IJBPAS, October, 2015, 4(10): 6068-6081 ISSN: 2277–4998

ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE SEASONS ON CONSUMING THE (CASE STUDY: OLD )

MOHAMMAD HOMAYOUN SEPEHR AND *ZAHRA SHARIF Islamic Azad University, Tehran Markaz Unit, Tehran, *Author for Correspondence E-mail: [email protected]; Tel No.: +989127186048 ABSTRACT Nutrition has been among human's initial needs and today, the in each region is accounted as one of the important element in recognizing the cultural features of various societies. Indeed, seasons have had direct influences on the nutrition of Tehran people in a way, so that the people were using particular drinks and foods of this season in summer and in winter, they were also feeding by the appropriate foods of the season. In spring and fall, they were also consuming the products of these seasons to provide and cook their foods which have had fitness with the climate conditions and also economic conditions of their families. In this regard, the paper is of qualitative type descriptively which is carried out as field study and its aim is to recognize and analyze the role of feed in old Tehran and its relation with the seasons. Keywords: old Tehran, nutrition, seasons, temperament INTRODUCTION Nutrition has been among the human's existing between the feed and the initial needs and today, the food in each geographical environment is of high region is accounted as one of the important importance, because traditionally, a wide elements in recognizing the cultural part of the feed is derived from the features of various societies. Food has ecosystem and the sources the environment found various and numerous dimensions in offers to human in different seasons of the the framework of culture and it is able to be year. The nutrition sources of the studied and investigated in various environment are also varying affected by directions. In this meantime, the relation the seasons and weather conditions. As a

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result, they cause variety in nutrition liquid consumed in the body for culture of each region. In different regions, maintaining the skeleton, development and according to the weather, the soil, cellular reproduction, adjusting the vital vegetation and the available tools and interactions and generating heat and energy techniques use a form of the feeds and after eating and digesting and being nutrition and accordingly, the nutrition absorbed by the bowels". [1] On this basis, pattern and structure are formed according "nutrition is a set of interactions causing the to the knowledge of their traditional live member and its cells receive the medicine. nutrients and get them to be consumed by The seasons have had direct influences on development and rehabilitation and the nutrition of old Tehran people, so that maintain the members and provide the the people were consuming particular required and sufficient heat and energy to drinks and foods of the season in summer perform the vital actions and other and in winter. In winter, they were also associated activities. In other words, feeding by the appropriate foods of the nutrition consists of the relation between season. In spring and fall, they were also the food and the method of being consumed consuming the products of these seasons to by the body in order to provide the superior provide and cook their foods which have level of health for itself." (Same reference) had fitness with the climate conditions and Cooking: "Cooking" is the technique to also economic conditions of their families. prepare, foster and cook the raw and natural According to cultural variations and the life nutrients in different styles in order to be style of people, it is attempted in the eaten. The art of cooking was also called present paper to investigate on the relation science and industry in the ancient texts. between the feed culture of old Tehran The first part of the word "Ashpazi (Persian people and change in seasons and the translation for "cooking")" is adopted from climatic conditions. the word "as" in Sanskrit language and the DEFINITION OF NUTRITION root of the word "ad" means eating which The feed is placed beside the clothes and has cohesion to the Latin word "edo" and housings as one of the most initial and the words which are common among other fundamental necessities of human life. The Indo-European races like German "essen" human's need to food forms his attempt to and English "to eat" [2]. solve it. The human requires food to grow. The word "potage" which is in "prataraca" "The food is referred to a solid material or a form in Sanskrit language means breakfast

