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The Context of REDD+ in Indonesia Drivers, Agents and Institutions 2Nd Edition

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The Context of REDD+ in Indonesia Drivers, Agents and Institutions 2Nd Edition OCCASIONAL PAPER The context of REDD+ in Indonesia Drivers, agents and institutions 2nd edition Bimo Dwisatrio Arief Wijaya Zuraidah Said Aditya Awal Lestari Anggalia Putri Permatasari Jennie Yuwono Cynthia Maharani Pham Thu Thuy Moira Moeliono Occasional Paper 216 The context of REDD+ in Indonesia Drivers, agents and institutions 2nd edition Bimo Dwisatrio Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Zuraidah Said World Resources Institute Indonesia Anggalia Putri Permatasari Yayasan Madani Berkelanjutan Cynthia Maharani Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Moira Moeliono Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Arief Wijaya World Resources Institute Indonesia Aditya Awal Lestari Yayasan Madani Berkelanjutan Jennie Yuwono Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Pham Thu Thuy Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Occasional Paper 216 © 2021 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN 978-602-387-152-0 DOI: 10.17528/cifor/007952 Dwisatrio B, Said Z, Permatasari AP, Maharani C, Moeliono M, Wijaya A, Lestari AA, Yuwono J and Pham TT. 2021. The context of REDD+ in Indonesia: Drivers, agents and institutions– 2nd edition. Occasional Paper 216. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Photo by Ricky Martin/CIFOR Landscape oil palm plantation in Muara Kaman Ilir village, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] cifor.org We would like to thank all funding partners who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a full list of the ‘CGIAR Fund’ funding partners please see: http://www.cgiar.org/our-funders/ Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers Contents Acknowledgements vi List of abbreviations and acronyms vii Executive summary x 1 Introduction 1 2 Analysis of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 3 2.1 Indonesia’s forest: Changes since 2012 3 2.2 Deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia 11 2.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 16 3 Institutional, environmental and distributional aspects 22 3.1 Governance in the forest margins 22 3.2 Implications for REDD+ 35 4 The political economy of deforestation and forest degradation 38 4.1 Forests under Yudhoyono’s development agenda 39 4.2 Forests under Joko Widodo’s development agenda 45 4.3 Business-State relations in politics 50 4.4 REDD+ in the context of Indonesia’s political economy 55 5 The REDD+ policy environment: Actors, policy events and policy processes 57 5.1 The broader climate change policy context 57 5.2 Legal and institutional framework for REDD+ implementation 66 5.3 REDD+ implementation 82 5.4 Actors dynamics 84 5.5 The future of REDD+ 85 6 Implications for the 3Es 86 6.1 Effectiveness 86 6.2 Efficiency 92 6.3 Equity 93 Conclusions 96 References 97 Appendices 114 1. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry’s 23 land cover classes 114 2. List of spatial data used in deforestation and forest degradation analyses 116 iv List of figures, tables and boxes Figures 1 Forest cover in 7 regions in Indonesia, excluding bodies of water 6 2 Differences in Landsat, GIZ FORCLIME and Hansen Forest Cover imagery 9 3 Estimated annual deforestation in Indonesia, 2001-2012 10 4 Total primary and secondary forest area in Indonesia 12 5 Deforestation and forest degradation rates in Indonesia 12 6 Percentages of total forest degradation in Indonesia by region, 1990-2017 13 7 Deforestation rates on Indonesia’s three largest islands 13 8 Area of deforestation and forest degradation in seven regions, 1990-2017 14 9 Deforestation (left) and forest degradation (right) in Sumatra, 1990-2017 15 10 Deforestation (left) and forest degradation (right) in Kalimantan, 1990-2017 15 11 Deforestation (left) and forest degradation (right) in Papua, 1990-2017 15 12 Percentages of total deforestation and forest degradation in different forest estate categories in Indonesia 16 13 Main drivers of deforestation, 1990-2016 17 14 Indonesian timber exports, 2014-2018 18 15 Forest degradation in moratorium areas in different regions of Indonesia, 2011-2017 20 16 Deforestation in moratorium areas in different regions of Indonesia, 2011-2017 20 17 Forest degradation in different types of moratoria, 2011-2017 20 18 Deforestation in different types of moratoria, 2011-2017 20 19 Total area of deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia, 1990-2017 21 20 Plantation permit scheme under Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 98/2013 33 21 Plantation permit scheme under Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 