. paper, or if understanding some of our Zhang to this oak but had been applied most technical papers sometimes is dif­ earlier, i. e. with priority, to a Mexican oak ficult, please copy this guide and keep it species; the new, valid name for the Chi­ handy for future reference. nese species is Q. shangxiensis.) Hybrid Epithets: Epithet for a named hybrid oak = Quercus xmacdanielii (Written as: Ge­ nus [space] cross sign [no space] hy- International Oaks ' ' •• e e by Thierry Lamant Office National des Forets Conservatoire de Resources Genetiques Ardon, France and Guy Sternberg Starhill Forest Arboretum NAPPC Oak Reference Collection Petersburg, Illinois USA he nomenclature of the genus Quercus is a nightmare for non-taxonomists. It can be very difficult even for skilled scientists to navigate the jungle of Latin names and conflicting authors, and some may find their research results, botanical collections, herbaria, or nursery catalogs compromised by confusion. Here is an overview of the situ­ ation, presented by non-taxonomists for the benefit of other non-taxonomists. One of the main difficulties encountered with oak names involves different authors applying the satne name to differ­ ent species. An example can be found in the trees fonnerly known as Q. prinus L. in the United States. This old name covered at least two different species (Q.montana Willd. in common usage, but perhaps more correctly by priority of publication Q.michauxii Nuttall). It is not clear which speci- Internlttional Oaks men Linnaeus used for his type. In cur­ rent literature, the name Q. prinus is be­ ing discarded for this reason. These species have a close relative, the dwarf chestnut oak Q. prinoides L. Among other names, it has been called Q. prinus var. pumila Michx., Q. prinus var. h~,;unilis Marshall , and Q. prinus var. chi neap in F.Michx. But since Q. prinus itself is a confused name, where does Foliage of the Texas oak species Quercu buckelyi Nixon and Dorr (formerly kn o\\'11 o~ Quercu. texana) this leave the dwarf chestnut oak? It at the Ne ll M exico J\!lilitary Institute in Roswell, seems closest to the yellow chestnut oak Neu· Mexico. Q. 1nuhlenbergii Engelm. (some try to spel1 it Q. muehlenbergii, or even Q. miihlenbergii). This larger species once "0 was thought to be a variety of the dwarf L ~ .......0 ~ .., L species. Luckily, the point is moot, be­ :::J l((l co cause dwarf chestnut oak is now recog­ L>- L 0 nized as a distinct species. _.) >- ...0 0 Another case involves the confused +- ..s::0 name Q. texana Buckley. The name, at n. one taxonomic level or another, com­ Foiiage of Quercus nuttallii E.J. Palmer (renamed monly is applied to a small Shun1ard-like Quercus texana Buckley due to cm~jitsion over the type specimen) near Taylm; Arkansas. oak found in Texas (= Q. shumardii var. or subsp. texana). The name also has extending west across the Texas border. been used for Q. gravesii Sudworth, This obviously was not Buckley's intent, another Texas species. Either application and applying Q. texana to this species seems logical to the casual observer serves only to increase confusion. In since these both are predominantly such cases we son1etimcs serve the rules, Texas trees. But, again, there was confu­ regardless of logic or consequences, sion regarding the type specimen.
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