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and the word "sayamaca" means prepared conditions, traditions, climatic conditions dinner [3]. In Persian culture and literature, and his/her habits. In the ancient medicine, the word "potage" is given as both general the issue of nature and temperament of and special meanings. In general meaning, food has been considered greatly. Any it is referred to any type of food person living in this world has not more "components of pottage in the morning and than three states; he/she has hot temper, in the night… two times a month" [4]. cold temper or moderate temper. This The Persian word "Ash" in the combinatory matter may be experienced and being components of the words "Ashpaz understood by anyone. As any person has (cooker)", "Ashpazkhaneh (kitchen)", his/her own particular temperament, any "Ashpazi (cooking)", "Ashkhaneh (house nutrition has also a particular nature [5]. of cooking)" means (feed), i.e. any Each one of these four elements has a type of food and feed. The feed meaning particular nature. For instance, the things in any type of food has had many applications which the fire source is higher, is called hot since ancient times (Bolookbashi, 2013) and dry because the nature of fire is hot and (Same reference) The word "Khoresh finally gets dry. So, anything in which this (feed)" also means particular food which is element is higher has such state. Things cooked using meat with a variety of having more watery source are called cold vegetables, squash, , cabbage, and wet. Things having more earthen and etc. and some fruits like plum, source are called cold and dry. All four apple, , , okra and otherwise. elements contradict to each other, i.e. they And they are called in different names like are incompatible to each other. "hash" or "mince food", " food", "plum-spinach food", "Fesenjan TEMPERAMENT OF SEASONS food" and etc. The Fesenjan and mince Temperament of spring: the temperament food which their cooking and eating have of this season is moderate. Temperament of been common in the winter and summer spring is moderate in terms of the intensity were also called "wedding food on the of wetness and dryness and for this reason table". it is in moderation in terms of heat and Recognizing self-nature and consuming cold. appropriate foods Spring season Every person's nature and temperament Spring has hot and wet temperament. This depends on the nutrition type, weather season promises renewed life. In this

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season, the rate of mucus production or sour drinks, vegetables and new fruits becomes less in the body because of like watermelon, cucumber, succor, warming of the weather. Also in this season cotoneaster, limeade, barberry syrup and of year, some soft comestibles should be other useful comestibles available in each consumed which are digested early and geographical region. It is better not to causes fining of blood and producing new consume very fatty, long-digestive and blood in the body in order to prevent the remained foods and instead consume light diseases and chronic disorders, some foods which are digested easily. comestibles such as: vegetables and new Temperament of fall and particular foods of this season and soft The fall season is moderate in terms of meats which have easy digestion like fishes coldness and hotness, but non-moderate in and birds. terms of wetness and dryness. Temperament of summer: the temperament Temperament of fall is cold and dry. of this season is both hot and dry. The (Spiritual, psychological and depression reasons for dryness of summer are: illnesses rise). 1- Intensification of heat which Fall season: fall season has cold and dry annihilates the humidity (wetness). temperament. In this season, the air 2- Air expansion which meantime, the temperature reduces and the air becomes components of air essence are taken cold and the level of air dryness increases apart. too. In this season, soda overcomes other 3- Lack of rain and dew in summer. phlegm and the level of blood heat and Summer season overcoming bile reduces and the level of Summer has hot and dry temperament. In soda increases. It is why most of people this season, the air wetness becomes less have disturbed and bad dreams in their and the air dryness increases. Therefore, sleeps or they are affected by intellectual somewhat the rate of blood mucus reduces and neural problems. The foods which are and the rate of body bile increases. In this consumed must be sweet and fast-burning. season, hot diseases like: bile overcome, Eating fall fruits and citrus is also very food poisoning, diarrhea, acnes and dark well, because it causes fining the blood and smears of skin increase. In order to prevent producing new and healthy blood in the or rectify problems mentioned above, some body. Consume fall sour fruits before foods should be consumed which reduce eating the food and fall sweet fruits after the rate of body temperature, such as: cool that. Do not consume foods and vegetables

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having hypnagogic and nerves-weakening Anything human consumes as comestible properties, particularly the individuals affects his/her health, temper, and character having temperament soda collections must in three aspects of physical, psychological reduce consumption of foods having cold and spiritual. Therefore, if a person wants nature. In the middle of the season, more to have balance in these three aspects of his meaty and fatty foods may be consumed to life though relative, should certainly be keep the body balance. Replace hot drinks precise about his/her nutrition and he/she with cold drinks as far as you can, because should not have a view to his/her nutrition this job causes improvement in heart and just as filling his/her stomach, because this nerves. job distances the human from his/her main Temperament of winter aim of living which is maintaining the Winter season is both cold and wet and its balance in the health. In order for an reasons are also unlike the reasons which individual to have an appropriate nutrition, result in hotness and dryness of summer. he/she should be familiar to his/her Winter season: winter has cold and wet temperament, geographical environment temperament. In this season, the level of air he/she lives in and the nature of the dryness reduces and it becomes humid. nutrients in terms of coldness, hotness, Consumption of baked foods and grilled wetness and dryness. Otherwise, if he/she meat like camel meat which has hot consumes the best and most expensive temperament and very helpful for balancing nutrients available for him/her, he/she the temperament especially in mucus- never achieves health and balance, because tempered individuals are very useful [6]. he/she has not mentioned the nature of Recognizing the nature of comestibles foods being consumed by him/her. Nutrition is the main concern from the view A hot-temperament person should consume of temperament recognition. Selection of nutrients having cold nature. consumable comestibles should be A cold-temperament person should considered with a particular accuracy and consume nutrients having hot nature. delicacy certainly. This issue has such A dry-temperament person should consume importance that Ibn Sina states that: "if a nutrients having wet nature. person becomes ill, treat the patient through A wet-temperament person should consume nutrition as far as you can and do not give nutrients having dry nature. him/her drugs". HISTORY OF TEHRAN