5/2019 34 22 Contentious environmental provisions in the Omnibus Bill on Job Creation 37 23 Total deforestation, 2011-2016 41 24 Total forest degradation, 2011-2016 41 25 Total deforestation per region, 2011-2016 42 26 Total forest degradation per region, 2011-2016 42 27 Annual forest cover loss in Papua, Indonesia 44 28 Sectoral GDP contributions and growth in Indonesia, 2017 48 29 Forest estate releases, 2005-2017 53 30 RAN-GRK timeline 60 31 Criteria for suspension of forest estate release or exchange for oil palm plantations 72 32 BPDLH organizational structure 81 33 Transition from RAN-GRK to PP 87 34 RAN-GRK and PPRK timeline 88 v Tables 1 Differences in forest estate category by function 5 2 Forest cover in 1990, based on MoEF forest estate data from 2018 5 3 Changes in forest estate composition over time 6 4 Forest cover in regions of Indonesia (ha excluding bodies of water) 7 5 Areas and percentages of different forest estate categories in each region of Indonesia 7 6 Differences between deforestation and forest degradation datasets 8 7 Deforestation in Kapuas Hulu and Berau districts in Indonesia 9 8 Indonesia total forest area (ha) from different forest data sources 12 9 Comparison of forest certification and timber-legality verification schemes in Indonesia 25 10 A short history of social forestry in Indonesia 31 11 Differences between two plantation permit schemes 35 12 Emissions reduction targets from five mitigation sectors in RAN-GRK 59 13 Mitigation activities in the forestry and peatlands sector in RAN-GRK 60 14 Projected BAU and emissions reductions from each sector 64 15 Summary of division of emissions reduction tasks and responsibilities within MoEF 68 16 Distribution of mandates in the oil palm moratorium 72 17 Palm oil-related licenses evaluated under Presidential Instruction No. 8/2018 73 18 Mandated follow-up measures based on evaluation results 73 19 Types of environment funds 80 Box 1 The politics of numbers in Indonesia’s deforestation 9 vi Acknowledgements This report is an output from Module 1 We would also like to express our special thanks to World of the Center for International Forestry Resources Institute Indonesia (WRI Indonesia/Yayasan Research (CIFOR)’s Global Comparative Institut Sumber Daya Dunia) and Yayasan Madani Study on REDD+ (GCS REDD) on National Berkelanjutan (Madani) for their kind support and their REDD+ Policy and Progress. The report insightful contributions and comments on this report. follows guidelines and comparative methods developed by Brockhaus et al. (2012). We Special thanks also go out to all experts who participated gratefully acknowledge the support received in our consultation workshop on 28 March 2018 for from the Norwegian Agency for Development sharing their knowledge and feedback. As this 2021 Cooperation (NORAD), the International country profile is a follow up from the previous profile Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German published in 2012, we would also like to extend our Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature gratitude to the authors of the original country profile: Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) Giorgio Budi Indrarto, Prayekti Muharjanti, Josi and the ASEAN-Swiss partnership on Social Khatarina, Irvan Pulungan, Feby Ivalerina, Justitia Forestry and Climate Change (ASFCC), as well Rahman and Muhar Nala Prana from the Indonesian as the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Center for Environmental Law (ICEL), and former Trees and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA), which is CIFOR colleagues Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo and supported by the CGIAR Trust Fund. Efrian Muharrom. vii List of abbreviations and acronyms ABS Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization AMAN Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara – The Indigenous Peoples’ Alliance of the Archipelago AMDAL Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan – Environmental Impact Assessment Bappenas Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional – National Development Planning Agency BAU Business as Usual BIG Badan Informasi Geospasial – Geospatial Information Agency BKPM Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal – Investment Coordination Board BLU Badan Layanan Umum – Public Service Agency BPDLH Badan Pengelola Dana Lingkungan Hidup – Environment Fund Management Agency BP-REDD+ Badan Pengelola REDD+ – REDD+ Agency BUMDes Badan Usaha Milik Desa – Village-owned enterprise CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CDM Clean Development Mechanism CH4 Methane CHM National Biodiversity Clearing House CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMEA Coordinating
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