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Investigation on geographical, human, and it is always moving in the north and political and economic characteristics of south of the city because of difference in as the considered place the temperature of day and night and breeze and area of the research is necessary and of Tochal [7]. Tehran has been always essential which is not possible because due subjected to danger because of being to particular and special conditions of located on some faults. Irregular province and quick development and development of the city has also caused the changes and transformation, multilateral natural balance to be impaired so that all and overall investigation is not possible. citizens of Tehran encounter a serious Tehran has left many social, economic, danger. Physical development of the city cultural changes and political converted to such rise which altered the transformations in its way of life and balance of its natural resources and transforming from small village of ecologic conditions and what was forgotten yesterday to metropolis of today. In the in the meantime and occupying the minds path of these changes, Tehran has of city design and development experts and encountered structural and physical planners less as a dark and ambiguous changes which have mapped the history of point, was the structure of geology and the city in a way. available active and seismic faults at the Tehran has not been appropriate to be a city surface which now, it warns the capital city in terms of climatic and possibility for severe destruction in a wide geographical conditions, because Tehran is area and in the hugest available structures located in a dry and steppe region and no like a strong and serious alert [8]. rivers are flowing beside and inside of it Geographical and population conditions which are effective in terms of air Tehran city is located in the north of Iran purification. It is confined to and south of mountainside of Alborz. mountain range in the north and western Tehran city is the center of Tehran north and a range of heights in the east and province. Tehran has two cities coherent to south and western south and it is lacking it, i.e. Rey and . Both cities are any air channels and pathways to exit the connected to Tehran from south and north polluted air. The air flow is so weak in the respectively. Tehran city is expanded in city space and the polluted air remains southern foothills of Alborz range of stable like a suspended bowl in the mountains between geographical length of atmosphere of Tehran and above the city eastern 51 degrees and 2 minutes and 51

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degrees and 36 minutes with an and etc. and the most influential authorities approximate length of 50 km and between of Iran country lives in it including the geographical width of northern 35 degrees leader, president, head of judiciary system, and 34 minutes and 35 degrees and 500 head and members of assembly of experts, minutes with an approximate width of 30 head and members of state exigency km. The city height is 1800 m above the council, members of council of guardians, sea level in northern points and 1050 m ministers of cabinet and members of high above the sea level in southern points. council of national security of Islamic Tehran is ended to mountainous areas from republic of Iran. The people of this city north and desert areas from south. have been among the most influential Consequently, it has different weathers in people in the policy of Iran country during south and north. Northern areas have cold past 200 years. These influences include and dry weather and southern areas have their attendance in political structure of hot and dry weather. Tehran province is country, events which alter the policy of limited to Mazandaran province from north, country including revolutions Qom province from south, Markazi (constitutional revolution and Islamic province from western south, Qazvin from revolution) and wars (imposed war). This west and Semnan province from east. city has the greatest number of According to the last administrative representatives in Islamic consultative divisions, Tehran province has 32 counties, assembly which has approximately 30 40 urban points, 27 sections and 1947 rural representatives in Islamic consultative community. Tehran city is divided to 22 assembly. Tehran city is administered by regions and 112 areas (including Rey and mayor of Tehran (currently Mr. Ghalibaf) Tajrish). which is selected by city council and he Political and administrative legislates to administer the city. Tehran city characteristics has 22 divided regions and 112 divided In addition to this point that Tehran city is areas and it encompasses Tajrish and Rey the political and official center of Iran cities. country, it is also the center of Tehran Economic and social characteristics province and county of Tehran. The most In terms of economic sources, Tehran is a important governmental and judicial host for nearly a half of industrial activities institutions are located in it including: of country. Factories have been located in ministries, Islamic consultative assembly this city in the fields of vehicle equipment,

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electricity, electronics, textile arts, foods, city like mosques, Hosseiniehs and shrines house goods, sugar, cement and chemical which encompass 3072 centers totally. materials and drugs. Also, it is a great Tehran has 1546 mosques and 487 market for carpets and furniture over Hosseiniehs and 39 shrines. Indeed, there is country. Tehran has a compacted highway a religious place for every 3516 Tehrani network and four active metro lines. persons. Most of the shrines in Tehran are Among other economic features of Tehran concentrated in the region 20. province, gardening and animal husbandry OLD DISTRICTS OF TEHRAN in moderate mountainous areas like Old Tehran was consisted of four districts Firoozkooh, Lavasanat, Damavand and etc. with the names: Sanglaj, Oodlajan, Bazar, can be mentioned. In terms of agriculture, Chaleh Meydan. southern plains and foothills of Alborz like Sanglaj , Rey, Shahriar and etc. can be Sanglaj district, which today city park mentioned. Among social characteristics of account for its major and main part, was people of Tehran city, religious and one of the important political centers in the linguistic aspects can be mentioned. The past and although, currently it is nearly main language of people is Persian in this annihilated, it has not lost its historical province, but due to migration from repute. Reza Shah was grown in Sanglaj different locations of country to Tehran district and he insisted on destroying the city, there are various and numerous place in order to annihilate his records. languages and dialects. But Persian Sanglaj was one of the greatest, most language is the main and dominant thriving and populated districts of Tehran language in this city and other languages where the Tekyehs had great fame in it. like Azeri, Gilaki, Luri and Kurdish may Oodjalan district also be seen. In terms of religion, the It was consisted of Jalil Abad st. people of Tehran city are mainly Muslims (Khayyam), to Naseriyeh and Shiites and because of centerality in (Naser Khosrow), area of Shah Mosque and country and existence of embassies and north of Buzar, eastern Jomhoori, Pamnar, also different migrations, some religious south of Cheraghe Bargh Street minorities like Christianity, Judaism, (Amirkabir) and square which Zoroastrians and etc. exist in Tehran city had been the district of Jews and too. One of the obvious religious features Zoroastrians residing Tehran. Because of of Tehran city is religious places of Tehran existence of numerous historical buildings,

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this district is very rich in terms of history. as a pulse for the capital city. Among Old Oodjalan having 2619 houses and 1146 roofed pathways of Tehran market, shops was the greatest district of city and it goldsmiths' market, shoemakers' market, was place of comfortable people. Oodjalan barbecue shops, carpentries, tailoring, had been among the places for dignitaries Pachenar, Beynol-Harameyn market and of Tehran in Qajar era. A district with Manoochehr Khani can be mentioned. semi-comfortable and half-poor residents in Chaleh Meydan (pit square) district which there reside grade-1 elders and men It has a particular value among the people and grandees attributed to court and in its of Tehran and usually, this famous square other part, there were Jews whose business is mentioned with particular purposes in included colportage and buying and sale of many verbal innuendos. It should be stated old furniture of houses, means clothes, about the name of Chaleh Meydan that this carpets and renewing and wearing them out is coming back to Safavid era. Kings of for sale and for Oodjalan marketplace at Safavid dynasty playing a great role in their work place where they were founding the Tehran city used high quality marketing the retails in that way. soil of a part of surrounding lands to fence Bazar (market) district this city so that the mentioned part The main market of Tehran which was converted to a great hole. The area formed in Fathali Shah Qajar era and it was surrounding Chaleh Meydan was not such important place, was developed surrounded by the building next year due to gradually. The area of this district started irregular development of Tehran city and a from the end of Nasser Khosrow St. and it square is founded there which is called the was continued to the end of great market same "Chaleh Meydan". This square which (mercers' market) and Chehel Tan market. today, there is no such name and address This district was accounted as the gravity available for it, is placed right among point of Tehran. The major part of trading places such as south of Chehel Tan market in the city was carried out in this section and Seyyed shrine, Amin al-sultan square, and its numerous alleys were considered by customs, Khani Abad and Paqapoq gate people with the name "various merchants". (execution gate) and elders still know a part Perhaps, this part of city encompassed the of these regions as Chaleh Meydan. less population volume in terms of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: habitation, but it was among very important Features of cooking foods in old Tehran districts of city, because it was considered

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One of the factors increasing the quality of Foods of fall and winter season: As the fall cooking in some foods and gives it a good season began and the weather became cool, flavor, is the kind of fat and oil and their people attempted to consume hot foods appropriate consumption in the foods. The more in order to overcome the chilliness of fat is produced from two animal sources air. Also in fall and winter seasons, like animal oil, butter and vegetable oils individuals' nutrition tended more towards like vegetable seeds oil and sunflower oil, the foods having much calories and olive oil, benne, soya and etc. In the past, energies and resulting in warmness of animal oil was consumed for cooking and body. Unlike summer foods, fatty and frying most of the foods like , meaty sweet materials were consumed in the foods, , and in the paste of some baked foods of cold seasons. Foods in which meat meats in Iran and most of the Islamic lands was used, has had more adherents in cold (Bolookbashi, 2013). (Same reference) In seasons. Of course, consuming the meat in the past, the best and most consumable the foods has depended on individuals' edible oil was yellow fragrant animal oil social class. Individuals who were of produced from Dough butter or milk of workers class could consume meat, rice and ewes or cows. This oil was known as some other nutrients having higher prices "Kermanshahi oil" in Tehran [9]. due to fewer incomes and weak economic Categorization of foods based on the situations they had. The foods of people in seasons old Tehran were mainly those being Foods of spring seasons: Foods which are consumed along with bread. Rice cooked with vegetables and seasonal consumption had been common mainly in mushrooms. parties, eves and official ceremonies. A Acanthus , Valak polow, Sabzi polow, class of society known as lords and khans Omelet with vegetables, has had higher financial abilities and for Foods of summer season: light and cool this reason, they had better feeding. foods which in their compounds, fruits, Pottages and broths and rice stews are vegetables, and dairies are mainly foods being consumed in these seasons. consumed and because of air warmness, In spring and summer seasons which snacks are consumed mainly, i.e. eggplant encompass about 7 months of the year, curd, eggplant stew, Tarator, bread, cheese, people of old Tehran were mainly watermelon and etc. consuming snacks. They believed that if they select foods fitted to seasons and

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weather conditions, they are affected by society whose hands could get to their physical diseases less. They were mouths so-called, were supplying detailed consuming non-baked foods according to breakfast. In fall and winter seasons which warmness of air in summer which had been the air was cool, they put lentil food, Kale Qatoq bread for most of them such as: Pache (), mishmash and on bread and cheese, bread and cheese and breakfast tablecloth and they were watermelon, bread and cheese and walnut, consuming butter, cheese, top milk, honey bread and cheese and cucumber and etc. and kinds of jams in spring and summer Families having financial abilities had seasons. Diaries such as: milk, yoghurt, always all kinds of nutrients available and cheese, butter and dried when had been were using them to provide and cook their consuming in all seasons and most of the foods and they were always widening foods. various foods. Of course, this class of Influence of social classes on the food society was also attempting to benefit from type of people in old Tehran snacks beside their foods in warm seasons Some assumed Iranian cooking as a of year. In fall and winter seasons which popular art and risen from houses of simple the air temperature reduces, they were people and low-level and moderate-level consuming warm foods mainly. Populace classes of society and they believe that the which are mainly among low income sample of topmost cooking art has risen families and worker classes, use foods such from the houses of Iranian grandees and as pottage, friars chicken and rarely broth noblesse. However, the achievements of and they cannot consume different nutrients cooking in top classes of society is due to their few financial ability and once something more or less similar to in a while, they use meat and rice to achievements of cooking among the public prepare their foods in events of which is conventional, with the difference celebrations. But grandee and noblesse that rare and valuable materials like meat, families use all kinds of foods to prepare oil, hard sugar and some other materials and cook various foods including rice, have had more consumption in grandees' meat, chicken and etc. and they always kitchens (Daryabandari, 2005). [10] have mensal days full of colored foods. The Cooking various and sumptuous foods has breakfast for worker classes and moderate- been possible in the kitchens of this level class of society was often bread and comfortable group who had all kinds of cheese and sweet tea, but grandee class of comestibles. Indigent people and low-level

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classes of society could not have such melon, watermelon and musk melon beside important role in developing and growing their foods. Drinks like Dough, Sekanjabin the technique and art of cooking due to lack syrup and other syrups have been constant of sufficient financial ability. In elements of their tablecloths. Muqaddimat al-Adab, Al-Zamakhshari has Moderate-level class of society attempted divided the foods into two parts "elders and to consume foods having low cost and they grandees' particular foods" and "populace's were consuming materials available for foods". them. They were using few meats in foods Iranian populace's main and public food and they had rice in their food program was mainly bread which was cooked in the every few weeks. houses in addition to the market in past. Workers' classes are the weakest classes in Breads which were cooked in earth ovens the society in terms of economy which are in city markets were mainly thin bread and in hard pressure for providing the costs of Gerdeh bread which were also known as their lives. These families usually consume "homemade bread". In Iranian villages, snacks and low-cost foods. In summer types of rustic breads were cooked in season, buttermilk, cucumber, bread, furnace house or public furnace of village cheese, seasonal fruits, bread and yoghurt districts which were brought and sold to the are foods of their tablecloths and in fall and cities near the village. winter season, friary chickens and Poor people generally ate the bread solely Keledosh and and rarely broth are or along with some types of simple food among foods they consume. Qatoq bread is which were provided from low-cost their permanent food which sometimes it is materials. These foods were mainly along with an amount of cheese and satiates pottage, friary chickens, Keledosh and their stomachs. similar foods like them. CONCLUSION Grandees and elders class usually had Food has been one of human's initial colorful tables and rice, stew, barbecue, necessities and it is one of the most rissole, Dolma, bouranee and etc. in their important factors forming food patterns in tablecloths. In all days of year, they were the society, collection of food habits and using foods like barbecue, rice and stew culture and society individuals' feeding. and they were always putting bouranee, These habits are formed inside of family yoghurt and pickles beside their foods. In since birth time and this formation depends summer season, they were using fruits like on life environment and weather conditions

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and society climate. In general, food is a Fall temperament: fall season is moderate cultural and class phenomenon. Most of in terms of coldness and hotness, but it is human societies know cooking as an art. non-moderate in terms of wetness and Natural reaction of people in each culture dryness. Fall temperament is cold and dry. to the food types and their way of accepting Winter temperament: winter season is both or not accepting them are different to each cold and wet and its reasons are also other. Seasons provide main and natural reactions causing hotness and dryness of field of the food. Changes which are summer. In old Tehran, people were generated as a result of changes in seasons usually consuming foods related to that from spring to summer and fall to winter season which were also compatible with affect nature and temperament of people in their temperament based on each season. In that region greatly. Each person's nature summer season, Tarator, bread, cheese, and temperament depends on his/her fruits related to the same season and feeding type, weather conditions, customs yoghurt were the foods on their tablecloth. and traditions, climate conditions and his In fall and winter season, friary chickens, habits. In old medicine, food nature and Keledosh, potato and rarely were temperament problem is considered greatly. the foods consumed. Usually, either Temperaments also change in different comfortable class or moderate or poor seasons. classes believed that strong, fatty and sweet Spring temperament: The temperament is foods should be consumed in winter and moderate in this season. Spring cold air and in hot seasons, light, cool and temperament is moderate in terms of the non-meaty and non-fatty foods should be intensity of wetness and dryness and for consumed. In old Tehran, most consumable this reason it is in moderation in terms of edible oil was usually yellow animal oil hotness and coldness. having very pleasing aroma and taste. This Summer temperament: the temperament is oil was known as Kermanshahi oil in both hot and dry in this season. Reasons for Tehran. dryness in summer include: hotness REFERENCES intensity which annihilates the moisture, [1] A. K., A.; Method, ideology, Air expansion in which air components experience. Tehran: university take apart during it, lack of rain and frost in of Tehran. 1994 summer.

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[2] P. D., E.; Ancient Iran culture. [7] Z., H. M; Tehran in the Tehran: Iranshenasi pathway of history, Eshareh association serial. 1947 publications. Tehran. 1991 [3] B., A. Cooker and kitchen, [8] M., A. A.; A look to Tehran Javid culture publications. since the beginning until now, Tehran. 2013 Gitashenasi cartographic and [4] R. A., F.; Mubarak Ghazani geographical institute history, Karl Ian, UK: Estefan publications. Tehran. 2005. Austin publications, Porsesh [9] Q., N. M.; Iranian foods, publications. Isfahan. 1994. Ahmad Mojahed, Tehran: [5] K., J.; A key to enter ancient university of Tehran. Tehran. medicine, Tehran: cultural-art 2007. organization of Tehran [10] D., N.; Most holy cooking, municipality. Tehran. 2006. Fahimeh Rastkar, workbook. [6] F., M.; Temperament survey Tehran. 2005. for all, Pajouhesh. Tehran. 2009.

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